Understanding Phonology

preface by halliday

王宗炎序

preface by chomsky

沈家煊序

导读

preface

1 the production of speech

1.1 introduction

1.2 the lungs and the larynx

1.2.1 the vocal cords: the open and vibrating glottis

1.2.2 devoicing and aspiration

1.2.3 special types of phonation

1.2.4. pitch

1.2.5. the glottal stop

1.3 the vocal tract

1.3.1 the pharynx

1.3.2 the nasal cavity

1.3.3 the mouth

1.4 vowels

1.5 constrictions

. 1.5.1 places of articulation

1.5.2 types of constriction

1.6 segmental duration

1.7 complex consonants

1.7.1 secondary articulations

1.7.2 double articulations

1.7.3 manner-contour consonants

1.8 nonpulmonic consonants

1.9 stress

1.10 conclusion

2 some typology: sameness and difference

2.1 introduction

2.2 morphosyntactic structure

2.2.1 morphological structure

2.2.2 syntactic structure

2.3 a world without phonological structure

2.3.1 one phonology for all languages?

2.3.2 two kinds of structure

2.4 there's a difference

2.5 universals and implicational relations

2.5.1 plain or special?

2.5.2 avoiding complexity

2.5.3 a word of caution

2.5.4 system gaps

2.6 the aims of phonology

2.7 conclusion

3 making the form fit

3.1 introduction

3.2 hawaiian

3.3 adjustment processes

3.3.1 the process of nativization

3.3.2 adjustments in the native vocabulary

3.4 two approaches

3.4.1 rules

3.4.2 constraints

3.5 choosing between rules and constraints

3.5.1 gradient violation and unranked constraints

3.6 conclusion

4 underlying and surface representations

4.1 introduction

4.2 allophonic variation

4.3 two levels of representation

4.4 neutralization

4.5 choosing the underlying form

4.6 conclusion

5 distinctive features

5.1 introduction

5.2 motivating distinctive features

5.3 feature values

5.4 a set of distinctive features

5.4.1 major-class features

5.4.2 laryngeal features

5.4.3 manner features

5.4.4 ambiguity and nonspecification

5.5 place features

5.6 some examples

5.7 redundant vs. contrastive features

5.8 conclusion

6 ordered rules

6.1 introduction

6.2 spe representations

6.3 spe roles

6.3.1 reference to the syllable

6.3.2 the brace

6.3.3 variable feature values

6.3.4 parentheses

6.3.5 the transformational role format

6.4 linear order

6.5 extrinsic and intrinsic ordering

6.6 feeding, counterfeeding, bleeding, counterbleeding

6.6.1 feeding order

6.6.2 counterfeeding order

6.6.3 bleeding order

6.6.4 counterbleeding order

6.7 conclusion

7 a case study: the diminutive suffix in dutch

7.1 introduction

7.2 general dutch rules

7.2.1 final devoicing

7.2.2 palatalization

7.2.3 degemination

7.3 standard dutch

7.4 the dialect of sittard

7.5 conclusion

8 levels of representation

8.1 introduction

8.2 defining an intermediate level of representation

8.3 lexical phonology

8.3.1 reference to morphological labels

8.3.2 exceptions

8.3:3 structure preservation

8.3.4 native-speaker intuitions

8.3.5 application across word boundaries

8.3.6 lexical roles apply before postlexical roles

8.4 phonological information in the lexicon

8.5 controversial properties of lexical roles

8.6 beyond the surface representation

8.6.1 phonetic implementation

8.6.2 models of implementation

8.6.3 deciding between phonology and phonetic

implementation

8.7 conclusion

9 representing tone

9.1 introduction

9.2 the inadequacy of a linear model

9.3 word-based tone patterns

9.3.1 language-specific associations

9.4 stability

9.5 postlexical tone

9.6 the obligatory contour principle

9.6.1 violating the ocp

9.7 conclusion

10 between the segment and the syllable

10.1 introduction

10.2 a skeletal tier

10.3 syllabification: the maximum onset principle

10.3.1 the sonority profile

10.4 arguments for the cv tier

10.4.1 the templatic use of the cv tier

10.4.2 unfilled and unassociated slots

10.4.3 compensatory lengthening

10.5 moras

10.6 syllable-based generalizations

10.7 post-mop syllabification rules

10.7.1 ambisyllabicity in english

10.8 conclusion

11 feature geometry

11.1 introduction

11.2 two properties of assimilations

11.3 natural feature classes

11.4 building a tree

11.4.1 the place node

11.4.2 the laryngeal node

11.4.3 the supralaryngeal node

11.5 spreading and delinking

11.5.1 writing rules

11.6 implications of underspecification

11.6.1 default rules

11.7 conclusion

12 exploiting the feature tree

12.1 introduction

12.2 long-distance assimilation

12.2.1 vowel harmony

12.3 complex segments

12.3.1 evidence for complex segments

12.3.2 the representation of palatals and

palatoalveolars

12.3.3 distinguishing among palatoalveolars

12.4 conclusion

13 stress and feet

13.1 introduction

13.2 the phonological nature of stress

13.2.1 metrical feet and feet in poetry

13.3 stress as an absolute property of segments:

linear phonology

13.4 stress as relative prominence: nonlinear phonology

13.4.1 a parametric theory of relative prominence

13.4.2 four types of bounded stress system

13.5 conclusion

14 further constraining stress

14.1 introduction

14.2 iambic and trochaic rhythm

14.3 foot-based rules

14.3.1 quantitative adjustments

14.3.2 foot-based segmental rules

14.4 stress and morphology

14.5 stress and optimality theory

14.5.1 constraining stress

14.6 conclusion

15 phonology above the word

15.1 introduction

15.2 the case for prosodic constituency

15.2.1 the phonological utterance

15.2.2 the intonational phrase

15.2.3 the phonological phrase

15.2.4 the phonological word

15.3 deriving prosodic constituents

15.3.1 clitics

15.3.2 the syntactic residue

15.4 prosodic constituency below the phonological word

15.5 conclusion

epilogue

key to questions

references

language index

subject index

文库索引