Handbook of adhesives raw materials 2nd ed.

Front Cover 1
Handbook of Analytical Techniques in Concrete Science and Technology: Principles, Techniques, and Applications 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 18
Chapter 1. Concrete Science 32
1.0 INTRODUCTION 32
2.0 FORMATION OF PORTLAND CEMENT 33
3.0 INDIVIDUAL CEMENT COMPOUNDS 35
4.0 PORTLAND CEMENT 45
5.0 CEMENT PASTE 48
6.0 MODELS OF HYDRATED CEMENT 65
7.0 CONCRETE PROPERTIES 68
8.0 DURABILITY OF CONCRETE 73
REFERENCES 86
Chapter 2. Petrographic and Technological Methods for Evaluation of Concrete Aggregates 94
1.0 INTRODUCTION 94
2.0 CHEMICAL TESTS 96
3.0 AGGREGATES THAT RELEASE ALKALIS INTO THE PORE SOLUTION IN CONCRETE 104
4.0 DETERMINATION OF POROSITY AND WATER ABSORPTION OF AGGREGATES 106
5.0 INSTRUMENTAL TECHNIQUES FOR DETERMINING THE POTENTIAL REACTIVITY OF SILICEOUS AGGREGATES 109
6.0 STAINING TECHNIQUES FOR AGGREGATES 119
7.0 SHAPE AND SURFACE TEXTURE OF AGGREGATES 124
REFERENCES 129
Chapter 3. Chemical Methods of Analysis of Concrete 136
1.0 INTRODUCTION 136
2.0 HARDENED CONCRETE ANALYSIS PROCEDURES 140
3.0 MORTARS, GROUTS AND PLASTERS 155
REFERENCES 156
Chapter 4. Thermal Analysis 158
1.0 INTRODUCTION 158
2.0 CEMENT CLINKER 161
3.0 SYNTHESIS OF CEMENT PHASES 164
4.0 POLYMORPHISM IN SILICATES 167
5.0 HYDRATION OF CALCIUM SILICATES 169
6.0 HYDRATION OF C3A AND C4AF 177
7.0 HYDRATION OF CEMENT 182
8.0 DURABILITY 190
REFERENCES 200
Chapter 5. IR Spectroscopy 205
1.0 INTRODUCTION 205
2.0 THEORY 205
3.0 THE SPECTRA OF ROCKS, MINERALS, CLAYS, ETC. 207
4.0 SPECTRA OF FLY ASH AND SLAG 218
5.0 ANHYDROUS CEMENT AND ITS PHASES 218
6.0 SOLID SOLUTION 223
7.0 HYDRATION STUDIES 224
8.0 STUDIES ON CONCRETE 230
9.0 MISCELLANEOUS STUDIES 230
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 231
REFERENCES 231
Chapter 6. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 236
1.0 INTRODUCTION 236
2.0 STRUCTURAL INVESTIGATIONS OF ANHYDROUS CEMENT PHASES 247
3.0 STRUCTURAL INVESTIGATIONS OF CALCIUM SILICATE HYDRATE (C-S-H) AND RELATED CRYSTALLINE PHASES 249
4.0 INVESTIGATIONS OF PORTLAND CEMENT HYDRATION 252
5.0 INVESTIGATIONS OF ALUMINATE CEMENT HYDRATION 254
6.0 WASTE SOLIDIFICATION AND STABILIZATION 255
7.0 ALKALI SILICA GEL 255
8.0 STRUCTURAL INVESTIGATIONS OF RAW MATERIALS 255
9.0 NOTE ADDED IN PROOF 255
REFERENCES 256
Chapter 7. Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-Ray Microanalysis of Concretes 262
1.0 INTRODUCTION 262
2.0 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, X-RAY MICROANALYSIS 263
3.0 CONCRETE UNDER THE SEM 272
4.0 INTERPRETATION OF CONCRETE DETERIORATION FROM SEM/EDXA 287
5.0 SUMMARY 297
REFERENCES 303
Chapter 8. X-Ray Diffraction 306
1.0 INTRODUCTION 306
2.0 BASIC PRINCIPLE 307
3.0 DEVELOPMENTS IN INSTRUMENTATION 313
4.0 COMPUTERS IN X-RAY DIFFRACTOMETRY AND SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS 317
5.0 X-RAY DIFFRACTOMETRY OF CLINKER AND CEMENT 321
6.0 X-RAY DIFFRACTOMETRY OF HYDRATED CEMENT 344
7.0 X-RAY DIFFRACTOMETRY IN CONCRETE CHEMISTRY 349
8.0 XRD IN MISCELLANEOUS CEMENTITIOUS SYSTEMS 354
9.0 CONCLUSIONS 357
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 358
REFERENCES 358
Chapter 9. Rheology 364
1.0 INTRODUCTION 364
2.0 BACKGROUND 365
3.0 SUSPENSIONS 365
4.0 RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF CEMENT PASTE 369
5.0 CONCRETE 382
6.0 RHEOMETERS 388
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 396
REFERENCES 396
Chapter 10. Dimensional Changes 399
1.0 INTRODUCTION 399
2.0 ENERGETICS OF ADSORPTION 400
3.0 CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS IN POROUS MEDIA 409
4.0 PHYSICOCHEMICAL INTERACTIONS IN POROUS MEDIA 425
REFERENCES 432
Chapter 11. Miniaturized Techniques 434
1.0 INTRODUCTION 434
2.0 COMPACTED POWDERS AND HYDRATED CEMENT PASTES AS MODEL POROUS SYSTEMS 435
3.0 CREEP AND DRYING SHRINKAGE MEASUREMENTS 453
4.0 VOLUME INSTABILITY OF POROUS SOLIDS 459
5.0 THE MINI-SLUMP TEST 467
REFERENCES 469
Chapter 12. Techniques for Corrosion Investigation in Reinforced Concrete 472
1.0 INTRODUCTION 472
2.0 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CORROSION 475
3.0 REINFORCING STEEL CORROSION IN CONCRETE 486
4.0 CORROSION ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES 496
5.0 Concluding Remarks 527
REFERENCES 528
Chapter 13. Surface Area Measurements 536
1.0 INTRODUCTION 536
2.0 TECHNIQUES OF SURFACE AREA MEASUREMENT 539
3.0 APPLICATIONS 552
REFERENCES 555
Chapter 14. Pore Structure 559
1.0 INTRODUCTION 559
2.0 THE HELIUM INFLOW TECHNIQUE 560
3.0 GAS ADSORPTION METHODS 571
4.0 ALTERNATING CURRENT IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY (ACIS) FOR PORE STRUCTURE CHARACTERIZATION 586
5.0 THE SOLVENT REPLACEMENT TECHNIQUE 600
6.0 MERCURY-INTRUSION POROSIMETRY 615
7.0 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 631
8.0 PHYSICO-MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF CEMENT SYSTEMS\u2014PORE STRUCTURE RELATIONSHIPS 639
REFERENCES 650
Chapter 15. Silicate Polymerization Analysis 660
1.0 Introduction 660
2.0 COMPLEXOMETRIC ANALYSIS 662
3.0 TRIMETHYLSILYLATION 666
4.0 SOLID STATE 29Si NMR SPECTROSCOPY 676
5.0 CONCLUSIONS 684
REFERENCES 685
Chapter 16. Permeation Analysis 689
1.0 DEFINITIONS AND TRANSPORT MECHANISMS 689
2.0 ADSORPTION TESTS 697
3.0 DIFFUSION TESTS 698
4.0 ABSORPTION TESTS 716
5.0 PERMEABILITY TESTS 730
6.0 FACTORS INFLUENCING PERMEATION TESTS 749
7.0 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERMEATION PROPERTIES AND DURABILITY OF CONCRETE 751
8.0 REMARKS ABOUT PERMEATION TESTS 757
REFERENCES 758
Chapter 17. NDT Techniques 769
1.0 INTRODUCTION 769
2.0 RESONANT AND PULSE VELOCITY METHODS 770
3.0 SURFACE HARDNESS METHODS 776
4.0 PULLOUT TEST 782
5.0 BREAK-OFF METHOD 784
6.0 MATURITY METHOD 785
7.0 PULL-OFF TESTS 787
8.0 COMBINED METHODS 788
9.0 CONCLUDING REMARKS 788
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 788
REFERENCES 789
Chapter 18. Applications of Computers and Information Technology 796
1.0 INTRODUCTION 796
2.0 COMPUTER MODELS 798
3.0 DATABASE SYSTEMS 807
4.0 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEMS 814
5.0 COMPUTER-INTEGRATED KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS (CIKS) FOR CONCRETE 819
6.0 SUMMARY 824
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 825
REFERENCES 825
Chapter 19. Image Analysis 831
1.0 INTRODUCTION 831
2.0 IMAGE ACQUISITION 832
3.0 IMAGE PROCESSING 839
4.0 FEATURE RECOGNITION AND DATA ANALYSIS 844
REFERENCES 849
Chapter 20. Specialized Techniques 851
INTRODUCTION 851
1.0 AUGER ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY 852
2.0 SCANNING TUNNEL MICROSCOPY AND ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY 860
3.0 CHROMATOGRAPHY 871
4.0 MASS SPECTROMETRY 878
5.0 SECONDARY ION MASS SPECTROSCOPY 887
6.0 CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY 891
7.0 NUCLEAR QUADRUPOLE RESONANCE ANALYSIS 897
8.0 X-RAY ABSORPTION FINE STRUCTURE ANALYSIS 903
9.0 SYNCHROTRON ORBITAL RADIATION ANALYSIS 909
10.0 M脰SSBAUER SPECTROMETRY 916
11.0 QUASI-ELASTIC NEUTRON SCATTERING ANALYSIS 927
12.0 THERMOLUMINESCENCE ANALYSIS 938
13.0 PHOTO-ACOUSTIC SPECTROSCOPY 945
14.0 RADIO TRACER TECHNIQUE 951
REFERENCES 958
Index 966