What can we know? All knowledge is gained through reason / Rene虂 Descartes
All knowledge is gained through the senses / John Locke --Intuition gives us knowledge / Henri Bergson
The scientific method gives us knowledge / W.V. Quine and J.S. Ullian
There is knowledge that humans cannont know / Thomas Nagel
What is ultimately real? Ideas are ultimately real / George Berkeley
Matter, including the mind, is ultimately real / James Feibleman
Minds are immaterial / John Eccles and Daniel N. Robinson
Particulars are ultimately real / David Hume
Universals are ultimately real / Bertrand Russell
Does God exist? God must exist because the world exists / St. Thomas Aquinas
God necessarily exists / St. Anselm
Evil proves that God cannot be all good / B.C. Johnson
Evil is compatible with a good God / John Hick --The world was designed by a higher being / William Paley
God is not the designer of the world / David Hume
Faith proves God鈥檚 existence to the believer / C.S. Lewis
What is morality? Morality is governed by consequences of behavior / John Stuart Mill
Morality is governed by willing to do right / Immanuel Kant
Morality is relative / Ruth Benedict
Moral absolutes must be learned / Aristotle
Morality only makes sense for the atheist / Bertrand Russell
Morality only makes sense if there is a God / George Mavrodes
Morality is innate / W.T. Stace
How are governments constituted? Governments exist to provide security / Thomas Hobbes --Governments exist to preserve property / John Locke
Proletariat governments will abolish private property / Karl Marx
A just government must benefit the least well-off / John Rawls
A just government is absolutely minimal / John Hospers.