This side up : spatial determination in the early development of animals /
副标题：无
作 者：Robert Wall.
分类号：
ISBN：9780521361156
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简介
Summary:
Publisher Summary 1
Examines the spatial determination of cells in an embryo.
Publisher Summary 2
This comprehensive and cogent survey examines the subject of embryonic determination, the set of processes fundamental to animal development by which cells in the early embryo acquire different developmental capabilities. Examining both the classical literature and the newer, molecular findings, the author summarizes the current state of our understanding of determination and poses key questions for the future. He begins with a consideration of how much spatial pattern is already laid down when the egg forms inside the mother, and ends just before the formation of visible organs. Within these limits he also considers evidence obtained by a variety of techniques, both experimental and biochemical, derived from the embryos of a variety of animal groups. This is a suitable text for upper level undergraduates, graduate students and researchers in developmental biology.
目录
Cover 1
Half-title 3
Title 5
Copyright 6
Contents 7
Preface 11
Acknowledgements 13
1 Oogenesis 15
The events of oogenesis 15
Visible organisation and its origins 23
The extent of spatial determination in oocytes 32
Conclusions 44
2 From oocyte to zygote 45
The events 45
Ooplasmic segregation 46
(a) Bipolar differentiation 46
(b) Lymnaea 52
(c) Sea urchins 53
(d) Ascidians 55
(e) Amphibians 59
The extent of spatial determination 63
(a) Work with egg fragments 63
(b) Centrifugation 69
(c) Rotations and other interference with amphibian eggs 71
(d) Differentiation without cleavage 78
Conclusions 79
3 Does cleavage cut up a preformed spatial pattern?: the case of spiralian embryos 82
Spiral cleavage patterns 83
Lineage plans and fate maps 85
Mosaic development after separation of blastomeres 89
The role of the D quadrant: the first two cleavages 92
(a) Polar lobes 92
(b) Unequal first cleavages 97
(c) Equal first cleavages 99
The role of the D quadrant: later stages 99
(a) Lobe-bearing species 100
(b) Species with unequal first cleavages 103
(c) Species with equal first cleavages 104
The fine-structure and biochemistry of spiralian development 107
Conclusions 109
4 The limits of mosaicism in non-spiralian cleavage 110
Ascidians 110
Amphioxus 121
Ctenophores 123
Hydrozoans 126
Nematodes 127
Insects 133
Sea urchins 141
Starfish 147
Amphibians 147
Mammals 152
Conclusions 156
5 Cellular interactions in the morula and blastula: the case of sea urchin embryos 158
Normal development and fate maps 158
Cell isolations and abnormal combinations 161
Chemical animalisation and vegetalisation 168
Models of determination 170
Approaches to a physiology of determination 172
The biochemistry of the morula and blastula 174
Conclusions 181
6 Interactions at morula and blastula in other embryos 182
Insects 182
Other arthropods and other echinoderms 201
Amphibians 202
Ascidians and Amphioxus 211
Spirally cleaving embryos 213
Hydrozoans 218
Mammals 219
Conclusions 223
7 Interactions between moving cells: the case of amphibian gastrula 225
Morphogenetic movements 225
Fate maps through gastrulation 228
Spemann's organiser 229
The development of explants and implants from the early gastrula 233
Changes in spatial properties during gastrulation 235
Inductive effects of simple culture media 240
Heterogenous inductors 242
The competence of the ectoderm 245
The transmission of inductive stimuli 248
Attempts to identify inducer molecules 251
Biochemical events in the gastrula 254
What is determined at the end of gastrulation? 260
Conclusions 265
8 Spatial determination in the gastrulae of other groups 267
Sea urchins 267
Insects 272
Spiralian embryos 275
Ascidians and Amphioxus 276
Some lower vertebrates 277
Hydrozoans 279
A note on the mammals 280
Conclusions 280
9 Determination in embryos showing partial cleavage 281
Cephalopods 281
Teleosts 287
Reptiles 297
Birds 299
(a) Descriptive embryology 299
(b) Causal analysis 304
(c) Biochemical aspects 309
A note on the mammals 313
Conclusions 315
10 Patterns and mechanisms in early spatial determination 318
Patterns 318
Mechanisms 326
References 334
Index 437
Half-title 3
Title 5
Copyright 6
Contents 7
Preface 11
Acknowledgements 13
1 Oogenesis 15
The events of oogenesis 15
Visible organisation and its origins 23
The extent of spatial determination in oocytes 32
Conclusions 44
2 From oocyte to zygote 45
The events 45
Ooplasmic segregation 46
(a) Bipolar differentiation 46
(b) Lymnaea 52
(c) Sea urchins 53
(d) Ascidians 55
(e) Amphibians 59
The extent of spatial determination 63
(a) Work with egg fragments 63
(b) Centrifugation 69
(c) Rotations and other interference with amphibian eggs 71
(d) Differentiation without cleavage 78
Conclusions 79
3 Does cleavage cut up a preformed spatial pattern?: the case of spiralian embryos 82
Spiral cleavage patterns 83
Lineage plans and fate maps 85
Mosaic development after separation of blastomeres 89
The role of the D quadrant: the first two cleavages 92
(a) Polar lobes 92
(b) Unequal first cleavages 97
(c) Equal first cleavages 99
The role of the D quadrant: later stages 99
(a) Lobe-bearing species 100
(b) Species with unequal first cleavages 103
(c) Species with equal first cleavages 104
The fine-structure and biochemistry of spiralian development 107
Conclusions 109
4 The limits of mosaicism in non-spiralian cleavage 110
Ascidians 110
Amphioxus 121
Ctenophores 123
Hydrozoans 126
Nematodes 127
Insects 133
Sea urchins 141
Starfish 147
Amphibians 147
Mammals 152
Conclusions 156
5 Cellular interactions in the morula and blastula: the case of sea urchin embryos 158
Normal development and fate maps 158
Cell isolations and abnormal combinations 161
Chemical animalisation and vegetalisation 168
Models of determination 170
Approaches to a physiology of determination 172
The biochemistry of the morula and blastula 174
Conclusions 181
6 Interactions at morula and blastula in other embryos 182
Insects 182
Other arthropods and other echinoderms 201
Amphibians 202
Ascidians and Amphioxus 211
Spirally cleaving embryos 213
Hydrozoans 218
Mammals 219
Conclusions 223
7 Interactions between moving cells: the case of amphibian gastrula 225
Morphogenetic movements 225
Fate maps through gastrulation 228
Spemann's organiser 229
The development of explants and implants from the early gastrula 233
Changes in spatial properties during gastrulation 235
Inductive effects of simple culture media 240
Heterogenous inductors 242
The competence of the ectoderm 245
The transmission of inductive stimuli 248
Attempts to identify inducer molecules 251
Biochemical events in the gastrula 254
What is determined at the end of gastrulation? 260
Conclusions 265
8 Spatial determination in the gastrulae of other groups 267
Sea urchins 267
Insects 272
Spiralian embryos 275
Ascidians and Amphioxus 276
Some lower vertebrates 277
Hydrozoans 279
A note on the mammals 280
Conclusions 280
9 Determination in embryos showing partial cleavage 281
Cephalopods 281
Teleosts 287
Reptiles 297
Birds 299
(a) Descriptive embryology 299
(b) Causal analysis 304
(c) Biochemical aspects 309
A note on the mammals 313
Conclusions 315
10 Patterns and mechanisms in early spatial determination 318
Patterns 318
Mechanisms 326
References 334
Index 437
This side up : spatial determination in the early development of animals /
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