Publisher's Note p. ix
Foreword p. x
Preface p. xi
Acknowledgments p. xii
User Guide p. xv
Plans and Plan Making p. 1
Plan Making p. 3
Plan Making p. 3
Types of Plans p. 6
Comprehensive Plans p. 6
Urban Design Plans p. 10
Regional Plans p. 14
Neighborhood Plans p. 16
Downtown Plans p. 18
Corridor Plans p. 23
Redevelopment Area Plans p. 25
Transportation Plans p. 27
Housing Plans p. 31
Economic Development Plans p. 34
Community Facilities Plans p. 36
Parks and Open-Space Plans p. 38
Critical and Sensitive Areas Plans p. 41
Hazard Mitigation Plans p. 43
Participation p. 46
Role of Participation p. 46
Stakeholder Identification p. 49
Surveys p. 51
Asset Mapping p. 53
Community Visioning p. 55
Charrettes p. 57
Public Meetings p. 59
Public Hearings p. 62
Computer-Based Public Participation p. 63
Facilitation p. 65
Consensus Building and Dispute Resolution p. 66
Planning Movements p. 68
The Landscape Tradition p. 68
Engineering Livable Cities p. 70
Garden Cities p. 71
City Beautiful p. 73
Practical Planning p. 75
Regionalism, 1910 to 1940 p. 77
Public Housing and Urban Renewal p. 79
Measuring and Modeling p. 81
Advocacy and Equity Planning p. 82
Urban Growth and Environmental Concerns p. 84
Statewide Land-Use Planning Programs p. 86
Redesigning Downtown p. 87
Renewed Neighborhoods, New Towns, and New Urbanism p. 89
New Regionalism: Environment, Politics, and Planning p. 91
Environmental Justice p. 93
Sustainability p. 95
Healthy Cities and Communities p. 96
Environmental Management p. 97
Environmental Management Overview p. 99
Environmental Planning Considerations p. 99
Air p. 101
Air Quality p. 101
Air Sheds p. 103
Heat Islands p. 105
Water p. 107
Hydrologic Cycle p. 107
Watersheds p. 109
Aquifers p. 111
Groundwater Movement and Recharge p. 113
Rivers and Streams p. 115
Floodplains and Riparian Corridors p. 118
River and Stream Restoration p. 122
Types of Wetlands p. 125
Wetlands Delineation p. 127
Wetlands Mitigation p. 128
Beach and Dune Systems p. 130
Estuaries, Flats, and Marshes p. 133
Land p. 135
Soils Classification and Mechanics p. 135
Slope, Relief, and Aspect p. 137
Habitat Patches, Corridors, and Matrix p. 139
Disturbance Zones p. 141
Biodiversity Protection p. 143
Invasive Species p. 145
Hazards p. 148
Flood Hazards p. 149
Erosion and Sedimentation p. 151
Hurricanes and Coastal Storms p. 154
Landslides p. 156
Sinkholes and Subsidence p. 159
Earthquakes p. 161
Wildfires p. 164
Underground Leaks p. 166
Hazardous Materials p. 168
Seiches and Tsunamis p. 171
Noise and Vibration p. 173
Multihazards p. 179
Structures p. 183
Buildingtypes p. 185
Residential Types p. 185
Single-Family Detached p. 189
Single-Family Attached p. 190
Multifamily Low-Rise p. 191
Multifamily Mid-Rise p. 192
Multifamily High-Rise p. 193
Manufactured Housing p. 194
Office Buildings p. 196
Warehouse and Distribution Facilities p. 200
Elementary, Middle, and High Schools p. 203
Fire and Rescue Stations p. 207
Police Stations p. 210
Medical Facilities p. 214
Transportation p. 219
Sidewalks p. 219
Hierarchy of Streets and Roads p. 226
Street Networks and Street Connectivity p. 229
Alleys and Driveways p. 233
Vehicle Turning Radii p. 236
Traffic Calming p. 238
Pedestrian-Friendly Streets p. 242
Considerations for Determining Parking Ratios p. 245
Shared Parking p. 247
Passenger Vehicle Dimensions for Parking Design p. 248
Vehicle Circulation for Parking Design p. 250
Parking Space Dimensions p. 253
Parking Lot Design p. 255
On-Street Bikeways p. 259
Multiuser Trails p. 261
Transit Planning Process p. 265
Bus Transit p. 268
Bus Rapid Transit p. 272
Rail Transit p. 278
Intermodal and Multimodal Transit Facilities p. 284
Airport and Land-Use Interface p. 287
Airside p. 295
Landside p. 297
Utilities p. 300
Waste Management Overview p. 300
Transfer Stations p. 302
Landfills p. 305
Incinerators p. 310
Waste Diversion p. 314
Hazardous Waste Management p. 318
Composting p. 321
Wastewater Overview p. 324
Wastewater Collection Systems p. 326
Wastewater Treatment p. 329
Natural Wastewater Treatment Systems p. 334
Stormwater Overview, Runoff, and Recharge p. 336
Stormwater Treatment p. 340
Stormwater Drainage and Flood Management p. 343
Water Supply p. 345
Water Treatment p. 347
Water Storage and Distribution p. 350
Water Conservation p. 353
Wireless Infrastructure Overview p. 355
Colocation of Wireless Equipment p. 357
Signage p. 359
Signs Generally p. 359
On-Premise Signs p. 360
Legal Issues in Sign Regulation p. 364
Parks and Open Space p. 366
Types of Parks p. 366
Greenways and Trails p. 372
Conservation Areas p. 376
Playgrounds p. 379
Farming and Forestry p. 384
Farms p. 384
Feedlots p. 387
Forestry p. 389
Places and Placemaking p. 393
Regions p. 395
Regions p. 395
Theories of City Form p. 399
Urban Patterns p. 399
Urban Morphology p. 401
Life-Cycle Model of Land-Use Change p. 403
Early Theories: Concentric Zones, Sector Theory, Multiple Nuclei p. 405
Recent Theories: Dispersed City, Edge City, Peripheral City p. 407
Places and Districts p. 409
Neighborhoods p. 409
Neighborhood Centers p. 412
Physical Structure of Downtowns p. 415
Commercial Corridors p. 418
Historic Districts p. 421
Waterfronts p. 425
Specialty Retail Districts p. 430
Sexually Oriented Businesses p. 432
Arts Districts p. 435
Convention Center Districts p. 437
Industrial Parks p. 440
Office Parks p. 442
Main Streets p. 444
Development Types p. 447
Mixed-Use Development p. 447
Transit-Oriented Development p. 450
Conservation Development p. 453
Infill Development p. 456
HOPE VI p. 458
Design Considerations p. 460
Environmental Site Analysis p. 460
Urban Analysis p. 463
Scale and Density p. 468
Safety p. 472
Walkability p. 478
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design-LEED p. 481
Energy-Efficient Development p. 484
Green Infrastructure p. 486
Wayfinding Systems p. 488
Streetscape p. 491
Analysis Techniques p. 501
Projections and Demand Analysis p. 503
Population Projections p. 503
Economic Base and Econometric Projections p. 507
Housing Needs Assessment p. 509
Parks, Recreation, and Open-Space Needs Assessment p. 512
Impact Assessment p. 514
Environmental Impact Assessment p. 514
Fiscal Impact Assessment p. 518
Traffic Impact Studies p. 521
Transit Impact Studies p. 524
Traffic Sheds p. 526
Mapping p. 527
Mapping Data Overview p. 527
Aerial Photographs and Digital Orthophoto Quadrangles p. 529
U.S. Geological Survey Topographic Maps p. 530
Property Maps in Modern Cadastre p. 535
Census Data and Demographic Mapping p. 536
Remote Sensing and Satellite Image Classification p. 538
Geographic Information Systems p. 540
Visualization p. 543
Visualization Overview p. 543
Montage Visualization p. 545
Three-Dimensional Visualization p. 547
Visual Preference Techniques p. 549
Implementation Techniques p. 553
Legal Foundations p. 555
Planning Law Overview p. 555
Property Rights, Police Power, Nuisance, and Vested Rights p. 556
Due Process and Equal Protection p. 558
Freedom of Religion and Expression p. 560
Eminent Domain, Takings, and Exactions p. 563
Clean Air Act p. 566
Clean Water Act p. 567
National Environmental Policy Act p. 569
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act p. 572
Endangered Species Act p. 574
Safe Drinking Water Act p. 576
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act p. 578
Current Federal Transportation Laws p. 579
Federal Housing and Community Development Law p. 581
Federal Disaster Law p. 584
Other Federal Laws p. 586
State Enabling Legislation p. 589
State Environmental Policy Acts p. 590
Zoning Regulation p. 593
Subdivision Regulation p. 597
Planned Unit Development p. 599
Innovations in Local Zoning Regulations p. 601
Growth Management p. 604
Adequate Public Facilities and Concurrency Management p. 604
Urban Growth Areas p. 606
Development Impact Fees p. 609
Transfer and Purchase of Development Rights p. 610
Smart Growth Audits p. 611
Transportation and Land-Use Connection p. 613
Preservation, Conservation, and Reuse p. 616
Open-Space Preservation Techniques p. 616
Farmland Preservation p. 618
Land Evaluation and Site Assessment p. 621
Viewshed Protection p. 622
Historic Structures p. 627
Military Base Closure and Conversion p. 631
Brownfields p. 633
Rails To Trails p. 635
Revitalization and Economic Development p. 637
Capital Improvement Programs p. 637
Empowerment Zones and Enterprise Communities p. 639
Tax Increment Financing p. 641
Planned Manufacturing Districts p. 644
Redevelopment Agencies p. 645
Business Improvement Districts p. 646
Current Planning p. 648
Development Services p. 648
Staff Reports for Development Proposals p. 650
Site Plan Review p. 652
Design Guidelines p. 655
Real Estate Development p. 659
Financing Methods and Techniques p. 659
Financial Planning and Analysis: The Pro Forma p. 662
Development and Approval Process p. 668
Resources p. 671
APA Divisions and Chapters p. 694
The Planning Accreditation Board's Accredited University Planning Programs p. 695
Land-Based Classification Standards p. 702
Graphic Symbols and Drawing Annotations p. 710
National Planning Award Winners p. 711
Index p. 713