简介
Autism is in the public spotlight now more than ever as new research and information appears almost daily. Although in many ways this is a positive development it also presents challenges to families and practitioners who want to keep up with the latest developments and are left to sift through new information by themselves to see what is credible and relevant for them.Each of us needs a personal research assistant who can determine which information we need to pay attention to and let us know how it might affect our daily work and the children we are living with or serve. Since we each don't have our own research assistants on staff, I am delighted to recommend this wonderful book by Fred Volkmar and Lisa Wiesner. Both of these talented professional leaders have combined their scientific skills and understanding of the field with great practical experience and ideas about how research can be translated into clinical practice. The result is a book that provides the best and most comprehensive information about recent scientific developments and a splendid practical guide for how they are being implemented and what we are learning in the process. The issues are presented in all of their complexity but translated into language that is clear, direct, and easy to follow. The format also lends itself to understanding the complex issues and their implications through excellent charts, question and answer sections, and chapters that vary from describing diagnostic issues to stating very specifically how to expand and evaluate the services one is receiving. The comprehensive references and lists of additional resources also add greatly to the overall package. As a professional dedicated to understanding scientific advances and helping families and teachers to utilize them most effectively, I am very pleased to have an ally like this book available. I am very grateful to the authors for providing a very credible, practical, and relevant addition to our field to help the many advocates and family practitioners to better understand the exciting new developments and how they can be implemented in our day to day work. Those taking the time to read through this superb volume will find it time well spent that pays back dividends in many different ways. --FOREWORD by Gary B. Mesibov, Ph.D., Professor and Director of TEACCH, Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication Handicapped Children University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
目录
Contents 7
Foreword 11
Preface 13
Chapter 1: What Is Autism? 17
Autism 19
Asperger's Disorder 25
Childhood Disintegrative Disorder 28
Rett's Disorder 29
Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified 31
How Common Are Autism and Related Conditions? 33
Summary 35
Chapter 2: What Causes Autism? 41
Genetic Causes of Autism 42
Seizure Disorders and Electroencephalographic Abnormalities 43
Other Neurological Problems 44
Neuroanatomy and Brain Imaging Studies 45
Neurochemistry 47
Risks During Pregnancy and Childbirth 48
Environmental Causes of Autism 49
Medical Conditions and Autism 49
Psychological Models of Autism 54
Understanding the Causes of PDDs Other than Autism 55
Summary 57
Chapter 3: Getting a Diagnosis 61
First Concerns 62
Screening and Initial Assessments 65
Comprehensive Assessments for Autism and Related Conditions 68
Autism/ASD-Specific Tests and Rating Scales 84
Understanding The Results 88
Putting It All Together 90
Diagnostic Certainty and Uncertainty 91
What Happens After the Assessment? 95
Summary 95
Chapter 4: Getting Services 103
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) 103
Key Concepts and Provisions of IDEA 106
Young Children: Special Considerations 113
Disciplinary Issues 114
The IEP\u2014Process and Content 114
Private Services 119
Dealing with Insurance 120
Summary 129
Chapter 5: An Overview of Educational Programs 135
Model Programs 137
Special Educational Needs of the Child With an ASD 145
Mainstreaming 151
Students with Asperger's 153
Translating What We Know to School Programs 156
Summary 158
Chapter 6: Educational Interventions 165
Autism-Focused Curricula 166
Social Skills Interventions 169
Language and Communication Programs 181
Organizational Issues/Supportive Technology 192
Adaptive Skills and Generalization 195
Summary 197
Chapter 7: Working With Young Children 209
Signs of Autism Before 1 Year of Age 211
Signs of Autism Between 12 and 36 Months 213
Asperger's and PDD-NOS 217
Screening for Autism\u2014First Steps in Getting a Diagnosis and Service 218
Case Reports 231
Summary 242
Chapter 8: Working with School-Aged Children 249
Development and Behavior 250
Gender Differences 257
School-Related Issues 258
Mainstreaming and Peer Preparation 264
Case Studies 271
Summary 283
Chapter 9: Adolescence, Adulthood, and the Future 293
Adolescence: Basic Facts 294
Adolescence in Children with ASDs 295
Behavior Problems in Adolescence 296
Sexuality 297
High School: Challenges and Opportunities 306
Transition to College or Vocational Program/School 308
Hygiene and Self-Care Skills 309
Moving to Adulthood 310
Vocational Issues 313
Living Arrangements for Adults 316
Planning for the Future 317
Legal Problems for Adults 322
Psychiatric Comorbidities in Adults 322
Case Reports 323
Summary 331
Chapter 10: Managing Medical Issues and Problems 341
Challenges in Providing Health Care for Children With Autism 341
Helping Medical Visits Be Successful 342
Other Members of the Health Care Team 344
Medical Conditions More Common in Autism and Related Disorders 344
Coping With Common Medical Problems 347
Eating Problems 358
Coping with the Emergency Department and the Hospital 365
Dental Care 375
Immunizations and Autism 379
Summary 380
Chapter 11: Ensuring Safety 385
General Household Safety 386
Safety at School 392
Community Safety 397
Summary 399
Chapter 12: Dealing With Seizures 403
What Is a Seizure? 403
How Common Are Seizures? 404
Types of Seizures 406
Evaluating a Seizure Disorder 410
Observing a Seizure 412
Treatment of Seizures 413
Continuing Care and Safety Concerns 419
What Causes Seizures? 420
Summary 420
Chapter 13: Dealing With Regression 423
Regression in Autism 423
Childhood Disintegrative Disorder (CDD) 426
Rett's Disorder 431
Summary 436
Chapter 14: Dealing With Behavior Problems 439
Behavioral Interventions\u2014A Brief Introduction 441
Drug Interventions\u2014A Brief Discussion 445
Types of Behavioral and Emotional Difficulties 445
Attention and Overactivity 454
Mental Health Issues and Behavior Problems 456
Case Examples 458
Summary 462
Chapter 15: Considering Medications for Behavior Problems 469
Mental Health Issues in Autism 469
When to Use a Medication 472
Medications Used in Autism and Related Conditions 479
Summary 495
Chapter 16: Managing Sensory Issues 499
Sensory Differences in Autism 499
Eating and Feeding Issues 501
Hearing Problems 505
Visual Problems 508
Other Sensory Problems 509
Assessment of Sensory Difficulties 510
Solutions for Other Sensory Problems 511
Summary 512
Chapter 17: Managing Sleep and Sleep Problems 517
Typical Sleep Patterns 517
Sleep in Autism 519
Dealing With Sleep Problems\u2014Some General Advice 521
Dealing With Specific Sleep Problems 523
Medical Issues and Medications 529
Summary 531
Chapter 18: Considering Complementary and Alternative Treatments 535
Understanding How Science Works 536
Media and the Internet as Sources of Information 539
Thinking About Complementary and Alternative Treatments 542
Complementary and Alternative Treatments for Children with Autism 545
Drug Treatments and Medical Procedures 554
Communication and Auditory Interventions 558
Other Complementary and Alternative Approaches 559
Summary 561
Chapter 19: Managing Sibling and Family Issues 567
Stresses and Supports 567
Support From Educators and Others 570
Age-Related Stresses 571
Marital Issues 572
Single-Parent Families and Divorce 574
Grandparents and Family Members 574
Talking With Friends 575
Siblings 575
Family Engagement, Generalization, and Life in the Community 581
Summary 583
Resources Lists: Books and Websites 591
Appendix 1: Diagnostic Descriptions and Criteria for Autism and Related Pervasive Developmental Disorders from International Classification of Diseases, 10th Edition (World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2003; Reprinted with Permission) 595
Glossary 601
Index 617
Foreword 11
Preface 13
Chapter 1: What Is Autism? 17
Autism 19
Asperger's Disorder 25
Childhood Disintegrative Disorder 28
Rett's Disorder 29
Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified 31
How Common Are Autism and Related Conditions? 33
Summary 35
Chapter 2: What Causes Autism? 41
Genetic Causes of Autism 42
Seizure Disorders and Electroencephalographic Abnormalities 43
Other Neurological Problems 44
Neuroanatomy and Brain Imaging Studies 45
Neurochemistry 47
Risks During Pregnancy and Childbirth 48
Environmental Causes of Autism 49
Medical Conditions and Autism 49
Psychological Models of Autism 54
Understanding the Causes of PDDs Other than Autism 55
Summary 57
Chapter 3: Getting a Diagnosis 61
First Concerns 62
Screening and Initial Assessments 65
Comprehensive Assessments for Autism and Related Conditions 68
Autism/ASD-Specific Tests and Rating Scales 84
Understanding The Results 88
Putting It All Together 90
Diagnostic Certainty and Uncertainty 91
What Happens After the Assessment? 95
Summary 95
Chapter 4: Getting Services 103
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) 103
Key Concepts and Provisions of IDEA 106
Young Children: Special Considerations 113
Disciplinary Issues 114
The IEP\u2014Process and Content 114
Private Services 119
Dealing with Insurance 120
Summary 129
Chapter 5: An Overview of Educational Programs 135
Model Programs 137
Special Educational Needs of the Child With an ASD 145
Mainstreaming 151
Students with Asperger's 153
Translating What We Know to School Programs 156
Summary 158
Chapter 6: Educational Interventions 165
Autism-Focused Curricula 166
Social Skills Interventions 169
Language and Communication Programs 181
Organizational Issues/Supportive Technology 192
Adaptive Skills and Generalization 195
Summary 197
Chapter 7: Working With Young Children 209
Signs of Autism Before 1 Year of Age 211
Signs of Autism Between 12 and 36 Months 213
Asperger's and PDD-NOS 217
Screening for Autism\u2014First Steps in Getting a Diagnosis and Service 218
Case Reports 231
Summary 242
Chapter 8: Working with School-Aged Children 249
Development and Behavior 250
Gender Differences 257
School-Related Issues 258
Mainstreaming and Peer Preparation 264
Case Studies 271
Summary 283
Chapter 9: Adolescence, Adulthood, and the Future 293
Adolescence: Basic Facts 294
Adolescence in Children with ASDs 295
Behavior Problems in Adolescence 296
Sexuality 297
High School: Challenges and Opportunities 306
Transition to College or Vocational Program/School 308
Hygiene and Self-Care Skills 309
Moving to Adulthood 310
Vocational Issues 313
Living Arrangements for Adults 316
Planning for the Future 317
Legal Problems for Adults 322
Psychiatric Comorbidities in Adults 322
Case Reports 323
Summary 331
Chapter 10: Managing Medical Issues and Problems 341
Challenges in Providing Health Care for Children With Autism 341
Helping Medical Visits Be Successful 342
Other Members of the Health Care Team 344
Medical Conditions More Common in Autism and Related Disorders 344
Coping With Common Medical Problems 347
Eating Problems 358
Coping with the Emergency Department and the Hospital 365
Dental Care 375
Immunizations and Autism 379
Summary 380
Chapter 11: Ensuring Safety 385
General Household Safety 386
Safety at School 392
Community Safety 397
Summary 399
Chapter 12: Dealing With Seizures 403
What Is a Seizure? 403
How Common Are Seizures? 404
Types of Seizures 406
Evaluating a Seizure Disorder 410
Observing a Seizure 412
Treatment of Seizures 413
Continuing Care and Safety Concerns 419
What Causes Seizures? 420
Summary 420
Chapter 13: Dealing With Regression 423
Regression in Autism 423
Childhood Disintegrative Disorder (CDD) 426
Rett's Disorder 431
Summary 436
Chapter 14: Dealing With Behavior Problems 439
Behavioral Interventions\u2014A Brief Introduction 441
Drug Interventions\u2014A Brief Discussion 445
Types of Behavioral and Emotional Difficulties 445
Attention and Overactivity 454
Mental Health Issues and Behavior Problems 456
Case Examples 458
Summary 462
Chapter 15: Considering Medications for Behavior Problems 469
Mental Health Issues in Autism 469
When to Use a Medication 472
Medications Used in Autism and Related Conditions 479
Summary 495
Chapter 16: Managing Sensory Issues 499
Sensory Differences in Autism 499
Eating and Feeding Issues 501
Hearing Problems 505
Visual Problems 508
Other Sensory Problems 509
Assessment of Sensory Difficulties 510
Solutions for Other Sensory Problems 511
Summary 512
Chapter 17: Managing Sleep and Sleep Problems 517
Typical Sleep Patterns 517
Sleep in Autism 519
Dealing With Sleep Problems\u2014Some General Advice 521
Dealing With Specific Sleep Problems 523
Medical Issues and Medications 529
Summary 531
Chapter 18: Considering Complementary and Alternative Treatments 535
Understanding How Science Works 536
Media and the Internet as Sources of Information 539
Thinking About Complementary and Alternative Treatments 542
Complementary and Alternative Treatments for Children with Autism 545
Drug Treatments and Medical Procedures 554
Communication and Auditory Interventions 558
Other Complementary and Alternative Approaches 559
Summary 561
Chapter 19: Managing Sibling and Family Issues 567
Stresses and Supports 567
Support From Educators and Others 570
Age-Related Stresses 571
Marital Issues 572
Single-Parent Families and Divorce 574
Grandparents and Family Members 574
Talking With Friends 575
Siblings 575
Family Engagement, Generalization, and Life in the Community 581
Summary 583
Resources Lists: Books and Websites 591
Appendix 1: Diagnostic Descriptions and Criteria for Autism and Related Pervasive Developmental Disorders from International Classification of Diseases, 10th Edition (World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2003; Reprinted with Permission) 595
Glossary 601
Index 617
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