CONTENTS 9
Preface 15
Acknowledgments 19
PART 1 CONTINUOUS IMAGE CHARACTERIZATION 23
1 Continuous Image Mathematical Characterization 25
1.1 Image Representation 25
1.2 Two-Dimensional Systems 27
1.3 Two-Dimensional Fourier Transform 32
1.4 Image Stochastic Characterization 36
2 Psychophysical Vision Properties 45
2.1 Light Perception 45
2.2 Eye Physiology 48
2.3 Visual Phenomena 51
2.4 Monochrome Vision Model 55
2.5 Color Vision Model 61
3 Photometry and Colorimetry 67
3.1 Photometry 67
3.2 Color Matching 71
3.3 Colorimetry Concepts 76
3.4 Tristimulus Value Transformation 83
3.5 Color Spaces 85
PART 2 DIGITAL IMAGE CHARACTERIZATION 111
4 Image Sampling and Reconstruction 113
4.1 Image Sampling and Reconstruction Concepts 113
4.2 Monochrome Image Sampling Systems 121
4.3 Monochrome Image Reconstruction Systems 132
4.4 Color Image Sampling Systems 141
5 Image Quantization 149
5.1 Scalar Quantization 149
5.2 Processing Quantized Variables 155
5.3 Monochrome and Color Image Quantization 158
PART 3 DISCRETE TWO-DIMENSIONAL PROCESSING 167
6 Discrete Image Mathematical Characterization 169
6.1 Vector-Space Image Representation 169
6.2 Generalized Two-Dimensional Linear Operator 171
6.3 Image Statistical Characterization 175
6.4 Image Probability Density Models 180
6.5 Linear Operator Statistical Representation 184
7 Superposition and Convolution 187
7.1 Finite-Area Superposition and Convolution 187
7.2 Sampled Image Superposition and Convolution 196
7.3 Circulant Superposition and Convolution 203
7.4 Superposition and Convolution Operator Relationships 206
8 Unitary Transforms 211
8.1 General Unitary Transforms 211
8.2 Fourier Transform 215
8.3 Cosine, Sine and Hartley Transforms 221
8.4 Hadamard, Haar and Daubechies Transforms 226
8.5 Karhunen\u2013Loeve Transform 233
9 Linear Processing Techniques 239
9.1 Transform Domain Processing 239
9.2 Transform Domain Superposition 242
9.3 Fast Fourier Transform Convolution 247
9.4 Fourier Transform Filtering 255
9.5 Small Generating Kernel Convolution 263
PART 4 IMAGE IMPROVEMENT 267
10 Image Enhancement 269
10.1 Contrast Manipulation 270
10.2 Histogram Modification 281
10.3 Noise Cleaning 289
10.4 Edge Crispening 306
10.5 Color Image Enhancement 313
10.6 Multispectral Image Enhancement 320
11 Image Restoration Models 329
11.1 General Image Restoration Models 329
11.2 Optical Systems Models 332
11.3 Photographic Process Models 336
11.4 Discrete Image Restoration Models 344
12 Image Restoration Techniques 351
12.1 Sensor and Display Point Nonlinearity Correction 351
12.2 Continuous Image Spatial Filtering Restoration 357
12.3 Pseudoinverse Spatial Image Restoration 367
12.4 SVD Pseudoinverse Spatial Image Restoration 381
12.5 Statistical Estimation Spatial Image Restoration 386
12.6 Constrained Image Restoration 391
12.7 Blind Image Restoration 395
12.8 Multi-Plane Image Restoration 401
13 Geometrical Image Modification 409
13.1 Basic Geometrical Methods 409
13.2 Spatial Warping 422
13.3 Perspective Transformation 426
13.4 Camera Imaging Model 429
13.5 Geometrical Image Resampling 432
PART 5 IMAGE ANALYSIS 441
14 Morphological Image Processing 443
14.1 Binary Image Connectivity 443
14.2 Binary Image Hit or Miss Transformations 446
14.3 Binary Image Shrinking, Thinning, Skeletonizing and Thickening 453
14.4 Binary Image Generalized Dilation and Erosion 464
14.5 Binary Image Close and Open Operations 475
14.6 Gray Scale Image Morphological Operations 477
15 Edge Detection 487
15.1 Edge, Line and Spot Models 487
15.2 First-Order Derivative Edge Detection 493
15.3 Second-Order Derivative Edge Detection 514
15.4 Edge-Fitting Edge Detection 528
15.5 Luminance Edge Detector Performance 530
15.6 Color Edge Detection 544
15.7 Line and Spot Detection 551
16 Image Feature Extraction 557
16.1 Image Feature Evaluation 557
16.2 Amplitude Features 559
16.3 Transform Coefficient Features 564
16.4 Texture Definition 567
16.5 Visual Texture Discrimination 569
16.6 Texture Features 577
17 Image Segmentation 601
17.1 Amplitude Segmentation 602
17.2 Clustering Segmentation 609
17.3 Region Segmentation 612
17.4 Boundary Segmentation 617
17.5 Texture Segmentation 633
17.6 Segment Labeling 635
18 Shape Analysis 645
18.1 Topological Attributes 645
18.2 Distance, Perimeter and Area Measurements 647
18.3 Spatial Moments 653
18.4 Shape Orientation Descriptors 665
18.5 Fourier Descriptors 667
18.6 Thinning and Skeletonizing 669
19 Image Detection and Registration 673
19.1 Template Matching 673
19.2 Matched Filtering of Continuous Images 677
19.3 Matched Filtering of Discrete Images 684
19.4 Image Registration 686
PART 6 IMAGE PROCESSING SOFTWARE 701
20 PIKS Image Processing Software 703
20.1 PIKS Functional Overview 703
20.2 PIKS Scientific Overview 726
21 PIKS Image Processing Programming Exercises 737
21.1 Program Generation Exercises 738
21.2 Image Manipulation Exercises 739
21.3 Color Space Exercises 740
21.4 Region-of-Interest Exercises 742
21.5 Image Measurement Exercises 743
21.6 Quantization Exercises 744
21.7 Convolution Exercises 745
21.8 Unitary Transform Exercises 746
21.9 Linear Processing Exercises 747
21.10 Image Enhancement Exercises 748
21.11 Image Restoration Models Exercises 750
21.12 Image Restoration Exercises 751
21.13 Geometrical Image Modification Exercises 751
21.14 Morphological Image Processing Exercises 752
21.15 Edge Detection Exercises 754
21.16 Image Feature Extraction Exercises 755
21.17 Image Segmentation Exercises 756
21.18 Shape Analysis Exercises 757
21.19 Image Detection and Registration Exercises 757
Appendix 1 Vector-Space Algebra Concepts 759
Appendix 2 Color Coordinate Conversion 775
Appendix 3 Image Error Measures 781
Appendix 4 PIKS Compact Disk 783
Bibliography 785
Index 791