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Summary:
Publisher Summary 1
The first edition of this text was published in 1986, and this fourth edition continues with the goal of integrating study of development and of behavior, and doing so in a manner grounded in theory and science but descriptive enough to be clinically useful. The first chapter acknowledges a long history of professional neglect of health care for children, from antiquity through the 17th century, and discusses the relatively short history of the discipline announced in the title. Subsequent chapters address life stages, family and social influences, and biological influences, and then developmental and behavioral aspects of general physical illness. Following are chapters on behavioral, emotional, physical, and developmental functions and dysfunctions, as well as assessment, treatment, and legal and ethical issues. Editing is by a team of five pediatricians: William B. Carey (U. of Pennsylvania), Allen C. Crocker (Harvard), William L. Coleman (U. of North Carolina), Ellen Roy Elias (U. of Colorado), and Heidi M. Feldman (Stanford). Online access to the text is included with purchase of the printed edition. Annotation 漏2010 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)
Publisher Summary 2
The fourth edition of Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics-the pioneering, original text- emphasizes children's assets and liabilities, not just categorical labels. It includes fresh perspectives from new editors-Drs. William Coleman, Ellen Elias, and Heidi Feldman, as well as further contributions from two of the original editors, William B. Carey, M.D, and Allen C. Crocker, M.D. This comprehensive resource offers information and guidance on normal development and behavior: genetic influences, the effect of general physical illness and psychosocial and biologic factors on development and behavior. It is also sufficiently scholarly and scientific to serve as a definitive reference for researchers, teachers, and consultants. With a more user-friendly design and online access through Expert Consult functionality, this resource offers easy access comprehensive guidance.
Features new chapters dealing with genetic influences on development and behavior, crisis management, coping strategies, self-esteem, self-control, and inborn errors of metabolism to cover the considerable advances and latest developments in the field.
Focuses on the clinical aspects of function and dysfunction, rather than arranging subjects according to categorical labels.
Emphasizes children's assets as well as their liability so you get a well-developed approach to therapeutic management.
Concludes each chapter with a summary of the principle points covered, with tables, pictures and diagrams to clarify and enhance the presentation.
Offers a highly practical focus, emphasizing evaluation, counseling, medical treatment, and follow-up.
Features superb photos and figures that illustrate a wide variety of concepts.
Offers access to the full text online through Expert Consult functionality at www. expertconsult.com for convenient reference from any practice location.
Features new chapters dealing with-Genetic Influences on Development and Behavior, Crisis Management, Coping Strategies, Self-Esteem, Self-Control, and Inborn Errors of Metabolism.
Presents a new two-color design and artwork for a more visually appealing and accessible layout.
Provides the latest drug information in the updated and revised chapters on psychopharmacology.
Introduces Drs. William Coleman, Ellen Elias, and Heidi Feldman to the editorial team to provide current and topical guidance and enrich the range of expertise and clinical experience.
Covers the considerable advances and latest developments in this subspecialty through updates and revisions to existing material.
Your purchase entitles you to access the web site until the next edition is published, or until the current edition is no longer offered for sale by Elsevier, whichever occurs first. If the next edition is published less than one year after your purchase, you will be entitled to online access for one year from your date of purchase. Elsevier reserves the right to offer a suitable replacement product (such as a downloadable or CD-ROM-based electronic version) should online access to the web site be discontinued.
目录
Front Cover 1
Developmental-Behavioral peDiatrics 4
Copyright Page 5
CONTRIBUTORS 6
PREFACE 14
CONTENTS 16
CHAPTER 1 THE HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENTAL-BEHAVIORAL PEDIATRICS 20
A LONG HISTORY OF NEGLECT: ANTIQUITY THROUGH THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY 20
CHANGING SOCIAL CONDITIONS, PHILOSOPHY, AND MEDICINE: THE EIGHTEENTH AND NINETEENTH CENTURIES 21
EMERGENCE OF PEDIATRICS: EIGHTEENTH TO TWENTIETH CENTURIES 22
DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY: THE NINETEENTH AND TWENTIETH CENTURIES 23
ACCELERATED SOCIAL CHANGE: THE TWENTIETH CENTURY 24
BIRTH OF DEVELOPMENTAL-BEHAVIORAL PEDIATRICS 27
CURRENT ERA 30
SUMMARY 30
REFERENCES 30
Part 1 LIFE STAGES 32
CHAPTER 2 PREGNANCY, BIRTH, AND THE FIRST DAYS OF LIFE 32
PREGNANCY 32
GESTATIONAL INFLUENCES ON NEWBORN BEHAVIOR 34
NEUROLOGIC BASIS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE OF NEWBORN BEHAVIOR 36
NEWBORN BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 38
CLINICAL OPPORTUNITIES IN THE NEWBORN PERIOD 39
SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE OF NEWBORN BEHAVIOR 40
REFERENCES 40
CHAPTER 3 INFANCY AND TODDLER YEARS 43
SOCIAL-EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT 43
SENSORY AND MOTOR MATURATION 48
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 50
COMMUNICATION 53
PHYSICAL GROWTH 54
SUMMARY 55
CHAPTER 4 PRESCHOOL YEARS 58
MAJOR TASKS 58
DEVELOPMENTAL DOMAINS 59
PSYCHOSOCIAL CONTEXT OF PRESCHOOL 颅DEVELOPMENT 63
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: THE ROLE OF PRIMARY CARE 64
DEVELOPMENTAL AND BEHAVIORAL PATHOLOGY 67
SUMMARY 68
CHAPTER 5 MIDDLE CHILDHOOD 69
PHYSICAL AND MOTOR GROWTH 69
DEVELOPMENT OF COGNITION, THINKING, AND LANGUAGE 70
DEVELOPMENT OF ACADEMIC SKILLS 71
SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT 73
DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN 74
CULTURE AND PSYCHOSOCIAL VARIATION 76
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS 77
SUMMARY 79
REFERENCES 79
CHAPTER 6 ADOLESCENCE 81
PSYCHOSOCIAL GROWTH TASKS 82
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE THREE PHASES OF ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT 84
BIOLOGIC BASIS FOR MAJOR DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES 85
DEVELOPMENTAL DOMAINS 86
CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN ADOLESCENCE 88
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS 88
RISKY BEHAVIORS 89
ADOLESCENT CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS 90
TREATMENT OVERVIEW: HELPING TODAY\u2019S TEENS AND TOMORROW\u2019S ADULTS 90
ADOLESCENTS AS PARENTS 91
SUMMARY 91
REFERENCES 92
CHAPTER 7 NORMAL 颅INDIVIDUAL 颅DIFFERENCES IN 颅TEMPERAMENT AND 颅BEHAVIORAL 颅ADJUSTMENT 93
INTERACTIONAL MODEL 93
TEMPERAMENT 94
BEHAVIORAL ADJUSTMENT 102
SUMMARY 104
REFERENCES 104
Part II ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES\u2014FAMILY AND SOCIAL 106
CHAPTER 8 INFLUENCES OF EXPERIENCE IN THE ENVIRONMENT ON HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR 106
DEFINITION 106
ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES OF DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR 107
ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON NEURAL FUNCTION AND STRUCTURE 107
ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON GENE EXPRESSION 110
GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS 111
SUMMARY 111
CHAPTER 9 VARIATIONS IN FAMILY 颅COMPOSITION 113
SINGLE PARENT FAMILIES 116
SAME-SEX PARENTS 117
INTERRACIAL AND INTERFAITH FAMILIES 118
GRANDPARENT-HEADED HOUSEHOLDS 118
SUMMARY 120
CHAPTER 10 FAMILY FUNCTION AND 颅DYSFUNCTION 122
FAMILY FUNCTIONING 122
SPECIFIC FORMS OF FAMILY DYSFUNCTION 123
DEVELOPMENTAL, BEHAVIORAL, AND EMOTIONAL NEEDS 129
SOCIALIZATION 133
PERVASIVE PARENTAL DYSFUNCTION\u2014THREATS TO FAMILY INTEGRITY 135
SUMMARY 136
CHAPTER 11 BROTHERS AND SISTERS 138
BIRTH ORDER 138
OTHER FAMILY FACTORS 139
SIBLING RIVALRY 140
BLENDED FAMILIES 140
CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL NEEDS 140
BROTHERS AND SISTERS THROUGH CHILDHOOD 141
SERIOUS ILLNESS OR DEATH OF A CHILD 141
ADULT SIBLING RELATIONSHIPS 141
HEALTH CARE PROVIDER\u2019S ROLE IN HELPING PARENTS COPE WITH SIBLING ISSUES 141
SUMMARY 142
REFERENCES 142
CHAPTER 12 S.EPARATION, DIVORCE, AND REMARRIAGE 144
DEMOGRAPHICS OF SEPARATION, DIVORCE, AND REMARRIAGE 145
CONSEQUENCES OF SEPARATION, DIVORCE, AND REMARRIAGE 145
ROLES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR PEDIATRIC CLINICIANS 148
SUMMARY 151
REFERENCES 151
RESOURCES FOR PARENTS 152
CHAPTER 13 ADOPTION AND FOSTER FAMILY CARE 153
BIOLOGIC CONSEQUENCES OF EARLY NEGLECT 153
ADOPTION 153
FOSTER CARE 159
SUMMARY 161
CHAPTER 14 CRITICAL FAMILY EVENTS 163
ROLE OF THE PHYSICIAN 165
ADDITIONS TO THE FAMILY 165
LOSSES 168
SUMMARY 169
REFERENCES 169
INTERNET RESOURCES 170
RESOURCES FOR GRIEVING CHILDREN AND FAMILIES 170
SIBLINGS 170
CHAPTER 15 PEERS 171
PROBLEMS WITH PEER RELATIONSHIPS 171
GUIDELINES FOR THE CLINICIAN 173
SUMMARY 175
REFERENCES 177
CHAPTER 16 CHILDCARE 178
TYPES OF NONMATERNAL CHILDCARE SETTINGS 178
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 178
DEBATE ON THE EFFECTS OF CHILDCARE ON CHILD DEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOMES 179
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CHILD HEALTH AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT STUDY 179
PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF CHILDCARE FOR PARENTS AND PEDIATRIC PROVIDERS 181
SUMMARY 182
REFERENCES 182
CHAPTER 17 SCHOOLS AS MILIEU 183
HISTORICAL CONSIDERATIONS 184
PHYSICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FEATURES 185
SCHOOL PROCESSES 186
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR DISADVANTAGED STUDENTS 187
IMPLICATIONS FOR ADVOCACY 188
SUMMARY 188
CHAPTER 18 NEIGHBORHOOD MECHANISMS OF EFFECT 189
DEFINING THE NEIGHBORHOOD 189
INCOME AND SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS: NEIGHBORHOOD POVERTY 189
INCOME AND SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS: AFFLUENCE 197
GEOGRAPHIC MOBILITY AND RESIDENTIAL INSTABILITY 199
SUMMARY 199
REFERENCES 199
CHAPTER 19 CULTURE AND ETHNICITY 201
CULTURE AND ETHNICITY 201
THE DEVELOPMENTAL NICHE AND PARENTAL ETHNOTHEORIES 202
THE CULTURAL CONTEXT OF CHILDREN\u2019S DEVELOPMENT 203
CULTURE AND THE CLINICAL ASSESSMENT OF BEHAVIORAL-DEVELOPMENTAL ISSUES 205
A CULTURALLY SENSITIVE PRACTICE OF PEDIATRICS 208
CULTURAL ADVOCACY ISSUES 209
SUMMARY 210
REFERENCES 210
CHAPTER 20 MEDIA 211
HOW CHILDREN AND TEENS USE MEDIA 211
EARLY BRAIN DEVELOPMENT 213
POSITIVE EFFECTS 213
NEGATIVE EFFECTS 214
CONTROVERSIES 218
SOLUTIONS 218
SUMMARY 219
REFERENCES 219
CHAPTER 21 DISASTERS, WAR, AND TERRORISM 220
DISASTERS DEFINED 220
CHILDREN\u2019S RESPONSES 221
MANAGEMENT\u2014ACUTE 222
MANAGEMENT\u2014CHRONIC 224
THERAPEUTIC TASKS IN HELPING CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS: THE RATIONALE FOR 颅INTERVENTION OR REFERRAL 224
ESTABLISHING HOPE 225
CARING FOR CAREGIVERS 225
ADVOCACY 225
SUMMARY 225
REFERENCES 226
Part III BIOLOGICAL INFLUENCES 228
CHAPTER 22 BIOMEDICAL BASIS OF DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR 228
EMBRYOLOGY 228
BRAIN IMAGING 228
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INJURY 229
THE ROLE OF GENETICS IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 229
ADVANCES IN MEDICAL CARE 230
SUMMARY 231
REFERENCES 231
CHAPTER 23 NERVOUS SYSTEM DISORDERS 232
SEIZURES 232
Evaluation of the Patient 234
HEAD TRAUMA 235
STROKE 236
HEADACHES 236
BRAIN MALFORMATIONS 237
NEUROMUSCULAR DISORDERS 238
INFECTIOUS DISEASES 240
MOVEMENT DISORDERS 241
REFERENCES 241
CHAPTER 24 CHROMOSOMAL DISORDERS AND FRAGILE X SYNDROME 243
GENERAL FEATURES 243
CHROMOSOME PREPARATION AND MOLECULAR CYTOGENETICS 243
CHROMOSOME NOMENCLATURE 244
CHROMOSOME ANOMALIES 244
REFERENCES 253
CHAPTER 25 DOWN SYNDROME: CARE OF THE CHILD AND FAMILY 254
GENETICS 254
PRENATAL SCREENING AND DIAGNOSIS 255
MAKING THE DIAGNOSIS IN THE NEWBORN PERIOD 255
INFORMING THE FAMILY 255
THE HEALTH CARE GUIDELINES FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH DOWN SYNDROME 259
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 259
EDUCATION 260
ISSUES FOR ADOLESCENTS 261
COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES 262
INVESTIGATION IN INTERVENTIONS TO IMPROVE COGNITION AND MEMORY 262
CARING FOR FAMILIES OF CHILDREN WITH DOWN SYNDROME 262
DOWN SYNDROME AS A MODEL FOR DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 263
SUMMARY 263
REFERENCES 263
CHAPTER 26 GENETIC SYNDROMES AND DYSMORPHOLOGY 265
CHROMOSOMAL CONTIGUOUS GENE SYNDROMES 265
MENDELIAN GENETIC SYNDROMES AND CONDITIONS 269
SYNDROMES WITH CANCER PREDISPOSITION 273
MULTIFACTORIAL CONDITIONS Cleft 274
REFERENCES 276
CHAPTER 27 NEURODEVELOPMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF PRETERM BIRTH: CAUSES, ASSESSMENT, AND MANAGEMENT 278
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PRETERM BIRTHS 278
HEALTH OUTCOMES 281
NEURODEVELOPMENTAL SUPPORT AND FOLLOW-UP 285
SUMMARY 286
REFERENCES 286
CHAPTER 28 HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION IN CHILDREN 288
EPIDEMIOLOGY 288
COURSE OF ILLNESS AND LABORATORY 颅MONITORING 288
PSYCHOSOCIAL ISSUES 289
HIV INFECTION AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT 290
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT 292
ADHERENCE TO THERAPY 293
SUMMARY 294
REFERENCES 294
CHAPTER 29 NUTRITION ASSESSMENT AND SUPPORT 296
GROWTH ASSESSMENT 296
ENERGY AND NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS 297
DIETARY ASSESSMENT 299
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION 300
BIOCHEMICAL ASSESSMENT 301
INTERVENTIONS 302
SUMMARY 304
CHAPTER 30 INBORN ERRORS OF 颅METABOLISM 306
GENERAL APPROACH 306
LABORATORY EVALUATION 310
FATTY ACID OXIDATION DISORDERS 320
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISORDERS 颅ASSOCIATED WITH AMINOACIDOPATHIES AND NEUROTRANSMITTERS 321
PURINE AND PYRIMIDINE DISORDERS 322
PEROXISOMAL DISORDERS 322
MITOCHONDRIAL DISORDERS 326
LYSOSOMAL STORAGE DISORDERS 327
SUMMARY 331
REFERENCES 332
CHAPTER 31 TOXINS 333
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PEDIATRICNEUROLOGIC TOXICITY 333
PRENATAL TOXIC EXPOSURE AND IMPACTON POSTNATAL COGNITION AND BEHAVIOR 334
HAZARDS IN INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD 338
SUMMARY 342
REFERENCES 342
Part IV GENERAL PHYSICAL ILLNESS\u2014DEVELOPMENTAL-BEHAVIORAL ASPECTS 344
CHAPTER 32 ACUTE MINOR ILLNESS 344
STRESSES IN THE CHILD AND PARENTS 344
NURTURING SICK CHILDREN AND SUPPORTING PARENTS 345
SUMMARY 347
REFERENCES 347
CHAPTER 33 HOSPITALIZATION, SURGERY, AND MEDICAL AND DENTAL PROCEDURES 348
SOURCES OF STRESS 348
EFFECTS ON CHILDREN 349
EFFECTS OF CHILDREN\u2019S ILLNESSES, PAIN, AND PROCEDURES ON CLINICIANS 350
OPPORTUNITIES FOR PREVENTION AND INTERVENTION 351
MINIMIZING STRESSES 352
SUMMARY 354
REFERENCES 354
CHAPTER 34 EARLY HEALTH CRISES AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN 356
PREVELANCE OF VULNERABILITY 356
ETIOLOGY OF VULNERABILITY 357
CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF THE VULNERABLE CHILD 357
MAKING THE DIAGNOSIS 358
MANAGEMENT 358
RESILIENCY 360
SUMMARY 360
REFERENCES 360
CHAPTER 35 CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS: A DEFINITION 362
CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS: A DEFINITION 362
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CHRONIC CONDITIONS IN CHILDHOOD 363
IMPACT OF CHRONIC ILLNESS ON DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR (Table 35-1)) 364
MANAGEMENT BY CLINICIANS (Table 35-2) 370
SUMMARY 372
REFERANCES 372
CHAPTER 36 PALLIATIVE AND END OF LIFE CARE FOR CHILDREN AND FAMILIES 374
INCIDENCE OF DEATH 374
DEFINITIONS 374
DEVELOPMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS OF ILLNESS AND DEATH 375
UNDERSTANDING THE SERIOUSLY ILL AND DYING CHILD\u2019S RESPONSE TO DEATH 376
KEY PSYCHOLOGICAL ISSUES FOR THE CRITICALLY ILL CHILD AND FAMILY 377
FAMILY-CENTERED MANAGEMENT OF PALLIATIVE CARE 379
MANAGING PEDIATRIC PALLIATIVE CARE IN DIFFERENT SITES 380
THE ROLE OF THE INTERDISCIPLINARY TEAM 382
EDUCATIONAL AND RESEARCH NEEDS IN PEDIATRIC PALLIATIVE CARE 383
SUMMARY 384
REFERENCES 384
CHAPTER 37 AFTER THE DEATH OF A CHILD: HELPING BEREAVED PARENTS AND BROTHERS AND SISTERS 385
GRIEF AND BEREAVEMENT: THEIR IMPACT ON PARENTS AND BROTHERS AND SISTERS 386
SUPPORTIVE MEASURES, INCLUDING RESOURCES AND REFERRALS, FOR THE BEREAVED IN THE OFFICE OR CLINIC 387
SUPPORTIVE MEASURES AT THE BEDSIDE WHEN THE CHILD DIES 389
SUMMARY 390
REFERENCES 390
Part V OUTCOMES\u2014BEHAVIORAL AND EMOTIONAL 392
SECTION A Social Relationships 392
CHAPTER 38 THE SPECTRUM OF SOCIAL COGNITION 392
COMPONENTS OF SOCIAL COGNITION 393
THE NEURAL BASIS OF SOCIAL COGNITION 393
DEVELOPMENTAL COURSE 394
DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS 395
ASSESSMENT AND INTERVENTION 395
SUMMARY 398
REFERENCES 398
CHAPTER 39 OPPOSITIONAL BEHAVIOR/NONCOMPLIANCE 400
DEFINING OPPOSITIONALITY/NONCOMPLIANCE 400
RISK FACTORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF OPPOSITIONALITY/NONCOMPLIANCE 401
THE NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT TRAP: PARENTAL REINFORCEMENT AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF NONCOMPLIANCE 402
DEVELOPMENTAL COURSE OF OPPOSITIONAL/NONCOMPLIANT BEHAVIOR 402
EPIDEMIOLOGY 403
ASSESSMENT OF OPPOSITIONAL/NONCOMPLIANT BEHAVIOR 404
PREVENTION AND TREATMENT 404
PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT OF OPPOSITIONAL BEHAVIOR 406
SUMMARY 406
REFERENCES 406
CHAPTER 40 AGGRESSION, VIOLENCE, AND DELINQUENCY 408
BACKGROUND 408
DEFINITIONAL ISSUES 408
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF AGGRESSION AND ASSOCIATED PROBLEMS 409
SUBTYPES OF AGGRESSION 409
ETIOLOGY OF AGGRESSION AND VIOLENCE 410
UNIQUE ROLE OF PEDIATRIC HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS 410
SCREENING, ASSESSMENT, AND REFERRAL 411
TREATMENT STRATEGIES 413
SUMMARY 414
REFERENCES 415
CHAPTER 41 SOCIAL WITHDRAWAL AND ISOLATION 416
DEFINING SOCIAL WITHDRAWAL AND ISOLATION 416
EPIDEMIOLOGY 417
THEORY 418
ETIOLOGY 418
CHILD MALTREATMENT AS AN INTEGRATIVE EXAMPLE 420
CULTURE: AN ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATION 420
ASSESSMENT 421
TREATMENT 422
PREVENTION 423
SUMMARY 424
REFERENCES 424
CHAPTER 42 ADJUSTMENT AND 颅ADJUSTMENT DISORDERS 426
CONCEPTS OF STRESS AND ADJUSTMENT 426
ADJUSTMENT DISORDERS 428
REFERENCES 431
CHAPTER 43 SEXUALITY: ITS DEVELOPMENT AND DIRECTION 434
NORMAL DEVELOPMENT OF SEXUALITY 435
SPECIFIC ISSUES RELATED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT SEXUALITY 438
SUMMARY 443
REFERENCES 443
SECTION B Self-Relations, Self-Esteem, Self-Care, and Self-Control 446
CHAPTER 44 SELF-CONCEPT 446
DEFINITIONS 447
PRAISING ABILITIES AND TALENTS CAN BACKFIRE 447
ADULTS SEND MESSAGES AND CHILDREN HEAR THEM 448
SELF-CONCEPT 449
MINDSETS AND SELF-ESTEEM 450
SUMMARY 453
REFERENCES 453
CHAPTER 45 SUBSTANCE USE, ABUSE, AND DEPENDENCE AND OTHER RISK-TAKING BEHAVIORS 456
ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT 456
RISK AND PROBLEM BEHAVIORS 456
EPIDEMIOLOGY 457
RISK FACTORS 457
ASSOCIATED PROBLEMS 458
STAGES OF USE 458
SCREENING AND ASSESSMENT 459
BRIEF OFFICE INTERVENTION 465
TREATMENT 466
SUBSTANCE-ABUSING PARENTS 468
SUMMARY 469
REFERENCES 469
CHAPTER 46 SELF-CONTROL AND SELF-REGULATION: NORMAL DEVELOPMENT TO CLINICAL CONDITIONS 472
NORMAL DEVELOPMENT OF SELF-CONTROL AND SELF-REGULATION 473
CAUSES OF ABNORMALITIES IN SELF-CONTROL AND SELF-REGULATION 473
IMPORTANT ADDITIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO SELF-CONTROL 474
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATIONS 475
TREATMENT 475
RETURNING TO THE VIGNETTES 477
PSYCHOTHERAPY 477
WHEN THE CAPACITY FOR SELF-REGULATION IS LIMITED 478
SUMMARY 478
REFERENCES 478
SECTION C Internal Status: Feelings and Thoughts 480
CHAPTER 47 MAJOR DISTURBANCES OF EMOTION AND MOOD 480
MAJOR DEPRESSION 481
BIPOLAR DISORDER 484
ANXIETY DISORDERS 485
SUICIDE IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS 488
SUMMARY 491
REFERENCES 491
CHAPTER 48 SCHIZOPHRENIA, PHOBIAS, AND OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER 493
CHILDHOOD PSYCHOSES 494
SCHIZOPHRENIA WITH CHILDHOOD ONSET 494
DELUSIONAL DISORDER AND SHARED PSYCHOTIC DISORDER 496
BRIEF PSYCHOTIC DISORDER 496
OTHER PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS 496
SPECIFIC PHOBIA AND SOCIAL PHOBIA 496
OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER 498
SUMMARY 500
REFERENCES 500
CHAPTER 49 BEHAVIORAL CHALLENGES AND MENTAL DISORDERS IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY 502
EPIDEMIOLOGY 502
PSYCHIATRIC DIAGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT 503
DIAGNOSIS OF SPECIFIC MENTAL DISORDERS 504
TREATMENT 506
PREVENTION OF EMOTIONAL MALADJUSTMENT 507
SUMMARY 507
SECTION D Coping/Problem Solving 510
CHAPTER 50 COPING STRATEGIES 510
STRESS, ADAPTATION, AND ILLNESS 510
THE STRESS RESPONSE 510
LEARNING, COGNITION, AND THE STRESS RESPONSE 511
PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES 511
WHAT IS COPING? 511
COPING STYLE AND STRATEGIES 512
THE ROLE OF THE FAMILY 512
WHY CHANGE COPING STYLE OR LEARN NEW STRATEGIES? 513
MUSIC THERAPY AS DISTRACTION 513
BIOFEEDBACK 513
PROBLEM SOLVING SKILLS TRAINING 514
SUMMARY 515
REFERENCES 515
Part VI OUTCOMES\u2014SCHOOL FUNCTION AND OTHER TASK PERFORMANCE 516
CHAPTER 51 SCHOOL ACHIEVEMENT AND UNDERACHIEVEMENT 516
SOCIETAL FACTORS 517
FAMILY FACTORS 517
THE CHILD 518
THE PEDIATRICIAN\u2019S ROLE IN ANTICIPATORY CARE 519
SUMMARY 524
REFERENCES 524
CHAPTER 52 THE GIFTED CHILD 525
DEFINITIONS OF GIFTEDNESS 525
DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF GIFTEDNESS 526
APPROACHES TO EDUCATING THE GIFTED CHILD 526
CHALLENGES FACED BY SOME GIFTED CHILDREN 527
THE ROLE OF THE PRIMARY CARE PROVIDER 531
SUMMARY 531
REFERENCES 532
RESOURCES FOR PROFESSIONALS 532
RESOURCES FOR PARENTS AND GIFTED CHILDREN 533
CHAPTER 53 ADAPTATION AND MALADAPTATION TO SCHOOL 534
EVALUATION 534
SCHOOL DISENGAGEMENT 535
SCHOOL AVOIDANCE 537
SCHOOL DROPOUT 540
SUMMARY 541
REFERENCES 541
CHAPTER 54 ATTENTION AND DEFICITS OF ATTENTION 543
NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROPSYCHOLOGY OF ATTENTION AND ATTENTION DISORDERS 543
DEVELOPMENTAL TRAJECTORY OF ATTENTION SKILLS 544
ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER AS A DIAGNOSIS 545
GENETICS, ENVIRONMENT, AND ATTENTION 547
ASSESSMENT FOR POSSIBLE ATTENTION DISORDERS IN CLINICAL SETTINGS 548
SUPPORTING AND MANAGING CHILDREN\u2019S ATTENTION SKILLS 549
PREVENTING FUNCTIONAL PROBLEMS AND COMORBIDITY 551
SUMMARY 551
REFERENCES 552
CHAPTER 55 DIFFERENCES IN LEARNING AND NEURODEVELOPMENTAL FUNCTION IN SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN 554
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF DYSFUNCTION 555
ACADEMIC IMPACTS 561
NONACADEMIC IMPACTS 561
ASSESSMENT 562
MANAGEMENT 563
SUMMARY 565
REFERENCES 565
Part VII OUTCOMES\u2014PHYSICAL FUNCTIONING 566
CHAPTER 56 RECURRENT AND CHRONIC PAIN 566
TERMS AND DEFINITIONS 566
SIGNIFICANCE OF RECURRENT AND CHRONIC PAIN 566
ETIOLOGY OF CHRONIC PAIN 567
NATURAL HISTORY AND COURSE OF PAIN 567
EVALUATION 568
MANAGEMENT APPROACHES 570
SUMMARY 573
REFERENCES 574
CHAPTER 57 \u201cCOLIC\u201d: PROLONGED OR EXCESSIVE CRYING IN YOUNG INFANTS William B. Carey 576
DEFINITION 576
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS 577
CONTRIBUTORY FACTORS IN INTERACTION 578
MANAGEMENT 578
PROGNOSIS 580
PREVENTION 580
SUMMARY 580
REFERENCES 581
CHAPTER 58 COMMON ISSUES IN FEEDING 582
FEEDING: A MAJOR EVENT 582
FEEDING IN THE CONTEXT OF CULTURE 583
OPPORTUNITIES FOR PREVENTING FEEDING PROBLEMS 584
PARENTAL CONCERNS ABOUT FEEDING 584
ALTERNATIVE DIETS\u2014NUTRITIONAL AND BEHAVIORAL CONSIDERATIONS 586
SUMMARY 586
REFERENCES 586
CHAPTER 59 DISORDERED EATING BEHAVIORS: ANOREXIA NERVOSA AND BULIMIA NERVOSA 588
OVERVIEW 588
ETIOLOGY 588
INCIDENCE 589
ANOREXIA NERVOSA 589
BULIMIA NERVOSA 596
EATING DISORDER NOT OTHERWISE SPECIFIED 598
BINGE-EATING DISORDER 598
SUMMARY 599
REFERENCES 599
CHAPTER 60 FAILURE-TO-THRIVE 602
DEFINITION 602
ETIOLOGY 602
CLINICAL CATEGORIES 602
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION 604
MANAGEMENT 607
FOLLOW-UP 609
PROGNOSIS 609
SUMMARY 609
REFERENCES 610
CHAPTER 61 CHILD AND ADOLESCENT OBESITY 611
PREVALENCE 611
MEDICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL SEQUELAE 612
DIAGNOSIS OF OBESITY 612
DEVELOPMENT OF ADIPOSITY 612
ETIOLOGIC FACTORS 612
ROLE OF THE PRIMARY CARE PHYSICIAN IN THE MANAGEMENT OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT OBESITY 614
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION 615
TREATMENT APPROACHES 616
PREVENTION 619
SUMMARY 619
REFERENCES 620
CHAPTER 62 URINARY FUNCTION AND ENURESIS 621
DEVELOPMENT OF URINARY CONTINENCE 621
DISORDERS OF DAYTIME CONTINENCE 621
ENURESIS (NOCTURNAL INCONTINENCE) 625
SUMMARY 627
REFERENCES 627
CHAPTER 63 BOWEL FUNCTION, TOILETING, AND ENCOPRESIS 629
BOWEL PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND EMERGENCE OF ENCOPRESIS 629
TOILET TRAINING 629
TOILETING REFUSAL 631
TOILET TRAINING IN SPECIAL POPULATIONS 631
ENCOPRESIS, CONSTIPATION, AND TOILET TRAINING FAILURE 632
SUMMARY 637
REFERENCES 637
CHAPTER 64 SLEEP AND SLEEP DISORDERS IN CHILDREN 638
NORMAL SLEEP IN INFANTS, CHILDREN, AND ADOLESCENTS 638
NEUROBEHAVIORAL AND NEUROCOGNITIVE IMPACT OF INADEQUATE AND DISRUPTED SLEEP IN CHILDREN 640
ETIOLOGY, EPIDEMIOLOGY, PRESENTATION, EVALUATION, AND TREATMENT OF COMMON SLEEP DISORDERS IN CHILDREN 640
SLEEP ISSUES IN SPECIAL POPULATIONS, INCLUDING CHILDREN WITH MEDICAL, PSYCHIATRIC, AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS 644
IMPLICATIONS FOR CLINICAL CARE AND RESEARCH 645
SUMMARY 646
REFERENCES 646
REFERENCES FOR PARENTS 646
CHAPTER 65 REPETITIVE BEHAVIORS AND TICS 648
ETIOLOGY 648
CLASSIFICATION 649
REPETITIVE BEHAVIORS 649
TICS AND TOURETTE SYNDROME 656
HABIT REVERSAL 658
REPETITIVE BEHAVIORS IN CHILDREN WITH DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS 659
SUMMARY 659
REFERENCES 660
Part VIII OUTCOMES\u2014 DEVELOPMENTAL 662
CHAPTER 66 MOTOR DEVELOPMENT AND DYSFUNCTION 662
INTRAUTERINE AND NEONATAL MOTOR DEVELOPMENT 663
INFANT AND EARLY TODDLER MOTOR DEVELOPMENT 664
LATE TODDLER AND PRESCHOOL MOTOR DEVELOPMENT AND BEYOND: HIGHER ORDER MOTOR DEVELOPMENT 667
MEASURING MOTOR DEVELOPMENT: IDENTIFYING CHILDREN WITH MOTOR DISABILITIES 668
SUMMARY 669
REFERENCES 670
CHAPTER 67 CEREBRAL PALSY 672
DEFINING TERMS 672
ETIOLOGY 672
IDENTIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT 673
ROLE OF THE PRIMARY CARE PROVIDER 674
SPASTICITY AND INVOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS: NEUROMUSCULAR COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT 674
COMMONLY ASSOCIATED CONDITIONS 677
DEVELOPMENTAL CONCERNS 679
EDUCATION AND SERVICES 680
SUMMARY 680
REFERENCES 680
CHAPTER 68 INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY 682
DEFINITION OF MENTAL RETARDATION 682
ORIGINS OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY 683
MEANING OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY FOR THE CHILD AND FAMILY 686
SEVERE AND PROFOUND INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY 690
PREVENTION OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY 690
REFERENCES 691
HISTORICAL REFERENCES OF NOTE 692
CHAPTER 69 AUTISM AND RELATED DISORDERS 694
EVOLUTION OF DIAGNOSTIC CONCEPTS 694
DEVELOPMENT OF DIAGNOSTIC CONCEPTS 694
DEFINITIONS 695
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND DEMOGRAPHIC AND CULTURAL ISSUES 695
CLINICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL FEATURES 695
ONSET OF AUTISM AND RELATED CONDITIONS AND REGRESSION 697
TREATMENT AND OUTCOME 699
OUTCOME AND PROGNOSIS 701
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS 701
SUMMARY AND DIRECTIONS FOR THE FUTURE 702
REFERENCES 702
CHAPTER 70 HEARING IMPAIRMENT 706
TERMINOLOGY 706
EPIDEMIOLOGY 706
ETIOLOGY 707
DEVELOPMENTAL AND BEHAVIORAL OUTCOMES 708
EVALUATION 710
MANAGEMENT 712
SUMMARY 715
REFERENCES 716
HELPFUL WEB SITES 716
CHAPTER 71 BLINDNESS AND VISUAL IMPAIRMENT 717
PEDIATRIC SCREENING RESPONSIBILITIES 718
CHARACTERISTICS AND DEFINITIONS OF BLINDNESS AND VISUAL IMPAIRMENT 718
INTERVENTIONS AND MANAGEMENT 729
DEVELOPMENTAL AND EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF VISUAL IMPAIRMENT 730
SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS 732
ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION OF CHILDREN WITH VISUAL IMPAIRMENTS 732
SECONDARY TRANSITION AND EMPLOYMENT 733
SUMMARY OF PHYSICIAN AND EDUCATOR ROLES 733
SUMMARY 734
REFERENCES 734
SUGGESTED READINGS 734
AGENCIES AND WEBSITES 734
CHAPTER 72 LANGUAGE AND SPEECH DISORDERS 736
DEFINITIONS 736
NORMAL DEVELOPMENT 736
DEVELOPMENTAL VARIATIONS 738
DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY 739
EVALUATION PROCEDURES 739
LANGUAGE DISORDERS 741
SPEECH SOUND DISORDERS 745
SUMMARY 747
REFERENCES 748
CHAPTER 73 OTHER SENSORY PROBLEMS 749
TYPES OF SENSORY PROCESSING DISORDERS 749
SENSORY-BASED MOTOR DISORDERS 749
SENSORY MODULATION DISORDER 750
ASSESSMENT 751
INTERVENTION 753
OUTCOMES OF SENSORY INTEGRATION INTERVENTION 754
SUMMARY 754
REFERENCES 754
RESOURCES FOR PARENTS 755
CHAPTER 74 CHILDREN WITH MULTIPLE DISABILITIES AND SPECIAL HEALTH CARE NEEDS 756
COMPLEXITY OF DIAGNOSES AND MANAGEMENT 756
ETIOLOGY 757
APPROACH TO A CHILD WITH SPECIAL HEALTH CARE NEEDS 758
OTHER SPECIALIZED EQUIPMENT AND SPECIAL HEALTH CARE NEEDS 761
CHILD WITH MYELOMENINGOCELE (SPINA BIFIDA) 761
SUMMARY 763
SUGGESTED READINGS 764
WEB RESOURCES 764
Part IX ASSESSMENT 766
CHAPTER 75 INTERVIEWING: A CRITICAL SKILL 766
IMPORTANCE OF THE EFFECTIVE INTERVIEW 766
STRATEGIES THAT PROMOTE EFFECTIVE 颅INTERVIEWING 766
SUMMARY 774
REFERENCES 774
GENERAL REVIEWS 774
CHAPTER 76 THE LAYING ON OF HANDS: THE PHYSICAL EXAMINATION IN DEVELOPMENTAL AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 776
CONDUCTING THE PHYSICAL EXAMINATION 777
BEHAVIORAL OBSERVATION 778
RELEVANT PHYSICAL FINDINGS 779
SUMMARY 781
REFERENCES 781
CHAPTER 77 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING 782
RELEVANCE TO PRIMARY CARE AND DEVELOPMENTAL BEHAVIORAL PEDIATRICS PRACTICE 782
REASONS FOR FORMAL TESTING 782
PSYCHOMETRIC CONSIDERATIONS 782
TYPES OF TESTS 784
DIAGNOSING MENTAL OR PERSONALITY DISORDERS VIA STRUCTURED INTERVIEWS OR DIMENSIONAL RATINGS 788
SUMMARY 788
REFERENCES 788
CHAPTER 78 ASSESSMENT OF BEHAVIORAL ADJUSTMENT AND BEHAVIORAL STYLE 790
BEHAVIORAL ADJUSTMENT 790
BEHAVIORAL STYLE OR TEMPERAMENT 798
SUMMARY 802
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 802
REFERENCES 803
CHAPTER 79 DEVELOPMENTAL SCREENING AND ASSESSMENT: INFANTS, TODDLERS, AND PRESCHOOLERS 804
DEVELOPMENTAL SURVEILLANCE, DEVELOPMENTAL SCREENING, AND DEVELOPMENTAL ASSESSMENT 804
PROCESS OF DEVELOPMENTAL SURVEILLANCE 805
DEVELOPMENTAL SCREENING 806
DEVELOPMENTAL ASSESSMENT 807
PARENT RESOURCES 815
SUMMARY 815
REFERENCES 815
CHAPTER 80 DEVELOPMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE SCHOOL-AGE CHILD 816
GETTING READY FOR DEVELOPMENTAL ASSESSMENT 816
NEURODEVELOPMENTAL TESTING 818
LEFT BRAIN DYSFUNCTION (LANGUAGE AND AUDITORY PROCESSING) 819
RIGHT BRAIN DYSFUNCTION (VISUAL PROCESSING AND ORGANIzATIONAL SkILLS) 819
ANCILLARY ASSESSMENTS 820
SUMMARY 820
REFERENCES 821
CHAPTER 81 ASSESSMENT OF INTELLIGENCE 822
HISTORICAL VIEWS OF INTELLIGENCE 822
DEFINING INTELLIGENCE 822
THEORETICAL MODELS OF INTELLIGENCE 823
METHODS FOR ASSESSING INTELLIGENCE IN CHILDREN 825
SUMMARY 827
REFERENCES 827
CHAPTER 82 EDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENT 830
RATIONALES FOR EDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENT 830
TRADITIONAL ASSESSMENT PRACTICES 830
WEAKNESSES OF TRADITIONAL ASSESSMENT PRACTICES 833
NEW ERA IN EDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENT: STANDARDS OF COMPETENCE, ACCOUNTABILITY, AND ELIMINATION OF IQ-ACHIEVEMENT DISCREPANCY 834
PROBLEMS RELATED TO CURRENT PRACTICES OF ACCOUNTABILITY AND PROFICIENCY ASSESSMENT 836
ALTERNATIVE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES 837
DEVELOPMENTAL, PROCESS-ORIENTED ASSESSMENT: AN INTEGRATED PERSPECTIVE 839
ASSESSMENT PARAMETERS AND INTERPRETATION OF PERFORMANCE 840
EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT OF LEARNING DIFFERENCES 842
PRINCIPLES OF REMEDIAL INTERVENTION 843
TECHNIQUES OF ACCOMMODATION 844
SUMMARY 844
REFERENCES 845
CHAPTER 83 NEUROPSYCHOLOGICaL aSSESSMENT OF THE DEVELOPING CHILD 847
DEFINITION OF NEUROPSYCHOLOGY 847
REIMBURSEMENT OF NEUROPSYCHOLOGICaL SERVICES 848
THE NEUROPSYCHOLOGIST 848
USE OF NEUROPSYCHOLOGICaL aSSESSMENTS 849
WHEN NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL SERVICES ARE USED 849
PRACTICE OF NEUROPSYCHOLOGY 850
CLINICAL EXAMPLES 851
SUMMARY 853
REFERENCES 853
CHAPTER 84 DIAGNOSTIC METHODS FOR DISORDERS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 855
GENERAL PRINCIPLES 855
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC METHODS 857
ANATOMIC METHODS 858
DIRECT MEASUREMENTS 858
SUMMARY 859
REFERENCES 859
CHAPTER 85 COMPREHENSIVE FORMULATION OF ASSESSMENT 860
DEFICIENCIES COMMONLY ENCOUNTERED IN PRESENT DIAGNOSTIC PRACTICE 860
ELEMENTS OF A COMPREHENSIVE FORMULATION OF THE ASSESSMENT 860
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 863
PLANS FOR SERVICE NEEDS 864
ADVANTAGES OF A COMPREHENSIVE FORMULATION 864
PROBLEMS IN FORMULATION 864
SUMMARY 864
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 865
REFERENCES 865
Part X MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT 866
CHAPTER 86 PEDIATRIC COUNSELING 866
RELEASING PAINFUL FEELINGS 867
PROVIDING EDUCATION 867
PROVIDING REASSURANCE 868
CLARIFYING THE PROBLEM AND ITS CAUSE 869
APPROVING THE PARENTS\u2019 APPROACH TO TREATMENT 869
PROVIDING SPECIFIC ADVICE FOR MANAGEMENT 870
PROVIDING ENVIRONMENTAL INTERVENTION 871
EXTENDED COUNSELING 872
LOGISTICS AND ECONOMICS OF COUNSELING 873
SUMMARY 873
SUGGESTED READINGS 874
BOOKS FOR PARENTS ON CHILD REARING 874
CHAPTER 87 BEHAVIOR MANAGEMENT 875
DEVELOPING AND MAINTAINING POSITIVE PARENT-CHILD INTERACTIONS 875
DEFINING THE BEHAVIOR TO BE CHANGED 875
MEASURING AND MONITORING THE TARGET BEHAVIOR 876
SETTING A BEHAVIOR CHANGE GOAL 879
DEVELOPING SPECIFIC STRATEGIES TO CHANGE THE BEHAVIOR 880
IMPLEMENTING AND EVALUATINGTHE BEHAVIORPROGRAM 881
MAINTAINING BEHAVIOR CHANGE 881
ENHANCING PARENTING USING BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES 882
ADDRESSING COMMON BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS USING BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES 884
WHEN TO REFER 887
SUMMARY 887
REFERENCES 887
RESOURCES FOR PARENTS ANDPROFESSIONALISM 888
CHAPTER 88 CRISIS MANAGEMENT 889
THE AGITATED OR VIOLENT CHILD 889
THE TRAUMATIZED CHILD 891
THE NONCOMPLIANT CHILD 891
THE INTOXICATED CHILD 892
THE ANXIOUS AND HYPERVENTILATING CHILD 892
THE CHILD WITH DISTURBED SLEEP 893
SUMMARY 894
REFERENCES 894
CHAPTER 89 PSYCHOTHERAPY WITHCHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS 895
MENTAL HEALTH 895
THE PEDIATRICIAN\u2019S PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC REPERTOIRE 896
REFERRAL 897
RESISTANCE TO PSYCHOTHERAPY REFERRALS 897
THE VARIETIES OF THERAPEUTIC EXPERIENCE 898
PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGIC INTERVENTIONS 901
PSYCHOTHERAPIST-PEDIATRICIANCOMMUNICATION 901
PSYCHOTHERAPY: THE EVIDENCE 902
SUMMARY 903
REFERENCES 903
CHAPTER 90 CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 904
BEFORE PRESCRIBING 904
PHARMACOTHERAPY OF ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER 905
PHARMACOTHERAPY OF DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR 911
PHARMACOTHERAPY OF DEPRESSION 912
PHARMACOTHERAPY OF ANXIETY 915
PHARMACOTHERAPY OF PSYCHOSIS 918
PHARMACOTHERAPY OF BIPOLAR DISORDER 920
PHARMACOTHERAPY OF TICS AND TOURETTE DISORDER 922
PHARMACOTHERAPY OF AUTISTIC SPECTRUM DISORDERS 923
PHARMACOTHERAPY OF EATING DISORDERS 924
SUMMARY 925
REFERENCES 925
CHAPTER 91 PEDIATRIC SELF-REGULATION 930
IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS IN MIND-BODY INTERVENTIONS 930
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 936
TRAINING AND CERTIFICATION 939
THE FUTURE 940
REFERENCES 940
CHAPTER 92 EARLY INTERVENTION SERVICES 942
WHAT ARE EARLY INTERVENTION SERVICES? 942
A BRIEF HISTORY OF EARLY INTERVENTION 942
HOW DOES FEDERAL LEGISLATION GUIDE CURRENT EARLY INTERVENTION SERVICES? 943
STATE VARIATIONS IN EARLY INTERVENTION SERVICES 943
WHO PARTICIPATES IN EARLY INTERVENTION SERVICES? 944
THE PRINCIPLES OF EARLY INTERVENTION 945
EFFECTIVENESS OF EARLY INTERVENTION SERVICES 947
SUMMARY 950
REFERENCES 950
CHAPTER 93 SPECIAL EDUCATION SERVICES 952
THE LEGISLATIVE UNDERPINNINGS OF EDUCATION FOR CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES 953
THE SPECIAL EDUCATION PROCESS 956
ROLE OF THE PEDIATRICIAN 957
SUMMARY 961
REFERENCES 961
CHAPTER 94 THE ARTS THERAPIES 963
THE ARTS THERAPIES IN INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 963
THE ARTS AS A CLINICAL TOOL 964
KNOWING THE CHILD 964
TREATING THE CHILD 965
HELPING THE CHILD COPE 965
ACCESSING SERVICES 967
RESOURCES 967
SUMMARY 967
REFERENCES 968
CHAPTER 95 ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES 969
DEFINITIONS AND CONCEPTUALIZATION OF COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 969
PREVALENCE AND COSTS OF COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE USE 970
THE USE OF COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE IN DEVELOPMENTAL-BEHAVIORAL PEDIATRICS: AN OVERVIEW 970
PLACEBO AND OTHER EXPECTANCY EFFECTS 972
COUNSELING FAMILIES ABOUT COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES 973
SUMMARY 974
REFERENCES 975
CHAPTER 96 TRANSITION TO ADULTHOOD FOR YOUTH WITH DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 976
HEALTH CARE TRANSITION 977
SEXUALITY 979
EDUCATION 980
VOCATIONAL TRANSITION 981
WHERE TO LIVE? 981
SELF-DETERMINATION AND AUTONOMY 981
VIGNETTE OUTCOME 982
SUMMARY 983
REFERENCES 983
Part XI LEGAL, ADMINISTRATIVE, AND ETHICAL ISSUES 984
CHAPTER 97 LEGAL ISSUES 984
THE PHYSICIAN\u2019S DIRECT OBLIGATIONS TO THE PATIENT 984
THE PHYSICIAN\u2019S OBLIGATIONS TO EXTERNAL AUTHORITIES 989
SUMMARY 989
REFERENCES 990
CHAPTER 98 LEGISLATION FOR THE EDUCATION OF CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES 991
FAMILY-PROFESSIONAL PARTNERSHIP 991
INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITIESEDUCATION ACT 991
ONGOING CHALLENGES 993
FUTURE DIRECTIONS 994
REFERENCES 994
SOME USEFUL WEB SITES 994
CHAPTER 99 HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS 995
AMERICAN HEALTH CARE SYSTEM 996
DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE TO CHILDREN 998
REQUIREMENTS FOR TRAINING PROGRAMS 1001
SUMMARY 1001
REFERENCES 1002
CHAPTER 100 Ethics 1004
MEDICINE AND ETHICS: ANCIENT ROOTS, PERSISTENTTHEMES 1004
ETHICAL SYSTEMS 1005
SUMMARY 1007
REFERENCES 1007
CHAPTER 101 THE RIGHT TO BE DIFFERENT 1008
CHANGING CHILDREN 1009
INTEGRATION VERSUS PERSONAL CHOICE 1009
A FINAL WORD 1010
REFERENCES 1011
INDEX 1012
Developmental-Behavioral peDiatrics 4
Copyright Page 5
CONTRIBUTORS 6
PREFACE 14
CONTENTS 16
CHAPTER 1 THE HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENTAL-BEHAVIORAL PEDIATRICS 20
A LONG HISTORY OF NEGLECT: ANTIQUITY THROUGH THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY 20
CHANGING SOCIAL CONDITIONS, PHILOSOPHY, AND MEDICINE: THE EIGHTEENTH AND NINETEENTH CENTURIES 21
EMERGENCE OF PEDIATRICS: EIGHTEENTH TO TWENTIETH CENTURIES 22
DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY: THE NINETEENTH AND TWENTIETH CENTURIES 23
ACCELERATED SOCIAL CHANGE: THE TWENTIETH CENTURY 24
BIRTH OF DEVELOPMENTAL-BEHAVIORAL PEDIATRICS 27
CURRENT ERA 30
SUMMARY 30
REFERENCES 30
Part 1 LIFE STAGES 32
CHAPTER 2 PREGNANCY, BIRTH, AND THE FIRST DAYS OF LIFE 32
PREGNANCY 32
GESTATIONAL INFLUENCES ON NEWBORN BEHAVIOR 34
NEUROLOGIC BASIS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE OF NEWBORN BEHAVIOR 36
NEWBORN BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 38
CLINICAL OPPORTUNITIES IN THE NEWBORN PERIOD 39
SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE OF NEWBORN BEHAVIOR 40
REFERENCES 40
CHAPTER 3 INFANCY AND TODDLER YEARS 43
SOCIAL-EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT 43
SENSORY AND MOTOR MATURATION 48
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 50
COMMUNICATION 53
PHYSICAL GROWTH 54
SUMMARY 55
CHAPTER 4 PRESCHOOL YEARS 58
MAJOR TASKS 58
DEVELOPMENTAL DOMAINS 59
PSYCHOSOCIAL CONTEXT OF PRESCHOOL 颅DEVELOPMENT 63
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: THE ROLE OF PRIMARY CARE 64
DEVELOPMENTAL AND BEHAVIORAL PATHOLOGY 67
SUMMARY 68
CHAPTER 5 MIDDLE CHILDHOOD 69
PHYSICAL AND MOTOR GROWTH 69
DEVELOPMENT OF COGNITION, THINKING, AND LANGUAGE 70
DEVELOPMENT OF ACADEMIC SKILLS 71
SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT 73
DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN 74
CULTURE AND PSYCHOSOCIAL VARIATION 76
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS 77
SUMMARY 79
REFERENCES 79
CHAPTER 6 ADOLESCENCE 81
PSYCHOSOCIAL GROWTH TASKS 82
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE THREE PHASES OF ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT 84
BIOLOGIC BASIS FOR MAJOR DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES 85
DEVELOPMENTAL DOMAINS 86
CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN ADOLESCENCE 88
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS 88
RISKY BEHAVIORS 89
ADOLESCENT CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS 90
TREATMENT OVERVIEW: HELPING TODAY\u2019S TEENS AND TOMORROW\u2019S ADULTS 90
ADOLESCENTS AS PARENTS 91
SUMMARY 91
REFERENCES 92
CHAPTER 7 NORMAL 颅INDIVIDUAL 颅DIFFERENCES IN 颅TEMPERAMENT AND 颅BEHAVIORAL 颅ADJUSTMENT 93
INTERACTIONAL MODEL 93
TEMPERAMENT 94
BEHAVIORAL ADJUSTMENT 102
SUMMARY 104
REFERENCES 104
Part II ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES\u2014FAMILY AND SOCIAL 106
CHAPTER 8 INFLUENCES OF EXPERIENCE IN THE ENVIRONMENT ON HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR 106
DEFINITION 106
ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES OF DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR 107
ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON NEURAL FUNCTION AND STRUCTURE 107
ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON GENE EXPRESSION 110
GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS 111
SUMMARY 111
CHAPTER 9 VARIATIONS IN FAMILY 颅COMPOSITION 113
SINGLE PARENT FAMILIES 116
SAME-SEX PARENTS 117
INTERRACIAL AND INTERFAITH FAMILIES 118
GRANDPARENT-HEADED HOUSEHOLDS 118
SUMMARY 120
CHAPTER 10 FAMILY FUNCTION AND 颅DYSFUNCTION 122
FAMILY FUNCTIONING 122
SPECIFIC FORMS OF FAMILY DYSFUNCTION 123
DEVELOPMENTAL, BEHAVIORAL, AND EMOTIONAL NEEDS 129
SOCIALIZATION 133
PERVASIVE PARENTAL DYSFUNCTION\u2014THREATS TO FAMILY INTEGRITY 135
SUMMARY 136
CHAPTER 11 BROTHERS AND SISTERS 138
BIRTH ORDER 138
OTHER FAMILY FACTORS 139
SIBLING RIVALRY 140
BLENDED FAMILIES 140
CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL NEEDS 140
BROTHERS AND SISTERS THROUGH CHILDHOOD 141
SERIOUS ILLNESS OR DEATH OF A CHILD 141
ADULT SIBLING RELATIONSHIPS 141
HEALTH CARE PROVIDER\u2019S ROLE IN HELPING PARENTS COPE WITH SIBLING ISSUES 141
SUMMARY 142
REFERENCES 142
CHAPTER 12 S.EPARATION, DIVORCE, AND REMARRIAGE 144
DEMOGRAPHICS OF SEPARATION, DIVORCE, AND REMARRIAGE 145
CONSEQUENCES OF SEPARATION, DIVORCE, AND REMARRIAGE 145
ROLES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR PEDIATRIC CLINICIANS 148
SUMMARY 151
REFERENCES 151
RESOURCES FOR PARENTS 152
CHAPTER 13 ADOPTION AND FOSTER FAMILY CARE 153
BIOLOGIC CONSEQUENCES OF EARLY NEGLECT 153
ADOPTION 153
FOSTER CARE 159
SUMMARY 161
CHAPTER 14 CRITICAL FAMILY EVENTS 163
ROLE OF THE PHYSICIAN 165
ADDITIONS TO THE FAMILY 165
LOSSES 168
SUMMARY 169
REFERENCES 169
INTERNET RESOURCES 170
RESOURCES FOR GRIEVING CHILDREN AND FAMILIES 170
SIBLINGS 170
CHAPTER 15 PEERS 171
PROBLEMS WITH PEER RELATIONSHIPS 171
GUIDELINES FOR THE CLINICIAN 173
SUMMARY 175
REFERENCES 177
CHAPTER 16 CHILDCARE 178
TYPES OF NONMATERNAL CHILDCARE SETTINGS 178
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 178
DEBATE ON THE EFFECTS OF CHILDCARE ON CHILD DEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOMES 179
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CHILD HEALTH AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT STUDY 179
PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF CHILDCARE FOR PARENTS AND PEDIATRIC PROVIDERS 181
SUMMARY 182
REFERENCES 182
CHAPTER 17 SCHOOLS AS MILIEU 183
HISTORICAL CONSIDERATIONS 184
PHYSICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FEATURES 185
SCHOOL PROCESSES 186
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR DISADVANTAGED STUDENTS 187
IMPLICATIONS FOR ADVOCACY 188
SUMMARY 188
CHAPTER 18 NEIGHBORHOOD MECHANISMS OF EFFECT 189
DEFINING THE NEIGHBORHOOD 189
INCOME AND SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS: NEIGHBORHOOD POVERTY 189
INCOME AND SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS: AFFLUENCE 197
GEOGRAPHIC MOBILITY AND RESIDENTIAL INSTABILITY 199
SUMMARY 199
REFERENCES 199
CHAPTER 19 CULTURE AND ETHNICITY 201
CULTURE AND ETHNICITY 201
THE DEVELOPMENTAL NICHE AND PARENTAL ETHNOTHEORIES 202
THE CULTURAL CONTEXT OF CHILDREN\u2019S DEVELOPMENT 203
CULTURE AND THE CLINICAL ASSESSMENT OF BEHAVIORAL-DEVELOPMENTAL ISSUES 205
A CULTURALLY SENSITIVE PRACTICE OF PEDIATRICS 208
CULTURAL ADVOCACY ISSUES 209
SUMMARY 210
REFERENCES 210
CHAPTER 20 MEDIA 211
HOW CHILDREN AND TEENS USE MEDIA 211
EARLY BRAIN DEVELOPMENT 213
POSITIVE EFFECTS 213
NEGATIVE EFFECTS 214
CONTROVERSIES 218
SOLUTIONS 218
SUMMARY 219
REFERENCES 219
CHAPTER 21 DISASTERS, WAR, AND TERRORISM 220
DISASTERS DEFINED 220
CHILDREN\u2019S RESPONSES 221
MANAGEMENT\u2014ACUTE 222
MANAGEMENT\u2014CHRONIC 224
THERAPEUTIC TASKS IN HELPING CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS: THE RATIONALE FOR 颅INTERVENTION OR REFERRAL 224
ESTABLISHING HOPE 225
CARING FOR CAREGIVERS 225
ADVOCACY 225
SUMMARY 225
REFERENCES 226
Part III BIOLOGICAL INFLUENCES 228
CHAPTER 22 BIOMEDICAL BASIS OF DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR 228
EMBRYOLOGY 228
BRAIN IMAGING 228
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INJURY 229
THE ROLE OF GENETICS IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 229
ADVANCES IN MEDICAL CARE 230
SUMMARY 231
REFERENCES 231
CHAPTER 23 NERVOUS SYSTEM DISORDERS 232
SEIZURES 232
Evaluation of the Patient 234
HEAD TRAUMA 235
STROKE 236
HEADACHES 236
BRAIN MALFORMATIONS 237
NEUROMUSCULAR DISORDERS 238
INFECTIOUS DISEASES 240
MOVEMENT DISORDERS 241
REFERENCES 241
CHAPTER 24 CHROMOSOMAL DISORDERS AND FRAGILE X SYNDROME 243
GENERAL FEATURES 243
CHROMOSOME PREPARATION AND MOLECULAR CYTOGENETICS 243
CHROMOSOME NOMENCLATURE 244
CHROMOSOME ANOMALIES 244
REFERENCES 253
CHAPTER 25 DOWN SYNDROME: CARE OF THE CHILD AND FAMILY 254
GENETICS 254
PRENATAL SCREENING AND DIAGNOSIS 255
MAKING THE DIAGNOSIS IN THE NEWBORN PERIOD 255
INFORMING THE FAMILY 255
THE HEALTH CARE GUIDELINES FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH DOWN SYNDROME 259
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 259
EDUCATION 260
ISSUES FOR ADOLESCENTS 261
COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES 262
INVESTIGATION IN INTERVENTIONS TO IMPROVE COGNITION AND MEMORY 262
CARING FOR FAMILIES OF CHILDREN WITH DOWN SYNDROME 262
DOWN SYNDROME AS A MODEL FOR DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 263
SUMMARY 263
REFERENCES 263
CHAPTER 26 GENETIC SYNDROMES AND DYSMORPHOLOGY 265
CHROMOSOMAL CONTIGUOUS GENE SYNDROMES 265
MENDELIAN GENETIC SYNDROMES AND CONDITIONS 269
SYNDROMES WITH CANCER PREDISPOSITION 273
MULTIFACTORIAL CONDITIONS Cleft 274
REFERENCES 276
CHAPTER 27 NEURODEVELOPMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF PRETERM BIRTH: CAUSES, ASSESSMENT, AND MANAGEMENT 278
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PRETERM BIRTHS 278
HEALTH OUTCOMES 281
NEURODEVELOPMENTAL SUPPORT AND FOLLOW-UP 285
SUMMARY 286
REFERENCES 286
CHAPTER 28 HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION IN CHILDREN 288
EPIDEMIOLOGY 288
COURSE OF ILLNESS AND LABORATORY 颅MONITORING 288
PSYCHOSOCIAL ISSUES 289
HIV INFECTION AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT 290
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT 292
ADHERENCE TO THERAPY 293
SUMMARY 294
REFERENCES 294
CHAPTER 29 NUTRITION ASSESSMENT AND SUPPORT 296
GROWTH ASSESSMENT 296
ENERGY AND NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS 297
DIETARY ASSESSMENT 299
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION 300
BIOCHEMICAL ASSESSMENT 301
INTERVENTIONS 302
SUMMARY 304
CHAPTER 30 INBORN ERRORS OF 颅METABOLISM 306
GENERAL APPROACH 306
LABORATORY EVALUATION 310
FATTY ACID OXIDATION DISORDERS 320
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISORDERS 颅ASSOCIATED WITH AMINOACIDOPATHIES AND NEUROTRANSMITTERS 321
PURINE AND PYRIMIDINE DISORDERS 322
PEROXISOMAL DISORDERS 322
MITOCHONDRIAL DISORDERS 326
LYSOSOMAL STORAGE DISORDERS 327
SUMMARY 331
REFERENCES 332
CHAPTER 31 TOXINS 333
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PEDIATRICNEUROLOGIC TOXICITY 333
PRENATAL TOXIC EXPOSURE AND IMPACTON POSTNATAL COGNITION AND BEHAVIOR 334
HAZARDS IN INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD 338
SUMMARY 342
REFERENCES 342
Part IV GENERAL PHYSICAL ILLNESS\u2014DEVELOPMENTAL-BEHAVIORAL ASPECTS 344
CHAPTER 32 ACUTE MINOR ILLNESS 344
STRESSES IN THE CHILD AND PARENTS 344
NURTURING SICK CHILDREN AND SUPPORTING PARENTS 345
SUMMARY 347
REFERENCES 347
CHAPTER 33 HOSPITALIZATION, SURGERY, AND MEDICAL AND DENTAL PROCEDURES 348
SOURCES OF STRESS 348
EFFECTS ON CHILDREN 349
EFFECTS OF CHILDREN\u2019S ILLNESSES, PAIN, AND PROCEDURES ON CLINICIANS 350
OPPORTUNITIES FOR PREVENTION AND INTERVENTION 351
MINIMIZING STRESSES 352
SUMMARY 354
REFERENCES 354
CHAPTER 34 EARLY HEALTH CRISES AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN 356
PREVELANCE OF VULNERABILITY 356
ETIOLOGY OF VULNERABILITY 357
CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF THE VULNERABLE CHILD 357
MAKING THE DIAGNOSIS 358
MANAGEMENT 358
RESILIENCY 360
SUMMARY 360
REFERENCES 360
CHAPTER 35 CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS: A DEFINITION 362
CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS: A DEFINITION 362
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CHRONIC CONDITIONS IN CHILDHOOD 363
IMPACT OF CHRONIC ILLNESS ON DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR (Table 35-1)) 364
MANAGEMENT BY CLINICIANS (Table 35-2) 370
SUMMARY 372
REFERANCES 372
CHAPTER 36 PALLIATIVE AND END OF LIFE CARE FOR CHILDREN AND FAMILIES 374
INCIDENCE OF DEATH 374
DEFINITIONS 374
DEVELOPMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS OF ILLNESS AND DEATH 375
UNDERSTANDING THE SERIOUSLY ILL AND DYING CHILD\u2019S RESPONSE TO DEATH 376
KEY PSYCHOLOGICAL ISSUES FOR THE CRITICALLY ILL CHILD AND FAMILY 377
FAMILY-CENTERED MANAGEMENT OF PALLIATIVE CARE 379
MANAGING PEDIATRIC PALLIATIVE CARE IN DIFFERENT SITES 380
THE ROLE OF THE INTERDISCIPLINARY TEAM 382
EDUCATIONAL AND RESEARCH NEEDS IN PEDIATRIC PALLIATIVE CARE 383
SUMMARY 384
REFERENCES 384
CHAPTER 37 AFTER THE DEATH OF A CHILD: HELPING BEREAVED PARENTS AND BROTHERS AND SISTERS 385
GRIEF AND BEREAVEMENT: THEIR IMPACT ON PARENTS AND BROTHERS AND SISTERS 386
SUPPORTIVE MEASURES, INCLUDING RESOURCES AND REFERRALS, FOR THE BEREAVED IN THE OFFICE OR CLINIC 387
SUPPORTIVE MEASURES AT THE BEDSIDE WHEN THE CHILD DIES 389
SUMMARY 390
REFERENCES 390
Part V OUTCOMES\u2014BEHAVIORAL AND EMOTIONAL 392
SECTION A Social Relationships 392
CHAPTER 38 THE SPECTRUM OF SOCIAL COGNITION 392
COMPONENTS OF SOCIAL COGNITION 393
THE NEURAL BASIS OF SOCIAL COGNITION 393
DEVELOPMENTAL COURSE 394
DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS 395
ASSESSMENT AND INTERVENTION 395
SUMMARY 398
REFERENCES 398
CHAPTER 39 OPPOSITIONAL BEHAVIOR/NONCOMPLIANCE 400
DEFINING OPPOSITIONALITY/NONCOMPLIANCE 400
RISK FACTORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF OPPOSITIONALITY/NONCOMPLIANCE 401
THE NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT TRAP: PARENTAL REINFORCEMENT AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF NONCOMPLIANCE 402
DEVELOPMENTAL COURSE OF OPPOSITIONAL/NONCOMPLIANT BEHAVIOR 402
EPIDEMIOLOGY 403
ASSESSMENT OF OPPOSITIONAL/NONCOMPLIANT BEHAVIOR 404
PREVENTION AND TREATMENT 404
PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT OF OPPOSITIONAL BEHAVIOR 406
SUMMARY 406
REFERENCES 406
CHAPTER 40 AGGRESSION, VIOLENCE, AND DELINQUENCY 408
BACKGROUND 408
DEFINITIONAL ISSUES 408
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF AGGRESSION AND ASSOCIATED PROBLEMS 409
SUBTYPES OF AGGRESSION 409
ETIOLOGY OF AGGRESSION AND VIOLENCE 410
UNIQUE ROLE OF PEDIATRIC HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS 410
SCREENING, ASSESSMENT, AND REFERRAL 411
TREATMENT STRATEGIES 413
SUMMARY 414
REFERENCES 415
CHAPTER 41 SOCIAL WITHDRAWAL AND ISOLATION 416
DEFINING SOCIAL WITHDRAWAL AND ISOLATION 416
EPIDEMIOLOGY 417
THEORY 418
ETIOLOGY 418
CHILD MALTREATMENT AS AN INTEGRATIVE EXAMPLE 420
CULTURE: AN ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATION 420
ASSESSMENT 421
TREATMENT 422
PREVENTION 423
SUMMARY 424
REFERENCES 424
CHAPTER 42 ADJUSTMENT AND 颅ADJUSTMENT DISORDERS 426
CONCEPTS OF STRESS AND ADJUSTMENT 426
ADJUSTMENT DISORDERS 428
REFERENCES 431
CHAPTER 43 SEXUALITY: ITS DEVELOPMENT AND DIRECTION 434
NORMAL DEVELOPMENT OF SEXUALITY 435
SPECIFIC ISSUES RELATED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT SEXUALITY 438
SUMMARY 443
REFERENCES 443
SECTION B Self-Relations, Self-Esteem, Self-Care, and Self-Control 446
CHAPTER 44 SELF-CONCEPT 446
DEFINITIONS 447
PRAISING ABILITIES AND TALENTS CAN BACKFIRE 447
ADULTS SEND MESSAGES AND CHILDREN HEAR THEM 448
SELF-CONCEPT 449
MINDSETS AND SELF-ESTEEM 450
SUMMARY 453
REFERENCES 453
CHAPTER 45 SUBSTANCE USE, ABUSE, AND DEPENDENCE AND OTHER RISK-TAKING BEHAVIORS 456
ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT 456
RISK AND PROBLEM BEHAVIORS 456
EPIDEMIOLOGY 457
RISK FACTORS 457
ASSOCIATED PROBLEMS 458
STAGES OF USE 458
SCREENING AND ASSESSMENT 459
BRIEF OFFICE INTERVENTION 465
TREATMENT 466
SUBSTANCE-ABUSING PARENTS 468
SUMMARY 469
REFERENCES 469
CHAPTER 46 SELF-CONTROL AND SELF-REGULATION: NORMAL DEVELOPMENT TO CLINICAL CONDITIONS 472
NORMAL DEVELOPMENT OF SELF-CONTROL AND SELF-REGULATION 473
CAUSES OF ABNORMALITIES IN SELF-CONTROL AND SELF-REGULATION 473
IMPORTANT ADDITIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO SELF-CONTROL 474
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATIONS 475
TREATMENT 475
RETURNING TO THE VIGNETTES 477
PSYCHOTHERAPY 477
WHEN THE CAPACITY FOR SELF-REGULATION IS LIMITED 478
SUMMARY 478
REFERENCES 478
SECTION C Internal Status: Feelings and Thoughts 480
CHAPTER 47 MAJOR DISTURBANCES OF EMOTION AND MOOD 480
MAJOR DEPRESSION 481
BIPOLAR DISORDER 484
ANXIETY DISORDERS 485
SUICIDE IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS 488
SUMMARY 491
REFERENCES 491
CHAPTER 48 SCHIZOPHRENIA, PHOBIAS, AND OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER 493
CHILDHOOD PSYCHOSES 494
SCHIZOPHRENIA WITH CHILDHOOD ONSET 494
DELUSIONAL DISORDER AND SHARED PSYCHOTIC DISORDER 496
BRIEF PSYCHOTIC DISORDER 496
OTHER PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS 496
SPECIFIC PHOBIA AND SOCIAL PHOBIA 496
OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER 498
SUMMARY 500
REFERENCES 500
CHAPTER 49 BEHAVIORAL CHALLENGES AND MENTAL DISORDERS IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY 502
EPIDEMIOLOGY 502
PSYCHIATRIC DIAGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT 503
DIAGNOSIS OF SPECIFIC MENTAL DISORDERS 504
TREATMENT 506
PREVENTION OF EMOTIONAL MALADJUSTMENT 507
SUMMARY 507
SECTION D Coping/Problem Solving 510
CHAPTER 50 COPING STRATEGIES 510
STRESS, ADAPTATION, AND ILLNESS 510
THE STRESS RESPONSE 510
LEARNING, COGNITION, AND THE STRESS RESPONSE 511
PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES 511
WHAT IS COPING? 511
COPING STYLE AND STRATEGIES 512
THE ROLE OF THE FAMILY 512
WHY CHANGE COPING STYLE OR LEARN NEW STRATEGIES? 513
MUSIC THERAPY AS DISTRACTION 513
BIOFEEDBACK 513
PROBLEM SOLVING SKILLS TRAINING 514
SUMMARY 515
REFERENCES 515
Part VI OUTCOMES\u2014SCHOOL FUNCTION AND OTHER TASK PERFORMANCE 516
CHAPTER 51 SCHOOL ACHIEVEMENT AND UNDERACHIEVEMENT 516
SOCIETAL FACTORS 517
FAMILY FACTORS 517
THE CHILD 518
THE PEDIATRICIAN\u2019S ROLE IN ANTICIPATORY CARE 519
SUMMARY 524
REFERENCES 524
CHAPTER 52 THE GIFTED CHILD 525
DEFINITIONS OF GIFTEDNESS 525
DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF GIFTEDNESS 526
APPROACHES TO EDUCATING THE GIFTED CHILD 526
CHALLENGES FACED BY SOME GIFTED CHILDREN 527
THE ROLE OF THE PRIMARY CARE PROVIDER 531
SUMMARY 531
REFERENCES 532
RESOURCES FOR PROFESSIONALS 532
RESOURCES FOR PARENTS AND GIFTED CHILDREN 533
CHAPTER 53 ADAPTATION AND MALADAPTATION TO SCHOOL 534
EVALUATION 534
SCHOOL DISENGAGEMENT 535
SCHOOL AVOIDANCE 537
SCHOOL DROPOUT 540
SUMMARY 541
REFERENCES 541
CHAPTER 54 ATTENTION AND DEFICITS OF ATTENTION 543
NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROPSYCHOLOGY OF ATTENTION AND ATTENTION DISORDERS 543
DEVELOPMENTAL TRAJECTORY OF ATTENTION SKILLS 544
ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER AS A DIAGNOSIS 545
GENETICS, ENVIRONMENT, AND ATTENTION 547
ASSESSMENT FOR POSSIBLE ATTENTION DISORDERS IN CLINICAL SETTINGS 548
SUPPORTING AND MANAGING CHILDREN\u2019S ATTENTION SKILLS 549
PREVENTING FUNCTIONAL PROBLEMS AND COMORBIDITY 551
SUMMARY 551
REFERENCES 552
CHAPTER 55 DIFFERENCES IN LEARNING AND NEURODEVELOPMENTAL FUNCTION IN SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN 554
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF DYSFUNCTION 555
ACADEMIC IMPACTS 561
NONACADEMIC IMPACTS 561
ASSESSMENT 562
MANAGEMENT 563
SUMMARY 565
REFERENCES 565
Part VII OUTCOMES\u2014PHYSICAL FUNCTIONING 566
CHAPTER 56 RECURRENT AND CHRONIC PAIN 566
TERMS AND DEFINITIONS 566
SIGNIFICANCE OF RECURRENT AND CHRONIC PAIN 566
ETIOLOGY OF CHRONIC PAIN 567
NATURAL HISTORY AND COURSE OF PAIN 567
EVALUATION 568
MANAGEMENT APPROACHES 570
SUMMARY 573
REFERENCES 574
CHAPTER 57 \u201cCOLIC\u201d: PROLONGED OR EXCESSIVE CRYING IN YOUNG INFANTS William B. Carey 576
DEFINITION 576
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS 577
CONTRIBUTORY FACTORS IN INTERACTION 578
MANAGEMENT 578
PROGNOSIS 580
PREVENTION 580
SUMMARY 580
REFERENCES 581
CHAPTER 58 COMMON ISSUES IN FEEDING 582
FEEDING: A MAJOR EVENT 582
FEEDING IN THE CONTEXT OF CULTURE 583
OPPORTUNITIES FOR PREVENTING FEEDING PROBLEMS 584
PARENTAL CONCERNS ABOUT FEEDING 584
ALTERNATIVE DIETS\u2014NUTRITIONAL AND BEHAVIORAL CONSIDERATIONS 586
SUMMARY 586
REFERENCES 586
CHAPTER 59 DISORDERED EATING BEHAVIORS: ANOREXIA NERVOSA AND BULIMIA NERVOSA 588
OVERVIEW 588
ETIOLOGY 588
INCIDENCE 589
ANOREXIA NERVOSA 589
BULIMIA NERVOSA 596
EATING DISORDER NOT OTHERWISE SPECIFIED 598
BINGE-EATING DISORDER 598
SUMMARY 599
REFERENCES 599
CHAPTER 60 FAILURE-TO-THRIVE 602
DEFINITION 602
ETIOLOGY 602
CLINICAL CATEGORIES 602
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION 604
MANAGEMENT 607
FOLLOW-UP 609
PROGNOSIS 609
SUMMARY 609
REFERENCES 610
CHAPTER 61 CHILD AND ADOLESCENT OBESITY 611
PREVALENCE 611
MEDICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL SEQUELAE 612
DIAGNOSIS OF OBESITY 612
DEVELOPMENT OF ADIPOSITY 612
ETIOLOGIC FACTORS 612
ROLE OF THE PRIMARY CARE PHYSICIAN IN THE MANAGEMENT OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT OBESITY 614
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION 615
TREATMENT APPROACHES 616
PREVENTION 619
SUMMARY 619
REFERENCES 620
CHAPTER 62 URINARY FUNCTION AND ENURESIS 621
DEVELOPMENT OF URINARY CONTINENCE 621
DISORDERS OF DAYTIME CONTINENCE 621
ENURESIS (NOCTURNAL INCONTINENCE) 625
SUMMARY 627
REFERENCES 627
CHAPTER 63 BOWEL FUNCTION, TOILETING, AND ENCOPRESIS 629
BOWEL PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND EMERGENCE OF ENCOPRESIS 629
TOILET TRAINING 629
TOILETING REFUSAL 631
TOILET TRAINING IN SPECIAL POPULATIONS 631
ENCOPRESIS, CONSTIPATION, AND TOILET TRAINING FAILURE 632
SUMMARY 637
REFERENCES 637
CHAPTER 64 SLEEP AND SLEEP DISORDERS IN CHILDREN 638
NORMAL SLEEP IN INFANTS, CHILDREN, AND ADOLESCENTS 638
NEUROBEHAVIORAL AND NEUROCOGNITIVE IMPACT OF INADEQUATE AND DISRUPTED SLEEP IN CHILDREN 640
ETIOLOGY, EPIDEMIOLOGY, PRESENTATION, EVALUATION, AND TREATMENT OF COMMON SLEEP DISORDERS IN CHILDREN 640
SLEEP ISSUES IN SPECIAL POPULATIONS, INCLUDING CHILDREN WITH MEDICAL, PSYCHIATRIC, AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS 644
IMPLICATIONS FOR CLINICAL CARE AND RESEARCH 645
SUMMARY 646
REFERENCES 646
REFERENCES FOR PARENTS 646
CHAPTER 65 REPETITIVE BEHAVIORS AND TICS 648
ETIOLOGY 648
CLASSIFICATION 649
REPETITIVE BEHAVIORS 649
TICS AND TOURETTE SYNDROME 656
HABIT REVERSAL 658
REPETITIVE BEHAVIORS IN CHILDREN WITH DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS 659
SUMMARY 659
REFERENCES 660
Part VIII OUTCOMES\u2014 DEVELOPMENTAL 662
CHAPTER 66 MOTOR DEVELOPMENT AND DYSFUNCTION 662
INTRAUTERINE AND NEONATAL MOTOR DEVELOPMENT 663
INFANT AND EARLY TODDLER MOTOR DEVELOPMENT 664
LATE TODDLER AND PRESCHOOL MOTOR DEVELOPMENT AND BEYOND: HIGHER ORDER MOTOR DEVELOPMENT 667
MEASURING MOTOR DEVELOPMENT: IDENTIFYING CHILDREN WITH MOTOR DISABILITIES 668
SUMMARY 669
REFERENCES 670
CHAPTER 67 CEREBRAL PALSY 672
DEFINING TERMS 672
ETIOLOGY 672
IDENTIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT 673
ROLE OF THE PRIMARY CARE PROVIDER 674
SPASTICITY AND INVOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS: NEUROMUSCULAR COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT 674
COMMONLY ASSOCIATED CONDITIONS 677
DEVELOPMENTAL CONCERNS 679
EDUCATION AND SERVICES 680
SUMMARY 680
REFERENCES 680
CHAPTER 68 INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY 682
DEFINITION OF MENTAL RETARDATION 682
ORIGINS OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY 683
MEANING OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY FOR THE CHILD AND FAMILY 686
SEVERE AND PROFOUND INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY 690
PREVENTION OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY 690
REFERENCES 691
HISTORICAL REFERENCES OF NOTE 692
CHAPTER 69 AUTISM AND RELATED DISORDERS 694
EVOLUTION OF DIAGNOSTIC CONCEPTS 694
DEVELOPMENT OF DIAGNOSTIC CONCEPTS 694
DEFINITIONS 695
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND DEMOGRAPHIC AND CULTURAL ISSUES 695
CLINICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL FEATURES 695
ONSET OF AUTISM AND RELATED CONDITIONS AND REGRESSION 697
TREATMENT AND OUTCOME 699
OUTCOME AND PROGNOSIS 701
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS 701
SUMMARY AND DIRECTIONS FOR THE FUTURE 702
REFERENCES 702
CHAPTER 70 HEARING IMPAIRMENT 706
TERMINOLOGY 706
EPIDEMIOLOGY 706
ETIOLOGY 707
DEVELOPMENTAL AND BEHAVIORAL OUTCOMES 708
EVALUATION 710
MANAGEMENT 712
SUMMARY 715
REFERENCES 716
HELPFUL WEB SITES 716
CHAPTER 71 BLINDNESS AND VISUAL IMPAIRMENT 717
PEDIATRIC SCREENING RESPONSIBILITIES 718
CHARACTERISTICS AND DEFINITIONS OF BLINDNESS AND VISUAL IMPAIRMENT 718
INTERVENTIONS AND MANAGEMENT 729
DEVELOPMENTAL AND EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF VISUAL IMPAIRMENT 730
SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS 732
ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION OF CHILDREN WITH VISUAL IMPAIRMENTS 732
SECONDARY TRANSITION AND EMPLOYMENT 733
SUMMARY OF PHYSICIAN AND EDUCATOR ROLES 733
SUMMARY 734
REFERENCES 734
SUGGESTED READINGS 734
AGENCIES AND WEBSITES 734
CHAPTER 72 LANGUAGE AND SPEECH DISORDERS 736
DEFINITIONS 736
NORMAL DEVELOPMENT 736
DEVELOPMENTAL VARIATIONS 738
DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY 739
EVALUATION PROCEDURES 739
LANGUAGE DISORDERS 741
SPEECH SOUND DISORDERS 745
SUMMARY 747
REFERENCES 748
CHAPTER 73 OTHER SENSORY PROBLEMS 749
TYPES OF SENSORY PROCESSING DISORDERS 749
SENSORY-BASED MOTOR DISORDERS 749
SENSORY MODULATION DISORDER 750
ASSESSMENT 751
INTERVENTION 753
OUTCOMES OF SENSORY INTEGRATION INTERVENTION 754
SUMMARY 754
REFERENCES 754
RESOURCES FOR PARENTS 755
CHAPTER 74 CHILDREN WITH MULTIPLE DISABILITIES AND SPECIAL HEALTH CARE NEEDS 756
COMPLEXITY OF DIAGNOSES AND MANAGEMENT 756
ETIOLOGY 757
APPROACH TO A CHILD WITH SPECIAL HEALTH CARE NEEDS 758
OTHER SPECIALIZED EQUIPMENT AND SPECIAL HEALTH CARE NEEDS 761
CHILD WITH MYELOMENINGOCELE (SPINA BIFIDA) 761
SUMMARY 763
SUGGESTED READINGS 764
WEB RESOURCES 764
Part IX ASSESSMENT 766
CHAPTER 75 INTERVIEWING: A CRITICAL SKILL 766
IMPORTANCE OF THE EFFECTIVE INTERVIEW 766
STRATEGIES THAT PROMOTE EFFECTIVE 颅INTERVIEWING 766
SUMMARY 774
REFERENCES 774
GENERAL REVIEWS 774
CHAPTER 76 THE LAYING ON OF HANDS: THE PHYSICAL EXAMINATION IN DEVELOPMENTAL AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 776
CONDUCTING THE PHYSICAL EXAMINATION 777
BEHAVIORAL OBSERVATION 778
RELEVANT PHYSICAL FINDINGS 779
SUMMARY 781
REFERENCES 781
CHAPTER 77 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING 782
RELEVANCE TO PRIMARY CARE AND DEVELOPMENTAL BEHAVIORAL PEDIATRICS PRACTICE 782
REASONS FOR FORMAL TESTING 782
PSYCHOMETRIC CONSIDERATIONS 782
TYPES OF TESTS 784
DIAGNOSING MENTAL OR PERSONALITY DISORDERS VIA STRUCTURED INTERVIEWS OR DIMENSIONAL RATINGS 788
SUMMARY 788
REFERENCES 788
CHAPTER 78 ASSESSMENT OF BEHAVIORAL ADJUSTMENT AND BEHAVIORAL STYLE 790
BEHAVIORAL ADJUSTMENT 790
BEHAVIORAL STYLE OR TEMPERAMENT 798
SUMMARY 802
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 802
REFERENCES 803
CHAPTER 79 DEVELOPMENTAL SCREENING AND ASSESSMENT: INFANTS, TODDLERS, AND PRESCHOOLERS 804
DEVELOPMENTAL SURVEILLANCE, DEVELOPMENTAL SCREENING, AND DEVELOPMENTAL ASSESSMENT 804
PROCESS OF DEVELOPMENTAL SURVEILLANCE 805
DEVELOPMENTAL SCREENING 806
DEVELOPMENTAL ASSESSMENT 807
PARENT RESOURCES 815
SUMMARY 815
REFERENCES 815
CHAPTER 80 DEVELOPMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE SCHOOL-AGE CHILD 816
GETTING READY FOR DEVELOPMENTAL ASSESSMENT 816
NEURODEVELOPMENTAL TESTING 818
LEFT BRAIN DYSFUNCTION (LANGUAGE AND AUDITORY PROCESSING) 819
RIGHT BRAIN DYSFUNCTION (VISUAL PROCESSING AND ORGANIzATIONAL SkILLS) 819
ANCILLARY ASSESSMENTS 820
SUMMARY 820
REFERENCES 821
CHAPTER 81 ASSESSMENT OF INTELLIGENCE 822
HISTORICAL VIEWS OF INTELLIGENCE 822
DEFINING INTELLIGENCE 822
THEORETICAL MODELS OF INTELLIGENCE 823
METHODS FOR ASSESSING INTELLIGENCE IN CHILDREN 825
SUMMARY 827
REFERENCES 827
CHAPTER 82 EDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENT 830
RATIONALES FOR EDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENT 830
TRADITIONAL ASSESSMENT PRACTICES 830
WEAKNESSES OF TRADITIONAL ASSESSMENT PRACTICES 833
NEW ERA IN EDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENT: STANDARDS OF COMPETENCE, ACCOUNTABILITY, AND ELIMINATION OF IQ-ACHIEVEMENT DISCREPANCY 834
PROBLEMS RELATED TO CURRENT PRACTICES OF ACCOUNTABILITY AND PROFICIENCY ASSESSMENT 836
ALTERNATIVE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES 837
DEVELOPMENTAL, PROCESS-ORIENTED ASSESSMENT: AN INTEGRATED PERSPECTIVE 839
ASSESSMENT PARAMETERS AND INTERPRETATION OF PERFORMANCE 840
EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT OF LEARNING DIFFERENCES 842
PRINCIPLES OF REMEDIAL INTERVENTION 843
TECHNIQUES OF ACCOMMODATION 844
SUMMARY 844
REFERENCES 845
CHAPTER 83 NEUROPSYCHOLOGICaL aSSESSMENT OF THE DEVELOPING CHILD 847
DEFINITION OF NEUROPSYCHOLOGY 847
REIMBURSEMENT OF NEUROPSYCHOLOGICaL SERVICES 848
THE NEUROPSYCHOLOGIST 848
USE OF NEUROPSYCHOLOGICaL aSSESSMENTS 849
WHEN NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL SERVICES ARE USED 849
PRACTICE OF NEUROPSYCHOLOGY 850
CLINICAL EXAMPLES 851
SUMMARY 853
REFERENCES 853
CHAPTER 84 DIAGNOSTIC METHODS FOR DISORDERS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 855
GENERAL PRINCIPLES 855
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC METHODS 857
ANATOMIC METHODS 858
DIRECT MEASUREMENTS 858
SUMMARY 859
REFERENCES 859
CHAPTER 85 COMPREHENSIVE FORMULATION OF ASSESSMENT 860
DEFICIENCIES COMMONLY ENCOUNTERED IN PRESENT DIAGNOSTIC PRACTICE 860
ELEMENTS OF A COMPREHENSIVE FORMULATION OF THE ASSESSMENT 860
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 863
PLANS FOR SERVICE NEEDS 864
ADVANTAGES OF A COMPREHENSIVE FORMULATION 864
PROBLEMS IN FORMULATION 864
SUMMARY 864
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 865
REFERENCES 865
Part X MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT 866
CHAPTER 86 PEDIATRIC COUNSELING 866
RELEASING PAINFUL FEELINGS 867
PROVIDING EDUCATION 867
PROVIDING REASSURANCE 868
CLARIFYING THE PROBLEM AND ITS CAUSE 869
APPROVING THE PARENTS\u2019 APPROACH TO TREATMENT 869
PROVIDING SPECIFIC ADVICE FOR MANAGEMENT 870
PROVIDING ENVIRONMENTAL INTERVENTION 871
EXTENDED COUNSELING 872
LOGISTICS AND ECONOMICS OF COUNSELING 873
SUMMARY 873
SUGGESTED READINGS 874
BOOKS FOR PARENTS ON CHILD REARING 874
CHAPTER 87 BEHAVIOR MANAGEMENT 875
DEVELOPING AND MAINTAINING POSITIVE PARENT-CHILD INTERACTIONS 875
DEFINING THE BEHAVIOR TO BE CHANGED 875
MEASURING AND MONITORING THE TARGET BEHAVIOR 876
SETTING A BEHAVIOR CHANGE GOAL 879
DEVELOPING SPECIFIC STRATEGIES TO CHANGE THE BEHAVIOR 880
IMPLEMENTING AND EVALUATINGTHE BEHAVIORPROGRAM 881
MAINTAINING BEHAVIOR CHANGE 881
ENHANCING PARENTING USING BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES 882
ADDRESSING COMMON BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS USING BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES 884
WHEN TO REFER 887
SUMMARY 887
REFERENCES 887
RESOURCES FOR PARENTS ANDPROFESSIONALISM 888
CHAPTER 88 CRISIS MANAGEMENT 889
THE AGITATED OR VIOLENT CHILD 889
THE TRAUMATIZED CHILD 891
THE NONCOMPLIANT CHILD 891
THE INTOXICATED CHILD 892
THE ANXIOUS AND HYPERVENTILATING CHILD 892
THE CHILD WITH DISTURBED SLEEP 893
SUMMARY 894
REFERENCES 894
CHAPTER 89 PSYCHOTHERAPY WITHCHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS 895
MENTAL HEALTH 895
THE PEDIATRICIAN\u2019S PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC REPERTOIRE 896
REFERRAL 897
RESISTANCE TO PSYCHOTHERAPY REFERRALS 897
THE VARIETIES OF THERAPEUTIC EXPERIENCE 898
PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGIC INTERVENTIONS 901
PSYCHOTHERAPIST-PEDIATRICIANCOMMUNICATION 901
PSYCHOTHERAPY: THE EVIDENCE 902
SUMMARY 903
REFERENCES 903
CHAPTER 90 CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 904
BEFORE PRESCRIBING 904
PHARMACOTHERAPY OF ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER 905
PHARMACOTHERAPY OF DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR 911
PHARMACOTHERAPY OF DEPRESSION 912
PHARMACOTHERAPY OF ANXIETY 915
PHARMACOTHERAPY OF PSYCHOSIS 918
PHARMACOTHERAPY OF BIPOLAR DISORDER 920
PHARMACOTHERAPY OF TICS AND TOURETTE DISORDER 922
PHARMACOTHERAPY OF AUTISTIC SPECTRUM DISORDERS 923
PHARMACOTHERAPY OF EATING DISORDERS 924
SUMMARY 925
REFERENCES 925
CHAPTER 91 PEDIATRIC SELF-REGULATION 930
IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS IN MIND-BODY INTERVENTIONS 930
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 936
TRAINING AND CERTIFICATION 939
THE FUTURE 940
REFERENCES 940
CHAPTER 92 EARLY INTERVENTION SERVICES 942
WHAT ARE EARLY INTERVENTION SERVICES? 942
A BRIEF HISTORY OF EARLY INTERVENTION 942
HOW DOES FEDERAL LEGISLATION GUIDE CURRENT EARLY INTERVENTION SERVICES? 943
STATE VARIATIONS IN EARLY INTERVENTION SERVICES 943
WHO PARTICIPATES IN EARLY INTERVENTION SERVICES? 944
THE PRINCIPLES OF EARLY INTERVENTION 945
EFFECTIVENESS OF EARLY INTERVENTION SERVICES 947
SUMMARY 950
REFERENCES 950
CHAPTER 93 SPECIAL EDUCATION SERVICES 952
THE LEGISLATIVE UNDERPINNINGS OF EDUCATION FOR CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES 953
THE SPECIAL EDUCATION PROCESS 956
ROLE OF THE PEDIATRICIAN 957
SUMMARY 961
REFERENCES 961
CHAPTER 94 THE ARTS THERAPIES 963
THE ARTS THERAPIES IN INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 963
THE ARTS AS A CLINICAL TOOL 964
KNOWING THE CHILD 964
TREATING THE CHILD 965
HELPING THE CHILD COPE 965
ACCESSING SERVICES 967
RESOURCES 967
SUMMARY 967
REFERENCES 968
CHAPTER 95 ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES 969
DEFINITIONS AND CONCEPTUALIZATION OF COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 969
PREVALENCE AND COSTS OF COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE USE 970
THE USE OF COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE IN DEVELOPMENTAL-BEHAVIORAL PEDIATRICS: AN OVERVIEW 970
PLACEBO AND OTHER EXPECTANCY EFFECTS 972
COUNSELING FAMILIES ABOUT COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES 973
SUMMARY 974
REFERENCES 975
CHAPTER 96 TRANSITION TO ADULTHOOD FOR YOUTH WITH DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 976
HEALTH CARE TRANSITION 977
SEXUALITY 979
EDUCATION 980
VOCATIONAL TRANSITION 981
WHERE TO LIVE? 981
SELF-DETERMINATION AND AUTONOMY 981
VIGNETTE OUTCOME 982
SUMMARY 983
REFERENCES 983
Part XI LEGAL, ADMINISTRATIVE, AND ETHICAL ISSUES 984
CHAPTER 97 LEGAL ISSUES 984
THE PHYSICIAN\u2019S DIRECT OBLIGATIONS TO THE PATIENT 984
THE PHYSICIAN\u2019S OBLIGATIONS TO EXTERNAL AUTHORITIES 989
SUMMARY 989
REFERENCES 990
CHAPTER 98 LEGISLATION FOR THE EDUCATION OF CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES 991
FAMILY-PROFESSIONAL PARTNERSHIP 991
INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITIESEDUCATION ACT 991
ONGOING CHALLENGES 993
FUTURE DIRECTIONS 994
REFERENCES 994
SOME USEFUL WEB SITES 994
CHAPTER 99 HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS 995
AMERICAN HEALTH CARE SYSTEM 996
DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE TO CHILDREN 998
REQUIREMENTS FOR TRAINING PROGRAMS 1001
SUMMARY 1001
REFERENCES 1002
CHAPTER 100 Ethics 1004
MEDICINE AND ETHICS: ANCIENT ROOTS, PERSISTENTTHEMES 1004
ETHICAL SYSTEMS 1005
SUMMARY 1007
REFERENCES 1007
CHAPTER 101 THE RIGHT TO BE DIFFERENT 1008
CHANGING CHILDREN 1009
INTEGRATION VERSUS PERSONAL CHOICE 1009
A FINAL WORD 1010
REFERENCES 1011
INDEX 1012
- 名称
- 类型
- 大小
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