简介
"In 1909, "The Call" went out against Jim Crow racism, and American race relations began to change. The violent discrimination that continued in the South spurred a group of concerned white liberals to form the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, an organization that grew to become one of the most powerful social forces in American history. Gilbert Jonas, who worked with the NAACP for more than 50 years, draws upon firsthand experience and extraordinary access to reveal how the organization contributed to the eradication of lynching in the South, the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision, and the passage of the 1964 Voting Rights Act. Jonas documents the NAACP's role in landmark events in American history, including the famed 1939 concert by Marian Anderson at the Lincoln Memorial and the historic 1963 march on Washington, led by A. Philip Randolph." "Freedom's Sword also examines the accomplishments of the NAACP's legendary leadership, which included Thurgood Marshall, Charles Hamilton Houston, James Weldon Johnson, and Roy Wilkins."--BOOK JACKET.
目录
Table Of Contents:
Foreword by Julian Bond XIII
Introduction 1
1 Creating a Change Agent: the NAACP's Early Years
During which the new group rejects Booker T. Washington's accommodationist views for W.E.B. DuBois's militancy 7
2 The Law as a Weapon Against Unjust Laws
How Charles Hamilton Houston and Thurgood Marshall crafted the strategy that produced Brown v. Board of Education 31
3 Southern Retaliation Against Negro Determination
The NAACP's assault on Jim Crow places it in mortal combat with the Ku Klux Klan and the White Citizens Councils 67
4 Leading the African-American Quest for Political Power
James Weldon Johnson leads the fight against lynching, then Walter White Defeats President Hoover's Supreme Court nominee 109
5 Comes the Revolution: The Struggle Between The NAACP and the Communist Party USA
White and Wilkins Thwart the Communist Attempts to Win the Loyalty of American Negroes 135
6 World War II and Its Consequences for Race
The NAACP presses FDR to utilize Negro troops and open up defense industry jobs to Negroes with Mrs. Roosevelt's help 151
7 The Politics of Political Advancement
Passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Bill: As Dr. King leads southern civil rights confrontations, Roy Wilkins and Clarence Mitchell鈥攚ith President Johnson's help鈥攇uide the passage of this unprecedented bill through Congress 169
8 Revolution at the Ballot Box
The fight for the 1965 voting rights act鈥攍ed by the NAACP, a broad coalition joined by LBJ, Dirksen, and Humphrey wins congressional approval of voting rights bill 203
9 Black Workers, White Unions, and the Struggle for Job Equality
A. Philip Randolph and the NAACP challenge the AFL, while looking to John L. Lewis and the CIO for equity in the workplace 231
10 Head to Head with the Garment Workers Union
A case study of conflict between a powerful union and the NAACP: Herbert Hill exposes the racial labor practices of David Dubinsky and the Ladies Garment Workers Union 265
11 The End of Pretense: Organized Labor Refuses to Desegregate
George Meany and the AFL-CIO reject the NAACP's pleas to open labor's doors to opportunities for African Americans 281
12 Roy Wilkins: The Gentle Giant
Advisor to presidents and the nation's leading spokesman for black Americans, Wilkins' steady hand on the tiller brings the NAACP to its apogee 303
13 The NAACP Develops Financial Muscle
New white income sources drive program expansion鈥攆rom Ford Foundation to Rockefeller, from General Motors to AT&T, the nation's neavy financial hitters extend their support to the NAACP 357
Epilogue 391
Notes 399
Bibliography 471
Photo Credits 481
Index 483
Foreword by Julian Bond XIII
Introduction 1
1 Creating a Change Agent: the NAACP's Early Years
During which the new group rejects Booker T. Washington's accommodationist views for W.E.B. DuBois's militancy 7
2 The Law as a Weapon Against Unjust Laws
How Charles Hamilton Houston and Thurgood Marshall crafted the strategy that produced Brown v. Board of Education 31
3 Southern Retaliation Against Negro Determination
The NAACP's assault on Jim Crow places it in mortal combat with the Ku Klux Klan and the White Citizens Councils 67
4 Leading the African-American Quest for Political Power
James Weldon Johnson leads the fight against lynching, then Walter White Defeats President Hoover's Supreme Court nominee 109
5 Comes the Revolution: The Struggle Between The NAACP and the Communist Party USA
White and Wilkins Thwart the Communist Attempts to Win the Loyalty of American Negroes 135
6 World War II and Its Consequences for Race
The NAACP presses FDR to utilize Negro troops and open up defense industry jobs to Negroes with Mrs. Roosevelt's help 151
7 The Politics of Political Advancement
Passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Bill: As Dr. King leads southern civil rights confrontations, Roy Wilkins and Clarence Mitchell鈥攚ith President Johnson's help鈥攇uide the passage of this unprecedented bill through Congress 169
8 Revolution at the Ballot Box
The fight for the 1965 voting rights act鈥攍ed by the NAACP, a broad coalition joined by LBJ, Dirksen, and Humphrey wins congressional approval of voting rights bill 203
9 Black Workers, White Unions, and the Struggle for Job Equality
A. Philip Randolph and the NAACP challenge the AFL, while looking to John L. Lewis and the CIO for equity in the workplace 231
10 Head to Head with the Garment Workers Union
A case study of conflict between a powerful union and the NAACP: Herbert Hill exposes the racial labor practices of David Dubinsky and the Ladies Garment Workers Union 265
11 The End of Pretense: Organized Labor Refuses to Desegregate
George Meany and the AFL-CIO reject the NAACP's pleas to open labor's doors to opportunities for African Americans 281
12 Roy Wilkins: The Gentle Giant
Advisor to presidents and the nation's leading spokesman for black Americans, Wilkins' steady hand on the tiller brings the NAACP to its apogee 303
13 The NAACP Develops Financial Muscle
New white income sources drive program expansion鈥攆rom Ford Foundation to Rockefeller, from General Motors to AT&T, the nation's neavy financial hitters extend their support to the NAACP 357
Epilogue 391
Notes 399
Bibliography 471
Photo Credits 481
Index 483
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