Programming in ANSI C

　　Preface to the Fourth Edition xi
　　1 Overview of C 1
　　 1.1 History of C 1
　　 1.2 Importance of C 3
　　 1.3 Sample Program 1: Printing a Message 3
　　 1.4 Sample Program 2: Adding Two Numbers 6
　　 1.5 Sample Program 3: Interest Calculation 8
　　 1.6 Sample Program 4: Use of Subroutines 10
　　 1.7 Sample Program 5: Use of Math Functions 11
　　 1.8 Basic Structure of C Programs 12
　　 1.9 Programming Style 14
　　 1.10 Executing a 'C' Program 14
　　 1.11 Unix System 16
　　 1.12 Ms-Dos System 18
　　 Review Questions 19
　　 Programming Exercises 20
　　2 Constants, Variables, and Data Types 23
　　 2.1 Introduction 23
　　 2.2 Character Set 23
　　 2.3 C Tokens 25
　　 2.4 KeyWords and identifiers 25
　　 2.5 Constants 26
　　 2.6 Variables 30
　　 2.7 Data Types 31
　　 2.8 Declaration of Variables 34
　　 2.9 Declaration of Storage Class 37
　　 2.10 Assigning Values to Variables 38
　　 2.11 Defining Symbolic Constants 44
　　 2.12 Declaring a Variable as Constant 45
　　 2.13 Declaring a Variable as Volatile 45
　　 2.14 Overflow and Underflow of Data 46
　　 Review Questions 49
　　 Programming Exercises 51
　　3 Operators and Expressions 52
　　 3.1 Introduction 52
　　 3.2 Arithmetic Operators 52
　　 3.3 Relational Operators 55
　　 3.4 Logical Operators 57
　　 3.5 Assignment Operators 57
　　 3.6 Increment and Decrement Operators 59
　　 3.7 Conditional Operator 61
　　 3.8 Bitwise Operators 61
　　 3.9 Special Operators 61
　　 3.10 Arithmetic Expressions 63
　　 3.11 Evaluation of Expressions 64
　　 3.12 Precedence of Arithmetic Operators 65
　　 3.13 Some Computational Problems 67
　　 3.14 Type Conversions in Expressions 68
　　 3.15 Operator Precedence and Associativity 72
　　 3.16 Mathematical Functions 74
　　 Review Questions 78
　　 Programming Exercises 81
　　4 Managing input and Output Operations 84
　　 4.1 Introduction 84
　　 4.2 Reading a Character 85
　　 4.3 Writing a Character 88
　　 4.4 Formatted input 89
　　 4.5 Formatted Output 98
　　 Review Questions 110
　　 Programming Exercises 112
　　5 Decision Making and Branching 114
　　 5.1 Introduction 114
　　 5.2 Decision Making with iF Statement 114
　　 5.3 Simple iF Statement 115
　　 5.4 The IF...ELSE Statement 119
　　 5.5 Nesting of IF...ELSE Statements 122
　　 5.6 The ELSE IF Ladder 126
　　 5.7 The Switch Statement 129
　　 5.8 The ?: Operator 133
　　 5.9 The GOTO Statement 136
　　 Review Questions 144
　　 Programming Exercises 148
　　6 Decision Making and Looping 152
　　 6.1 Introduction 152
　　 6.2 The WHILE Statement 154
　　 6.3 The DO Statement 157
　　 6.4 The FOR Statement 159
　　 6.5 Jumps in LOOPS 166
　　 6.6 Concise Test Expressions 174
　　 Review Questions 182
　　 Programming Exercises 186
　　7 Arrays 190
　　 7.1 Introduction 190
　　 7.2 One-dimensional Arrays 192
　　 7.3 Declaration of One-dimensional Arrays 193
　　 7.4 Initialization of One-dimensional Arrays 195
　　 7.5 Two-dimensional Arrays 199
　　 7.6 Initializing Two-dimensional Arrays 204
　　 7.7 Multi-dimensional Arrays 208
　　 7.8 Dynamic Arrays 209
　　 7.9 More about Arrays 209
　　 Review Questions 223
　　 Programming Exercises 225
　　8 Character Arrays and Strings 229
　　 8.1 Introduction 229
　　 8.2 Declaring and initializing String Variables 230
　　 8.3 Reading Strings from Terminal 231
　　 8.4 Writing Strings to Screen 236
　　 8.5 Arithmetic Operations on Characters 241
　　 8.6 Putting Strings Together 242
　　 8.7 Comparison of Two Strings 244
　　 8.8 String-handling Functions 244
　　 8.9 Table of Strings 250
　　 8.10 Other Features of Strings 252
　　 Review Questions 257
　　 Programming Exercises 259
　　9 User-defined Functions 262
　　 9.1 Introduction 262
　　 9.2 Need for User-defined Functions 262
　　 9.3 A Multi-function Program 263
　　 9.4 Elements of User-defined Functions 266
　　 9.5 Definition of Functions 267
　　 9.6 Return Values and their Types 269
　　 9.7 Function Calls 270
　　 9.8 Function Declaration 272
　　 9.9 Category of Functions 274
　　 9.10 No Arguments and no Return Values 274
　　 9.11 Arguments but no Return Values 277
　　 9.12 Arguments with Return Values 280
　　 9.13 No Arguments but Returns a Value 284
　　 9.14 Functions that Return Multiple Values 285
　　 9.15 Nesting of Functions 286
　　 9.16 Recursion 288
　　 9.17 Passing Arrays to Functions 289
　　 9.18 Passing Strings to Functions 294
　　 9.19 The Scope, Visibility and Lifetime of Variables 295
　　 9.20 Multifile Programs 305
　　 Review Questions 311
　　 Programming Exercises 315
　　10 Structures and Unions 317
　　 10.1 Introduction 317
　　 10.2 Defining a Structure 317
　　 10.3 Declaring Structure Variables 319
　　 10.4 Accessing Structure Members 321
　　 10.5 Structure initialization 322
　　 10.6 Copying and Comparing Structure Variables 324
　　 10.7 Operations on individual Members 326
　　 10.8 Arrays of Structures 327
　　 10.9 Arrays within Structures 329
　　 10.10 Structures within Structures 331
　　 10.11 Structures and Functions 333
　　 10.12 Unions 335
　　 10.13 Size of Structures 337
　　 10.14 Bit Fields 337
　　 Review Questions 344
　　 Programming Exercises 348
　　11 Pointers 351
　　 11.1 Introduction 351
　　 11.2 Understanding Pointers 351
　　 11.3 Accessing the Address of a Variable 354
　　 11.4 Declaring Pointer Variables 355
　　 11.5 Initialization of Pointer Variables 356
　　 11.6 Accessing a Variable through its Pointer 358
　　 11.7 Chain of Pointers 360
　　 11.8 Pointer Expressions 361
　　 11.9 Pointer increments and Scale Factor 362
　　 11.10 Pointers and Arrays 364
　　 11.11 Pointers and Character Strings 367
　　 11.12 Array of Pointers 369
　　 11.13 Pointers as Function Arguments 370
　　 11.14 Functions Returning Pointers 373
　　 11.15 Pointers to Functions 373
　　 11.16 Pointers and Structures 376
　　 11.17 Troubles with Pointers 379
　　 Review Questions 385
　　 Programming Exercises 388
　　12 File Management in C 389
　　 12.1 Introduction 389
　　 12.2 Defining and Opening a File 390
　　 12.3 Closing a File 391
　　 12.4 Input/Output Operations on Files 392
　　 12.5 Error Handling During I/O Operations 398
　　 12.6 Random Access to Files 400
　　 12.7 Command Line Arguments 405
　　 Review Questions 408
　　 Programming Exercises 409
　　13 Dynamic Memory Allocation and Linked Lists 411
　　 13.1 Introduction 411
　　 13.2 Dynamic Memory Allocation 411
　　 13.3 Allocating a Block of Memory: MALLOC 413
　　 13.4 Allocating Multiple Blocks of Memory: CALLOC 415
　　 13.5 Releasing the Used Space: Free 415
　　 13.6 Altering the Size of a Block' REALLOC 416
　　 13.7 Concepts of Linked Lists 417
　　 13.8 Advantages of Linked Lists 420
　　 13.9 Types of Linked Lists 421
　　 13.10 Pointers Revisited 422
　　 13.11 Creating a Linked List 424
　　 13.12 Inserting an item 428
　　 13.13 Deleting an item 431
　　 13.14 Application of Linked Lists 433
　　 Review Questions 440
　　 Programming Exercises 442
　　14 The Preprocessor 444
　　 14.1 Introduction 444
　　 14.2 Macro Substitution 445
　　 14.3 File inclusion 449
　　 14.4 Compiler Control Directives 450
　　 14.5 ANSI Additions 453
　　 Review Questions 456
　　 Programming Exercises 457
　　15 Developing a C Program: Some Guidelines 458
　　 15.1 Introduction 458
　　 15.2 Program Design 458
　　 15.3 Program Coding 460
　　 15.4 Common Programming Errors 462
　　 15.5 Program Testing and Debugging 469
　　 15.6 Program Efficiency 471
　　 Review Questions 472
　　Appendix i: Bit-level Programming 474
　　Appendix II: ASCll Values of Characters 480
　　Appendix ill: ANSI C Library Functions 482
　　Appendix IV: Projects 486
　　Appendix V: C99 Features 537
　　Bibliography 545