Gravitation, cosmology, and cosmic-ray physics

PHYSICS THROUGH THE 1990s 1
Copyright 2
Preface 7
Contents 11
I Summary of Principal Recommendations 17
RECOMMENDATIONS ON GRAVITATIONAL PHYSICS 19
Space Program in Gravitation 19
Ground-Based Studies in Gravitation 20
Gravitation Theory 20
RECOMMENDATIONS ON COSMOLOGY 21
Space Program in Cosmology 21
Ground-Based Studies in Cosmology 21
Growth in Cosmology Research 22
RECOMMENDATIONS ON COSMIC-RAY PHYSICS 22
Space Program in Cosmic Rays 22
Ground-Based Cosmic-Ray Studies 23
II Gravitation 25
1 Experimental Tests of General Relativity: Introduction 27
2 Experimental Tests of General Relativity: Highlights 31
EQUIVALENCE PRINCIPLE, EOTVOS TO LUNAR LASER RANGING 31
GRAVITATIONAL REDSHIFT, M脰SSBAUER TO ROCKETBORNE MASER 33
LIGHT DEFLECTION, ECLIPSES TO RADIO INTERFEROMETRY 35
SIGNAL RETARDATION, NEWEST AND MOST ACCURATE TEST 35
PERIHELION ADVANCE, EINSTEIN'S ONLY HANDLE 37
CHANGING GRAVITATIONAL CONSTANT, SOLAR-SYSTEM TIME VERSUS ATOMIC TIME 37
LABORATORY TESTING OF GRAVITATION, SEARCHING FOR THE UNEXPECTED 38
3 Experimental Tests of General Relativity: Opportunities 40
TESTS FOR \u201cMAGNETIC\u201d GRAVITATIONAL EFFECTS 40
Relativity Gyroscope Experiment 40
Black-Hole Jets 42
RANGING TO THE MOON AND INNER PLANETS 43
Radar Ranging 44
Ranging to Planetary Landers and Orbiters 44
Lunar Laser Ranging 46
MEASUREMENT OF SECOND-ORDER SOLAR-SYSTEM EFFECTS 47
GRAVITATIONAL QUADRUPOLE MOMENT OF THE SUN 49
SYSTEMS OF COMPACT STARS 50
4 Search for Gravitational Waves: Introduction 52
THEORY 53
SOURCES 54
DETECTORS 56
5 Search for Gravitational Waves: Highlights 58
BINARY PULSAR 58
BAR DETECTORS 59
INTERFEROMETRIC DETECTORS 60
PULSAR TIMING AND MILLISECOND PULSARS 62
SOURCES OF GRAVITATIONAL WAVES\u2014RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 63
6 Search for Gravitational Waves: Opportunities 65
LASER INTERFEROMETER DETECTOR WITH 5-KILOMETER BASELINE 65
BAR DETECTOR SENSITIVITY AND BANDWIDTH 68
OBSERVATIONS WITH BAR DETECTORS 70
PULSAR SEARCHES 71
SPACECRAFT TRACKING 71
SPACE INTERFEROMETERS 72
EVENT RATES AND SOURCE CALCULATIONS 73
COMPUTATION 74
7 Gravitation Theory: Introduction 75
8 Gravitation Theory: Highlights 77
NEUTRON STARS 77
GRAVITATIONAL COLLAPSE AND BLACK HOLES 78
QUANTUM PARTICLE CREATION BY BLACK HOLES 80
QUANTUM EFFECTS IN THE EARLY UNIVERSE 80
ALTERNATIVE THEORIES 81
EXACT SOLUTIONS OF THE EINSTEIN EQUATIONS 81
ASYMPTOTIC PROPERTIES OF SPACE-TIME 82
NUMERICAL RELATIVITY 83
EMISSION OF GRAVITATIONAL RADIATION 83
THE POSITIVE ENERGY THEOREM 84
QUANTUM FIELD THEORY IN CURVED SPACE-TIME 85
QUANTUM GRAVITY 85
Supergravity 87
Kaluza-Klein Theories 87
9 Gravitation Theory: Opportunities 88
CLASSICAL GRAVITATION, SINGULARITIES, ASYMPTOTIC STRUCTURE 88
QUANTUM GRAVITY 89
ASTROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF NEUTRON STARS AND BLACK HOLES 91
COMPUTATION 93
NEW KINDS OF EXPERIMENTAL TESTS 93
COMMUNICATION WITH OTHER SUBFIELDS: GRAVITATION EXPERIMENT, ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS, FIELD THEORY AND ELEMENTATY-PARTICLE\u2026 94
10 Recommendations 96
SPACE TECHNIQUES 96
GROUND-BASED TECHNIQUES 97
GRAVITATION THEORY 97
III Cosmology 99
11 Introduction \u2014 The Standard Model 103
12 Highlights 106
BIG-BANG NUCLEOSYNTHESIS 106
LARGE-SCALE PROPERTIES OF THE UNIVERSE 108
STRUCTURE IN THE UNIVERSE 110
INVISIBLE MASS 112
COSMOLOGY AND GRAND UNIFICATION 114
THE INFLATIONARY UNIVERSE 115
GRAVITATIONAL LENSES 116
13 Opportunities 117
OBSERVATIONS FROM SPACE 117
CONTINUED GROUND-BASED OBSERVATIONS 120
PARTICLE PHYSICS AND COSMOLOGY 122
THEORY 122
14 Recommendations 124
SPACE PROGRAM 124
GROUND-BASED PROGRAM 125
HUMAN AND COMPUTATIONAL RESOURCES 125
IV Cosmic Rays 127
15 Overview 131
16 Highlights 137
NUCLEOSYNTHESIS 139
Isotope Ratios 141
Abundances of Heavy Elements 141
Solar Neutrinos 142
ACCELERATION 143
Shock Acceleration 144
Acceleration Fractionation 145
Termination of Acceleration Mechanism 146
High-Energy Gamma Rays 147
Anomalous Component 148
GALACTIC COSMIC-RAY TRANSPORT AND THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM 148
Energy Dependence of Escape from Galaxy 149
Correlation Between Anisotropy and Energy 151
Secondaries from Light Nuclei 151
Propagation in Galactic Halo 152
Connection with Gamma and Radio Astronomy 153
HIGH-ENERGY NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS 153
Nucleon Decay Experiments as Cosmic-Ray Detectors 154
Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions 155
Cross Sections, Spectra, Anisotropies, and Composition of Primary Cosmic Rays Above 1017 Electron Volts 156
Magnetic Monopoles 157
17 Opportunities 159
SPACEBORNE EXPERIMENTS 159
Isotopes 160
GALACTIC COSMIC-RAY ISOTOPES 160
SOLAR-FLARE ISOTOPES 161
Ultraheavy Elements 161
High-Energy Composition and Spectra 162
Positrons, Antiprotons, Deuterium, and 3He 163
Antimatter 164
Nucleus-Nucleus Interactions 164
Solar Modulation of Cosmic Rays 165
GROUND-BASED EXPERIMENTS 165
Gamma-Ray Astronomy 165
Air-Shower Detectors 166
Neutrino Astronomy 167
Magnetic Monopoles 169
Nucleon Decay Detectors 169
Solar Neutrinos 170
Future Opportunities 171
THEORY 171
18 Recommendations 173
SPACEBORNE EXPERIMENTS 173
Major New Programs 174
Continuing Programs 175
Studies for the Future 176
GROUND-BASED EXPERIMENTS 177
Gamma-Ray Astronomy 178
HIGHEST-ENERGY COSMIC RAYS AND EXTENSIVE AIR SHOWERS 178
High-Energy Neutrino Astronomy 179
Magnetic Monopoles 179
Large Underground Detectors 179
Solar Neutrinos 180
THEORY 180
Index 181