Contents
Chapter 1
Can Science Cure the Common Cold?
Introduction to the Scientific Method
1.1 The Process of Science
The Nature of Hypotheses
Scientific Theories
The Logic of Hypothesis Tests
1.2 Hypothesis Testing
The Experimental Method
Controlled Experiments
Minimizing Bias in Experimental Design
Using Correlation to Test Hypotheses
1.3 Understanding Statistics
What Statistical Tests Can Tell Us: An Overview
Statistics: A Closer Look
What Statistical Tests Cannot Tell Us
1.4 Evaluating Scientific Information
Primary Sources
Information from Anecdotes
Science in the News
Understanding Science from Secondary Sources
1.5 Is There a Cure for the Common Cold?
Chapter Review
Unit One: Chemistry and Cells
Chapter 2
Are We Alone in the Universe?
Water, Biochemistry, and Cells
2.1 What Does Life Require?
A Definition of Life
The Properties of Water
Organic Chemistry
Structure and Function of Macromolecules
2.2 Life on Earth
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Cell Structure
The Tree of Life and Evolutionary Theory
Chapter Review
Chapter 3
Diet
Cells and Metabolism
3.1 Nutrients
Macronutrients
Micronutrients
Processed Versus Whole Foods
3.2 Enzymes and Metabolism
Enzymes
Calories and Metabolic Rate
3.3 Transport Across Membranes
Passive Transport: Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, and Osmosis
Active Transport: Pumping Substances Across the Membrane
Exocytosis and Endocytosis: Movement of Large Molecules Across the Membrane
3.4 Body Fat and Health
Evaluating How Much Body Fat Is Healthful
Obesity
Anorexia and Bulimia
Chapter Review
Chapter 4
Life in the Greenhouse
Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration and Global Warming
4.1 The Greenhouse Effect
Water, Heat, and Temperature
4.2 The Carbon Cycle
Burning fossil fuels releases carbon into the atmosphere
4.3 Cellular Respiration
Structure and Function of ATP
A General Overview of Cellular Respiration
A Closer look: Glycolysis, the Citric Acid Cycle, and Electron Transport
Global Warming and Cellular Respiration
4.4 Photosynthesis
A General Overview of Photosynthesis
A Closer Look: The Light Reactions and Calvin Cycle
Global Warming and Photosynthesis
4.5 Decreasing the Effects of Global Warming
Chapter Review
Unit Two: Genetics
Chapter 5
Cancer
DNA Synthesis, Mitosis, and Meiosis
5.1 What Is Cancer?
Risk factors for Cancer
5.2 Passing Genes and Chromosomes to New Cells
DNA Replication
5.3 The Cell Cycle and Mitosis
Interphase
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
5.4 Cell Cycle Control and Mutation
Controls in the Cell Cycle
Mutations to Cell-Cycle Control Genes
5.5 Cancer Detection and Treatment
Detection Methods: Biopsy
Treatment Methods: Chemotherapy and Radiation
5.6 Meiosis
Interphase
Meiosis I
Meiosis II
Crossing Over and Random Alignment
Chapter Review
Chapter 6
Are You Only As Smart As Your Genes?
Mendelian and Quantitative Genetics
6.1 The Inheritance of Traits
Genes and Chromosomes
Producing Diversity in Offspring
6.2 Mendelian Genetics: When the Role of Genes Is Clear
Genotype and Phenotype
Genetic Diseases in Humans
Using Punnett Squares to Predict Offspring Genotypes
6.3 Quantitative Genetics: When Genes and Environment Interact
Quantitative Trait Inheritance: An Overview
Heritability and Quantitative Traits: A Closer Look
6.4 Genes, Environment, and the Individual
The Use and Misuse of Heritability
How Do Genes Matter?
Chapter Review
Chapter 7
DNA Detective
Complex Patterns of Inheritance and DNA Fingerprinting
7.1 Extensions of Mendelian Genetics
7.2 Dihybrid Crosses
7.3 Sex Determination and Sex Linkage
Sex Determination
Sex Linkage
7.4 Pedigrees
7.5 DNA Fingerprinting
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) Analysis
Gel Electrophoresis
Chapter Review
Chapter 8
Gene Expression, Mutation, and Cloning
Genetically Modified Organisms
8.1 Protein Synthesis and Gene Expression
From Gene to Protein
Transcription
Translation
Mutations
Regulating Gene Expression
8.2 Producing Recombinant Proteins
Cloning a Gene Using Bacteria
FDA Regulations
Basic Versus Applied Research
8.3 Genetically Modified Foods
Why Genetically Modify Crop Plants?
Modifying Crop Plants with the Ti Plasmid and Gene Gun
Effect of GMOs on Health
GM Crops and the Environment
8.4 Genetically Modified Humans
Stem Cells
The Human Genome Project
Gene Therapy
Cloning Humans
Chapter Review
Unit Three: Evolution
Chapter 9
Where Did We Come From?
The Evidence for Evolution
9.1 What Is Evolution?
The Process of Evolution
The Theory of Evolution
9.2 Charles Darwin and the Theory of Evolution
Early Views of Evolution
The Voyage of the Beagle
Developing the Hypothesis of Common Descent
9.3 Examining the Evidence for Common Descent
The Evidence for Evolution: An Overview
Humans and Apes Share a Common Ancestor: A Closer Look
9.4 Are Alternatives to the Theory of Evolution Equally Valid?
Weighing the Alternatives
The Origin of Life
The Best Scientific Explanation for the Diversity of Life
Chapter Review
Chapter 10
An Evolving Enemy
Natural Selection
10.1 Return of an Ancient Killer
Tuberculosis
Treatment - and Treatment Failure
10.2 Natural Selection Causes Evolution
The Theory of Natural Selection
Four Observations and an Inference
Testing Natural Selection
10.3 Natural Selection Since Darwin
The Modern Synthesis
Subtleties of Natural Selection: An Overview
Subtleties of Natural Selection: A Closer Look
Patterns of Selection
10.4 Natural Selection and Human Disease
XDR-TB Fits Darwin's Observations
Spreading Drug Resistance
Stopping Drug Resistance
Can Natural Selection Save Us from Superbugs?
Chapter Review
Chapter 11
Who Am I?
Species and Races
11.1 What Is a Species?
The Biological Species Concept
Speciation: An Overview
Speciation: A Closer Look
11.2 Races and Genealogical Species
11.3 Humans and the Race Concept
The Morphological Species Concept
Modern Humans: A History
Genetic Evidence of Divergence
Using the Hardy Weinberg Theorem to Calculate Allele Frequency
Human Races Are Not Biological Groups
Human Races Have Never Been Truly Isolated
11.4 Why Human Groups Differ
Natural Selection
Convergent Evolution
Genetic Drift
Sexual Selection
Assortative Mating
11.5 Race in Human Society
Chapter Review
Chapter 12
Prospecting for Biological Gold
Biodiversity and Classification
12.1 Biological Classification
How Many Species Exist?
Kingdoms and Domains: An Overview
Kingdoms and Domains: A Closer Look
12.2 The Diversity of Life
Viruses
Bacteria and Archaea
Protista
Animalia
Fungi
Plantae
12.3 Learning About Species
Fishing for Useful Products
Understanding Ecology
Reconstructing Evolutionary History
Learning from the Shamans
Chapter Review
Unit Four: Ecology
Chapter 13
Is the Human Population Too Large?
Population Ecology
13.1 A Growing Human Population
Population Structure
Population Growth: An Overview
Population Growth: A Closer Look
The Demographic Transition
13.2 Limits to Population Growth
Carrying Capacity and Logistic Growth
Earth's Carrying Capacity for Humans
13.3 The Future of the Human Population
A Possible Population Crash?
Avoiding Disaster
Chapter Review
Chapter 14
Conserving Biodiversity
Community and Ecosystem Ecology
14.1 The Sixth Extinction
Measuring Extinction Rates
Causes of Extinction: An Overview
Causes of Extinction: A Closer Look
14.2 The Consequences of Extinction
Loss of Resources
Predation, Mutualism, and Competition Derailed
Disrupted Energy and Chemical Flows
Psychological Effects
14.3 Saving Species
Protecting Habitat
Protection from Environmental Disasters
Conservation Genetics
Chapter Review
Chapter 15
Where Do You Live?
Climate and Biomes
15.1 Global and Regional Climate
Temperature and Precipitation Patterns: An Overview
Temperature and Precipitation Patterns: A Closer Look
15.2 Terrestrial Biomes
Forests and Shrublands
Grasslands
Desert
Tundra
15.3 Aquatic Biomes
Freshwater
Saltwater
15.4 Human Habitats
Energy and Natural Resources
Waste Production
Chapter Review
Appendix Meteric: System Conversions
Answers to Learning the Basics
Glossary
Credits
Index