Preface p. V
Table of Cases p. XIII
Table of Acronyms p. XXV
Environmental Law Timeline p. XXXI
Judicial Review of Government Decisions p. 1
The Judicial Role in Environmental Law p. 1
Standing p. 2
Reviewability p. 15
Standard of Review p. 18
Remedies p. 23
The National Environmental Policy Act p. 28
Threshold Requirements p. 31
Scope and Timing p. 37
Content of the EIS p. 46
Review on the Merits p. 52
Evaluation of NEPA p. 55
Federalism and the Environment p. 59
Scope of Federal Power p. 60
The Commerce Power p. 61
Other Federal Powers p. 72
Commerce Clause Restrictions on State Power p. 76
Discriminatory Legislation p. 78
Proprietary Activities p. 81
Balancing Test p. 84
Federal Preemption p. 87
Pollution Control p. 93
Common Law Remedies p. 97
Regulation Under the Clean Air Act p. 101
Overview of the Clean Air Act p. 103
Consideration of Economic and Technological Feasibility p. 109
New Motor Vehicles p. 111
Existing Stationary Sources p. 115
New Stationary Sources p. 122
Offsets and Bubbles p. 126
Toxic Air Pollution p. 130
Regulation Under the Clean Water Act p. 133
Overview of the Clean Water Act p. 135
Consideration of Economic and Technological Feasibility p. 143
BPT p. 144
BCT p. 147
BAT p. 149
Standards of Performance for New Sources p. 151
Toxic Pollution p. 152
Economic Incentives for Environmental Protection p. 155
Effluent Charges and Penalties p. 158
Marketable Permits p. 161
Risk Management and Scientific Uncertainty p. 169
Introduction to Risk Assessment and Risk Management p. 169
Judicial Views Concerning Management of Uncertain Risks p. 175
Early Lower Court Decisions p. 175
Supreme Court Decisions p. 180
Toxic Chemicals, Genetically Modified Organisms, and Hazardous Wastes p. 189
Pesticide Regulation p. 189
The Toxic Substances Control Act p. 196
Regulation of Genetically Modified Organisms p. 203
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) p. 206
Overview of the Act p. 208
么Solid枚 and 么Hazardous枚 Waste Defined p. 212
The Land Disposal Ban p. 217
Civil Liability: Imminent Hazards p. 221
The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act p. 225
Overview of the Act p. 225
Implementing Cleanups p. 228
Liability of Responsible Parties p. 230
Right of Contribution p. 244
Measure of Damages p. 248
Settlements p. 252
Mandatory Reporting of Chemical Hazards p. 253
Criminal Liability p. 255
Knowing Violations p. 255
Negligent Violations p. 259
Responsible Corporate Officers p. 260
Prosecutorial Discretion p. 263
Common Law Remedies p. 265
Preservation of Natural Areas p. 275
Preservation as a Goal p. 276
Restrictions on Development of Private Land p. 279
The Taking Problem p. 279
The Public Trust Doctrine p. 292
The Navigational Servitude p. 296
Protecting Coastal Waters p. 300
Protection of Public Lands p. 306
Public Lands Policy p. 306
Withdrawals p. 310
Prevention of Conflicting Private Uses p. 313
Preserving Endangered Species p. 316
Index p. 323