Chapter 1: Introductory Assumptions 1
For Further Reading and Viewing 8
Chapter 2: Birth 12
Frames per second 12
Pictures on Film 12
Speed 13
Flicker and the Continuous Signal 14
Persistence of Vision and Other Phenomena 15
Seeing with the Brain 15
Visual Masking and Retinal Retention 15
Early Observations 16
Separating and Integrating Frames 16
The Phi Phenomenon and Beta Movement 17
Short-Range Apparent Motion 18
Constructing Continuity 18
Scientific Toys 19
Emile Reynaud 20
Photography 21
Muybridge and Marey 21
Thomas Edison 24
W. K-L. Dickson and William Heise 25
Early Cameras and Films 26
The Kinetoscope 28
A Sound Film and Studio 29
Projection 30
The Magic Lantern 31
The Loop and Other Solutions 32
The Lumiere Brothers 33
R.W. Paul 34
The Vitascope 35
The First Films 36
For Further Reading and Viewing 40
Chapter 3: Film Narrative, Commercial Expansion 42
Early Companies 42
Narrative 45
George Melies 46
Cohl and Others 49
Edwin S. Porter 51
From Brighton to Biograph 56
Business Wars 61
The Film d'Art 65
For Further Reading and Viewing 66
Chapter 4: Griffith 69
Apprenticeship 69
Biograph: The One-Reelers 70
Two Reels and Up 79
The Birth of a Nation 83
Intolerance 90
1917-31 93
Broken Blossoms and Way Down East 95
The Struggle 99
For Further Reading and Viewing 101
Chapter 5: Mack Sennett and the Chaplin Shorts 103
Krazy Keystones 103
Charlie 108
For Further Reading and Viewing 118
Chapter 6: Movie Czars and Movie Stars 120
Stars over Hollywood 121
The First Stars 121
California, Here We Come 123
The Emperors and Their Rule 125
Major Studios 126
Movie Palaces 128
Morality 130
Sermons and Scandals 132
The Hays Office 133
Films and Filmmakers, 1910-28 134
Thomas Ince 135
Douglas Fairbanks 136
DeMille and von Stroheim 136
Greed 141
Henry King 144
Oscar Micheaux and the Race Movie 144
Webber and Watson 147
Weber and Women 147
King Vidor 150
Lubitsch and Others 151
Flaherty and the Silent Documentary 152
The Comics 155
Laurel and Hardy and Hal Roach 155
Harold Lloyd 156
Harry Langdon 157
Buster Keaton 158
The Gold Rush and the General 161
Hollywood and the Jazz Age 164
Modernism 164
Jazz, Booze, and It 165
For Further Reading and Viewing 169
Chapter 7: The German Golden Age 174
Expressionism, Realism, and the Studio Film 174
Fantasy 177
Caligari 177
Destiny and Metropolis 178
Nosferatu and Others 183
Psychology 184
The Last Laugh 184
Pabst and die neue Sachlichkeit 187
The End of an Era 190
Beyond the Studio 190
Exodus to Hollywood 191
Using Sound 193
Lei Riefenstahl 194
For Further Reading and Viewing 196
Chapter 8: Soviet Montage 198
The Kuleshov Workshop 198
Sergei M. Eisenstein 201
Battleship Potemkin 204
October 206
Sound and Color 209
Vsevolod I. Pudovkin 211
Mother 212
Later Works 217
Other Major Figures 218
Alexander Dovzhenko 218
Dziga Vertov 220
Socialist Realism 221
For Further Reading and Viewing 223
Chapter 9: Sound 226
Processes 226
Problems 231
Solutions 233
For Further Reading and Viewing 239
Chapter 10: France between the Wars 242
Surrealism and Other Movements 242
Gance and Dreyer 245
Abel Gance 246
The Passion of Joan of Arc 249
Rene Clair 251
Jean Renoir 254
Grand Illusion 255
The Rules of the Game 257
Vigo and Others 260
Jean Vigo 260
Carne and Prevert 263
For Further Reading and Viewing 265
Chapter 11: The American Studio Years: 1930-45 268
Film Cycles and Cinematic Conventions 269
The Production Code 269
Cycles 270
Studios and Style 272
The Comics 280
Late Chaplin 280
Disney's World 282
Lubitsch and Sound 283
Frank Capra 284
Preston Sturges 286
George Cukor 286
The Marx Brothers 287
Mae West 289
W.C. Fields 290
Masters of Mood and Action 292
Josef von Sternberg 292
John Ford 295
Howard Hawks 301
Alfred Hitchcock 305
Orson Welles 309
For Further Reading and Viewing 318
Chapter 12: Hollywood in Transition: 1946-65 328
The Hollywood Ten and the Blacklist 329
3-D, CinemaScope, Color, and the Tube 331
Films in the Transitional Era 340
Freedom of Speech, Preminger, and the Blacklist 342
Message Pictures: Kazan and Others 343
Adaptations and Values: John Huston and Others 345
Film Noir and Other Genres 348
The Freed Musicals 353
Surfaces and Subversion 356
Samuel Fuller 356
Late Hitchcock 358
Nicholas Ray 361
Late Ford 363
Douglas Sirk 364
Finding the Audience 366
For Further Reading and Viewing 368
Chapter 13: Neorealism and the New Wave 375
Italian Neorealism 376
Roberto Rossellini 376
De Sica and Zavattini 378
Luchino Visconti 381
Romantics and Antiromantics 382
Federico Fellini 382
Michelangelo Antonioni 387
Pasolini and Bertolucci 391
Germi, Leone, and Others 394
France---Postwar Classicism 397
Cocteau and Others 397
Max Ophuls 398
Robert Bresson 403
Tati, Clouzot, and Clement 404
1959 and After 406
The New Wave 406
Francois Truffaut 406
Jean-Luc Godard 411
Alain Resnais 416
Chabrol, Rohmer, and Rivette 420
Varda, Marker, and the Documentary 420
Malle and Others 424
For Further Reading and Viewing 429
Chapter 14: National Cinemas 1: 1945--- 438
Sweden and Denmark 438
Ingmar Bergman 440
England 449
Postwar Masters 449
Another New Wave 454
From A Hard Day's Night to Masterpiece Theatre 457
Central and Eastern Europe 464
The Czech Golden Age 464
Poland 468
Hungary 471
The Balkan States 471
Cinemas East 473
Japan 473
India 489
China 495
Taiwan 499
Hong Kong 500
Korea 501
For Further Reading and Viewing 502
Chapter 15: Hollywood Renaissance: 1964-76 516
The New American Auteurs 523
John Cassavetes 523
Woody Allen 525
Robert Altman 526
Francis Ford Coppola 528
Martin Scorsese 531
Malick, De Palma, and Others 535
Stanley Kubrick 542
The Independent American Cinema 545
Early History 546
The New Film Poets 548
For Further Reading and Viewing 555
Chapter 16: National Cinemas 2: 1968-- 562
Das neue Kino 562
Rainer Werner Fassbinder 564
Werner Herzog 567
Wim Wenders 569
Von Trotta and Others 572
Third World Cinemas 573
Emerging Cinemas, Emerging Concerns 574
Instructive Dramas 577
Documentaries 580
Alex and Sembene 581
Other English-Language Cinemas 584
Australia 585
New Zealand 588
Canada 590
Ireland and Elsewhere 594
Russia and the Former Soviet Union 595
Paradjanov, Tarkovsky, and Others 596
Glassnost and After 598
Iran 600
The New Internationalism 603
Luis Bunuel 606
For Further Reading and Viewing 611
Chapter 17: The Return of the Myths: 1977-- 622
Star Wars and the New Mythology 626
Supermen, Slashers, and Cops 627
Feelgood Movies and Bummers 629
Popular Heroes and Postmodern Irony 631
Leading Directors 633
Lucas and Spielberg 633
Dark Satire: Lynch, Waters, and Others 636
The Comic Edge: Burton, Zemeckis, and Others 643
Politics, Insight, and Violence: Lee, Carpenter, and Others 649
For Further Reading and Viewing 665
Chapter 18: Conglomerates and Cassettes: 1975-- 670
It's A Wonderful Deal 670
Sequels and Blockbusters 670
Conglomerates 671
For Sale: Studio 672
The Budget Explosion 673
Executive Decisions 674
Theatres 675
Studio Shake-ups 676
Movies in the Age of Video 677
Tape and Videotape 678
Analog and Digital Information 679
Sampling and Conversion 679
Videotape Recorders 680
Cassettes and Discs 681
DVDs 682
Out of the Vaults 683
Pixels and Lines 684
Film and Video Frames 686
Changes on the Set 688
Nonlinear Editing 689
Copies and Originals 689
Colorization 690
Electronic Cinema 690
For Further Reading and Viewing 692
Chapter 19: Digital Cinema: 1999-- 694
Doing without Film 694
Beginnings 698
Production and Distribution 708
The Look of the Future 717
For Further Reading and Viewing 720
Distributors
Glossary 728
Acknowledgments
Index