1 introduction

lactic acid

2.1 introduction

2.2 properties

2.3 preparation

2.3.1 chemical synthesis

2.3.2 fermentation

2.4 separation and purification of la

2.4.1 esterification and hydrolysis

2.4.2 crystallization

2.4.3 molecular distillation

2.5 application

2.5.1 raw materials of pla

2.5.2 additives in foods

2.5.3 applications in cosmetics

2.5.4 applications in detergents

references

synthesis and manufacture of pla

3.1 direct polycondensation of lactic acid

3.2 azeotropic dehydrative polycondensation of la

.3.3 polycondensation kinetics of la

3.4 ring-opening polymerization of lactide

3.4.1 cationic ring-opening polymerization of lactide

3.4.2 anionic ring-opening polymerization of lactide

3.4.3 coordination-insertion polymerization of lactide

3.4.4 enzymatic ring-opening polymerization of lactide,

references

modification of pla

4.1 copolymerization of pla

4.1.1 random and alternating copolymers of pla

4.1.2 block copolymers of pla

4.1.3 multi-block copolymers of pla

4.1.4 graft or branched copolymers of pla

4.1.5 star-shaped copolymers of pla

4.1.6 dendritic copolymers of pla

4.2 pla blending

4.2.1 pla/ha

4.2.2 pla/peg

4.2.3 pla/phb

4.2.4 plla/pdla

4.2.5 plla and pdlla/pcl

4.2.6 pla/pbs

4.2.7 pla/phee

4.2.8 pla/pmma

4.2.9 pla/pva

4.2.10 pla/pbat

4.3 composites

4.4 additives

4.4.1 additives for pla

4.4.2 pla crystallization behavior and nucleating agents

4.5 new modifiers for pla

4.5.1 core-shell impact modifiers

4.5.2 nanocomposites

references

processing of pla

5.1 injection

5.1.1 pla injection molding

5.1.2 controlling crystallinity in injection molded pla

5.1.3 mechanical properties of injection-molded poly(l-lactic acid)

5.1.4 porous lamellar poly (l-lactic acid) scaffolds made by conventional injection molding process

5.1.5 shear controlled orientation in injection molding of plla

5.2 spinning

5.2.1 melt spinning of pla

5.2.2 dry spinning of pla

5.2.3 wet spinning of pla.,

5.2.4 dry-jet-wet spinning of pla

5.2.5 dyeing of pla fibers

5.2.6 electrospinning of pla fibers

5.3 blowing

5.3.1 properties for packaging

5.3.2 process of blown film

5.3.3 modification of blown film

5.4 foaming

5.4.1 modification of pla and its foam

5.4.2 starch/plla hybrid foams

5.4.3 pla/pbat blend foams

5.4.4 plananocomposite foams

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application in the field of commodity and industry product

6.1 packaging materials

6.2 fiber and nonwoven

6.2.1 pla fibers

6.2.2 application of pla fibers

6.3 engineering plastic

6.4 disposable ware

6.4.1 what is the difference between biodegradable and compostable?

6.4.2 about pla for disposable use

6.4.3 commercial pla disposable ware

6.5 biodegradable hot melt adhesive based on pla and other biodegradable polymer

6.5.1 biodegradable pla and/or pcl based biodegradable hmas

6.5.2 phbv and pea based on biodegradable hmas

6.5.3 natural polymer based on biodegradable hmas

reference

application in the field of biomedical materials

7.1 tissue engineering scaffold

7.1.1 design principles of tisssue engineering scaffold

7.1.2 pla materials and modification for tissue eningeering scaffold application

7.1.3 surface hydrophilicity modifications

7.1.4 biomimetic ecm modification

7.1.5 pla/apatite composite

7.1.6 preparation of tissue engineering scaffolds

7.1.7 thermally induced phase separation

7.1.8 solvent casting/particulate leaching

7.1.9 gas foaming

7.2 controllable drag delivery based on pla

7.2.1 introduction to drug delivery based on pla

7.2.2 science of controllable drug delivery

7.3 other biomedical appliances

7.3.1 pla used for surgical sutures

7.3.2 ideal filler for soft tissue augmentation

7.3.3 mesh insertion for groin hernia repair

reference

8 standard and test methods

8.1 biodegradation of pla

8.1.1 definition of biodegradation

8.1.2 factors affecting the biodegradation behaviour of pla.

8.1.3 abiotic degradation

8.1.4 biotic degradation

8.2 biodegradation standards and certification systems

8.2.1 biodegradation standards

8.2.2 different certification systems

8.3 introduction to some test methods

8.3.1 visual observation

8.3.2 gravimetry

8.3.3 enzyme assays

8.3.4 plate tests

8.3.5 respiration tests

8.3.6 controlled composting test

reference

index