Foundations of parasitology / 8th ed.

brief contents
Preface xv
1 Introduction to Parasitology 1
2 Basic Principles and Concepts I: Parasite
Systematics, Ecology, and Evolution 11
3 Basic Principles and Concepts II: Immunology
and Pathology 25
4 Parasitic Protozoa: Form, Function,
and Classification 43
5 Kinetoplasta: Trypanosomes and Their
Kin 61
6 Other Flagellated Protozoa 89
7 The Amebas 107
8 Phylum Apicomplexa: Gregarines, Coccidia,
and Related Organisms 123
9 Phylum Apicomplexa: Malaria Organisms
and Piroplasms 147
10 Phylum Ciliophora: Ciliated Protistan
Parasites 175
11 Microsporida and Myxozoa: Parasites with Polar
Filaments 181
12 The Mesozoa: Pioneers or Degenerates? 193
13 Introduction to Phylum
Platyhelminthes 199
14 Trematoda: Aspidobothrea 209
15 Trematoda: Form, Function, and Classification
of Digeneans 217
16 Digeneans: Strigeiformes 245
17 Digeneans: Echinostomatiformes 263
18 Digeneans: Plagiorchiformes and
Opisthorchiformes 275
19 Monogenoidea 293
20 Cestoidea: Form, Function, and Classification
of the Tapeworms 311
21 Tapeworms 339
22 Phylum Nematoda: Form, Function, and Classification 367
23 Nematodes: Trichurida and Dioctophymatida, Enoplean Parasites 397
24 Nematodes: Rhabditida, Pioneering Parasites 411
25 Nematodes: Strongylida, Bursate Rhabditians 417
26 Nematodes: Ascaridida, Intestinal Large Roundworms 431
27 Nematodes: Oxyurida, the Pinworms 445
28 Nematodes: Spirurida, a Potpourri 451
29 Nematodes: Filaroidea, the Filarial Worms 461
30 Nematodes: Camallanina, the Guinea Worms and Others 477
31 Phylum Nematomorpha, Hairworms 485
32 Phylum Acanthocephala: Thorny-Headed Worms 493
33 Phylum Arthropoda: Form, Function, and Classification 511
34 Parasitic Crustaceans 535
35 Phylum Pentastomida: Tongue Worms 559
36 Parasitic Insects: Mallophaga and Anoplura, the Lice 567
37 Parasitic Insects: Hemiptera, the Bugs 579
38 Parasitic Insects: Siphonaptera, the Fleas 587
39 Parasitic Insects: Diptera, the Flies 599
40 Parasitic Insects: Strepsiptera, Hymenoptera, and Others 625
41 Parasitic Arachnids: Subclass Acari, the Ticks and Mites 637
contents
Preface xv
1 Introduction to Parasitology 1
Relationship of Parasitology to Other
Sciences 1
Some Basic Definitions 2
Interactions of Symbionts 2
Hosts 4
Parasitology and Human Welfare 4
Parasites of Domestic and Wild Animals 6
Parasitology for Fun and Profit 7
Careers in Parasitology 7
References 8
Additional References 8
Parasitology on the World Wide Web 9
2 Basic Principles and Concepts I: Parasite
Systematics, Ecology, and Evolution 11
Systematics and Taxonomy of Parasites 11
Parasite Ecology 12
The Host as an Environment 12
A Parasite?s Ecological Niche 12
Trophic Relationships 14
Parasite Populations 15
Adaptations for Transmission 16
Epidemiology 18
Mathematical Models 18
Parasite Evolution 19
Evolutionary Associations Between Parasites and
Hosts 19
Parasitism and Sexual Selection 21
Evolution of Virulence 22
References 22
Additional References 23
3 Basic Principles and Concepts II:
Immunology and Pathology 25
Susceptibility and Resistance 25
Innate Defense Mechanisms 25
Physical and Chemical Barriers 25
Cellular Defenses 26
Immunity in Invertebrates 28
Acquired Immune Response
in Vertebrates 28
Basics of Self and Nonself Recognition 29
Antibodies 29
Lymphocytes 30
Cytokines 30
Generation of a Humoral Response 30
The Cell-Mediated Response 31
Inflammation 34
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
(AIDS) 35
Immunodiagnosis 35
Pathogenesis of Parasitic Infections 37
Accommodation and Tolerance in the Host-
Parasite Relationship 38
References 41
Additional References 42
4 Parasitic Protozoa: Form, Function,
and Classification 43
Form and Function 43
Nucleus and Cytoplasm 44
Locomotor Organelles 46
Reproduction and Life Cycles 50
Encystment 52
Feeding and Metabolism 52
Excretion and Osmoregulation 54
Endosymbionts 54
Classification of Protozoan Phyla 54
Stramenopiles 56
Amebas 57
Characters Generally Shared by Amebas 57
References 59
Additional References 60
5 Kinetoplasta: Trypanosomes
and Their Kin 61
Forms of Trypanosomatidae 61
Genus Trypanosoma 64
Section Salivaria 65
Section Stercoraria 70
Genus Leishmania 76
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis 79
Visceral Leishmaniasis 82
Other Trypanosomatid Parasites 85
Genus Leptomonas 85
Genus Herpetomonas 85
Genus Crithidia 85
Genus Blastocrithidia 85
Genus Phytomonas 85
References 85
Additional References 88
6 Other Flagellated Protozoa 89
Order Retortamonadida 89
Family Retortamonadidae 89
Order Diplomonadida 90
Family Hexamitidae 90
Trichomonads (Class Trichomonada, Order
Trichomonadida) 95
Family Trichomonadidae 95
Family Monocercomonadidae 99
Order Opalinida (Slopalinida) 102
Family Opalinidae 102
References 104
Additional References 106
7 The Amebas 107
Amebas Infecting Mouth and Intestine 107
Family Entamoebidae 107
Amebas Infecting Brain and Eyes 116
Family Vahlkampfiidae 116
Family Acanthamoebidae 118
Amebas of Uncertain Affinities 119
References 120
Additional References 121
8 Phylum Apicomplexa: Gregarines, Coccidia,
and Related Organisms 123
Apicomplexan Structure 123
Class Conoidasida, Subclass
Gregarinasina 124
Order Eugregarinorida 125
Subclass Coccidiasina 126
Order Eucoccidiorida 127
Suborder Adeleorina 127
Suborder Eimeriorina 128
References 143
Additional References 146
9 Phylum Apicomplexa: Malaria Organisms
and Piroplasms 147
Order Haemospororida 147
Genus Plasmodium 147
Genus Haemoproteus 164
Genus Leucocytozoon 165
Order Piroplasmida 166
Family Babesiidae 166
Family Theileriidae 169
References 170
Additional References 173
10 Phylum Ciliophora: Ciliated Protistan
Parasites 175
Class Spirotrichea 175
Order Clevelandellida; Family Nyctotheridae 175
Class Litostomatea 176
Order Vestibuliferida, Family Balantidiidae 176
Order Entodiniomorphida 177
Class Oligohymenophorea 178
Subclass Hymenostomatia, Order Hymenostomatida,
Family Ichthyophthiriidae 178
Subclass Peritrichia, Order Mobilida, Family
Trichodinidae 178
References 180
Additional References 180
11 Microsporida and Myxozoa: Parasites
with Polar Filaments 181
Phylum Microsporida 181
Family Nosematidae 183
Order Microsporidian Species 183
Myxozoa 184
Family Myxobolidae 185
References 190
Additional References 191
12 The Mesozoa: Pioneers
or Degenerates? 193
Class Rhombozoa 193
Order Dicyemida 193
Order Heterocyemida 194
Class Orthonectida 195
Morphology and Biology 195
Phylogenetic Position 197
Physiology and Host-Parasite
Relationships 197
References 198
Additional References 198
13 Introduction to Phylum
Platyhelminthes 199
Platyhelminth Systematics 200
Turbellarians 204
Acoels 204
Rhabditophorans 204
Temnocephalideans 205
Alloeocoels 206
Tricladids 206
Polycladids 206
References 207
Additional References 208
14 Trematoda: Aspidobothrea 209
Form and Function 209
Body Form 209
Tegument 209
Digestive System 210
Osmoregulatory System 210
Nervous System 211
Reproductive Systems 211
Development 214
Aspidogaster conchicola 214
Stichocotyle nephropsis 215
Phylogenetic Considerations 215
References 216
Additional References 216
15 Trematoda: Form, Function,
and Classification of Digeneans 217
Form and Function 217
Body Form 217
Tegument 218
Muscular System 222
Nervous System 222
Excretion and Osmoregulation 224
Acquisition of Nutrients and Digestion 225
Reproductive Systems 226
Development 227
Embryogenesis 228
Larval and Juvenile Development 228
Development in a Definitive Host 233
Trematode Transitions 234
Summary of Life Cycle 235
Metabolism 235
Energy Metabolism 235
Synthetic Metabolism 238
Biochemistry of Trematode Tegument 238
Phylogeny of Digenetic Trematodes 238
References 241
Additional References 244
16 Digeneans: Strigeiformes 245
Superfamily Strigeoidea 245
Family Diplostomidae 245
Family Strigeidae 246
Superfamily Schistosomatoidea 247
Family Schistosomatidae: Schistosoma Species
and Schistosomiasis 248
References 261
Additional References 262
17 Digeneans: Echinostomatiformes 263
Superfamily Echinostomatoidea 263
Family Echinostomatidae 263
Echinostomatids as Models in Experimental
Parasitology 265
Family Fasciolidae 266
Other Fasciolid Trematodes 269
Family Cathaemasiidae 271
Superfamily Paramphistomoidea 272
Family Paramphistomidae 272
Family Diplodiscidae 272
Family Gastrodiscidae 273
References 273
Additional References 274
18 Digeneans: Plagiorchiformes
and Opisthorchiformes 275
Other Plagiorchiformes 275
Suborder Plagiorchiata 275
Suborder Troglotrematidae 279
Order Opisthorchiformes 285
Family Opisthorchiidae 285
Family Heterophyidae 289
References 290
Additional References 291
19 Monogenoidea 293
Form and Function 293
Body Form 293
Tegument 296
Muscular and Nervous Systems 297
Osmoregulatory System 299
Acquisition of Nutrients 299
Male Reproductive System 300
Female Reproductive System 300
Development 301
Oncomiracidium 301
Subclass Polyonchoinea 302
Subclass Polystomatoinea 304
Subclass Oligonchoinea 305
Phylogeny 306
Classification of Class Monogenoidea 306
References 307
Additional References 309
20 Cestoidea: Form, Function, and
Classification of Tapeworms 311
Form and Function 311
Strobila 311
Scolex 312
Tegument 313
Calcareous Corpuscles 317
Muscular System 319
Nervous System 319
Excretion and Osmoregulation 320
Reproductive Systems 322
Development 324
Larval and Juvenile Development 325
Development in the Definitive Host 328
Metabolism 329
Acquisition of Nutrients 329
Energy Metabolism 330
Synthetic Metabolism 332
Hormonal Effects of Metabolites 332
Classification of Class Cestoidea 333
References 335
Additional References 338
21 Tapeworms 339
Order Pseudophyllidea 339
Family Diphyllobothriidae 339
Other Pseudophyllideans Found in Humans 343
Sparganosis 343
Order Caryophyllidea 344
Order Spathebothriidea 344
Order Cyclophyllidea 345
Family Taeniidae 345
Other Taeniids of Medical Importance 350
Family Hymenolepididae 354
Family Davaineidae 356
Family Dilepididae 356
Family Anoplocephalidae 357
Family Mesocestoididae 358
Family Dioecocestidae 359
Order Proteocephalata 359
Order Tetraphyllidea 360
Order Trypanorhyncha 361
Subcohort Amphilinidea 362
Cohort Gyrocotylidea 363
References 363
Additional References 366
22 Phylum Nematoda: Form, Function,
and Classification 367
Historical Aspects 367
Form and Function 368
Body Wall 368
Musculature 371
Pseudocoel and Hydrostatic Skeleton 371
Nervous System 373
Digestive System and Acquisition of Nutrients 377
Secretory-Excretory System 380
Reproduction 381
Development 385
Eggshell Formation 385
Embryogenesis 386
Embryonic Metabolism 387
Hatching 387
Growth and Ecdysis 387
Metabolism 389
Energy Metabolism 389
Synthetic Metabolism 390
Classification of Phylum Nematoda 391
References 393
Additional References 396
23 Nematodes: Trichurida and Dioctophymatida,
Enoplean Parasites 397
Order Trichurida 397
Family Trichuridae 397
Family Capillariidae 399
Family Anatrichosomatidae 401
Family Trichinellidae 401
Order Dioctophymatida 407
Family Dioctophymatidae 407
References 409
Additional References 410
24 Nematodes: Rhabditida, Pioneering
Parasites 411
Families Steinernematidae and
Heterorhabditidae 411
Family Rhabdiasidae 412
Family Strongyloididae 412
References 415
Additional References 416
25 Nematodes: Strongylida, Bursate
Rhabditians 417
Superfamily Ancylostomatoidea 417
Family Ancylostomidae 417
Superfamily Strongyloidea 424
Family Strongylidae 424
Family Syngamidae 425
Superfamily Trichostrongyloidea 425
Family Trichostrongylidae 425
Family Dictyocaulidae 427
Superfamily Metastrongyloidea 427
Family Angiostrongylidae 427
References 428
Additional References 430
26 Nematodes: Ascaridida, Intestinal Large
Roundworms 431
Superfamily Ascaridoidea 431
Family Ascarididae 431
Family Anisakidae 440
Superfamily Heterakoidea 440
Family Ascaridiidae 440
Family Heterakidae 441
References 441
Additional References 443
27 Nematodes: Oxyurida, Pinworms 445
Family Oxyuridae 445
References 449
Additional References 449
28 Nematodes: Spirurida,
a Potpourri 451
Family Acuariidae 451
Family Gnathostomatidae 451
Family Physalopteridae 454
Family Tetrameridae 455
Family Gongylonematidae 455
Family Spirocercidae 456
Family Thelaziidae 458
References 458
Additional References 459
29 Nematodes: Filaroidea, Filarial
Worms 461
Family Onchocercidae 461
Wuchereria Bancrofti 461
Brugia malayi 466
Onchocerca volvulus 466
Loa loa 470
Other Filariids Found in Humans 471
References 473
Additional References 475
30 Nematodes: Camallanina, Guinea Worms
and Others 477
Family Camallanidae 477
Families Philometridae and
Anguillicolidae 477
Family Dracunculidae 478
References 483
Additional References 483
31 Phylum Nematomorpha,
Hairworms 485
Form and Function 486
Morphology 486
Physiology 488
Natural History 489
Life Cycle 489
Ecology 490
Phylogeny and Classification 491
References 492
Additional References 492
32 Phylum Acanthocephala: Thorny-Headed
Worms 493
Form and Function 493
General Body Structure 493
Body Wall 494
Reproductive System 496
Excretory System 499
Nervous System 499
Acquisition and Use of Nutrients 499
Uptake 499
Metabolism 500
Development and Life Cycles 500
Class Eoacanthocephala 501
Class Palaeacanthocephala 502
Class Archiacanthocephala 502
Effects of Acanthocephalans on Their
Hosts 503
Acanthocephala in Humans 505
Phylogenetic Relationships 505
Classification of Phylum
Acanthocephala 505
References 507
Additional References 509
33 Phylum Arthropoda: Form, Function,
and Classification 511
General Form and Function 512
Arthropod Metamerism 512
Exoskeleton 512
Molting 515
Early Development and Embryology 517
Postembryonic Development 517
Diapause 520
External Morphology 520
Form of Crustacea 520
Form of Pterygote (Winged) Insects 521
Form of Acari 522
Internal Structure 523
Classification of Arthropodan Taxa with
Symbiotic Members 528
References 533
Additional References 534
34 Parasitic Crustaceans 535
Class Maxillopoda 535
Subclass Copepoda 535
Subclass Branchiura 548
Subclass Thecostraca 549
Subclass Tantulocarida 552
Class Ostracoda 552
Class Malacostraca 553
Order Amphipoda 553
Order Isopoda 553
References 556
Additional References 557
35 Pentastomida: Tongue Worms 559
Morphology 559
Reproductive Anatomy 560
Biology 561
Development 561
Life Cycles 561
Pathogenesis 563
Visceral Pentastomiasis 563
Nasopharyngeal Pentastomiasis 564
References 564
36 Parasitic Insects: Mallophaga
and Anoplura, Lice 567
Order Mallophaga 568
Morphology 568
Biology of Some Representative
Species 568
Order Anoplura 570
Morphology 570
Mode of Feeding 571
Other Anoplurans of Note 573
Lice as Vectors of Human
Disease 574
Epidemic, or Louse-Borne, Typhus 574
Trench Fever 575
Relapsing Fever 576
Control of Lice 576
References 576
Additional References 577
37 Parasitic Insects: Hemiptera, Bugs 579
Mouthparts and Feeding 579
Family Cimicidae 581
Morphology 582
Biology 582
Epidemiology and Control 582
Family Reduviidae 583
Morphology 583
Biology 583
Epidemiology and Control 584
References 584
38 Parasitic Insects: Fleas, Order
Siphonaptera 587
Morphology 587
Jumping Mechanism 587
Mouthparts and Mode of Feeding 588
Development 588
Host Specificity 590
Families Ceratophyllidae
and Leptopsyllidae 590
Family Pulicidae 591
Family Tungidae 593
Fleas as Vectors 593
Plague 593
Murine Typhus 596
Myxomatosis 597
Other Parasites 597
Control of Fleas 597
References 597
39 Parasitic Insects: Diptera, Flies 599
Suborder Nematocera 599
Family Psychodidae 599
Family Culicidae 600
Family Simuliidae 608
Family Ceratopogonidae 610
Suborder Brachycera 610
Infraorder Tabanomorpha 611
Infraorder Muscomorpha 612
Myiasis 615
References 621
Additional References 623
40 Parasitic Insects: Strepsiptera, Hymenoptera,
and Others 625
Orders with Few Parasitic Species 625
Order Dermaptera (Earwigs) 625
Order Neuroptera (Lacewings) 625
Order Lepidoptera (Butterflies and Moths) 626
Order Coleoptera (Beetles) 626
Order Strepsiptera (Stylops) 627
Morphology 627
Development 629
Order Hymenoptera (Ants, Bees,
and Wasps) 630
Morphology 630
Development 631
Classification and Examples 631
Biological Control 633
References 634
41 Parasitic Arachnids: Subclass Acari, Ticks
and Mites 637
Classification of Arachnida and Acari 638
Order Ixodida: Ticks 638
Biology 638
Family Ixodidae 639
Family Argasidae 644
Immunity to Ticks 646
Order Mesostigmata 647
Family Laelaptidae 647
Family Halarachnidae 647
Family Dermanyssidae 648
Family Rhinonyssidae 649
Order Prostigmata 650
Family Cheyletidae 650
Family Pyemotidae 650
Family Psorergatidae 651
Family Demodicidae 651
Family Trombiculidae 651
Order Oribatida 653
Order Astigmata 653
Family Psoroptidae 653
Family Sarcoptidae 654
Family Knemidokoptidae 655
Family Pyroglyphidae 655
Bee Mites 655
References 656
Additional References 657
Glossary 659
Index 681