Cover 1
Contents 6
Preface to the third edition 9
Typographical conventions 10
Introduction and Overview 12
1 The Categorization of Colour 18
1.1 Why colour terms? 19
1.2 Arbitrariness 22
1.3 An alternative approach: focal colours 25
1.4 Autonomous linguistics vs. cognitive linguistics 31
2 The Classical Approach to Categorization 36
2.1 Aristotle 37
2.2 The classical approach in linguistics: phonology 39
2.3 The classical approach in semantics 44
2.4 What\u2019s wrong with the classical theory? 52
3 Prototype Categories: I 58
3.1 Wittgenstein 59
3.2 Prototypes: an alternative to the classical theory 60
3.3 Basic level terms 65
3.4 Prototypes and the basic level 70
3.5 Where do prototypes come from? 72
3.6 Some applications 75
4 Prototype Categories: II 80
4.1 Prototypes 80
4.2 Prototypes and schemas 86
4.3 Folk categories and expert categories 89
4.4 Hedges 94
5 Linguistic and Encyclopaedic Knowledge 101
5.1 The dictionary and the encyclopaedia 102
5.2 Domains and schemas 104
5.3 Frames and scripts 107
5.4 Perspectivization 110
5.5 Frames and scripts in the comprehension of nominals 111
5.6 Fake 113
5.7 Real 115
6 Polysemy and Meaning Chains 119
6.1 Monosemous and polysemous categories 119
6.2 An illustration: Climb 125
6.3 Over 129
6.4 Some problems 135
7 Category Extension: Metonymy and Metaphor 141
7.1 Metonymy 141
7.2 Metaphor 149
8 Polysemy, or: How Many Meanings Does a Word Really Have? 161
8.1 Polysemy and compositionality 162
8.2 The two-level approach 165
8.3 Two illustrations: in and round 168
8.4 Polysemy and the network model 176
9 Polysemous Categories in Morphology and Syntax 187
9.1 Case 187
9.2 The diminutive 189
9.3 The past tense 193
9.4 Yes\u2013no questions 198
10 Polysemous Categories in Intonation 203
10.1 The problem of intonational meaning 203
10.2 The meanings of falling and rising tones 205
10.3 High key 212
11 Grammatical Categories 217
11.1 Words, affixes, and clitics 219
11.2 Grammatical categories 225
11.3 The semantic basis of grammatical categories 233
12 Syntactic Constructions as Prototype Categories 239
12.1 Why we need constructions 240
12.2 Elements of a construction grammar 242
12.3 The prenominal possessive 245
12.4 The transitive construction 248
12.5 The transitive construction: more marginal members 252
12.6 Metaphorical extension of syntactic constructions 256
12.7 A comparison with German 258
12.8 Concluding remarks 260
13 Prototype Categories in Phonology 264
13.1 Phoneme categories 265
13.2 The gradience of phonetic features 272
13.3 Syllable constructions 276
14 The Acquisition of Categories 283
14.1 Hypothesized acquisition routes 284
14.2 Grammatical categories and constructions 287
14.3 Conceptual development 292
14.4 Word meanings 296
References 302
Author index 318
A 318
B 318
C 318
D 318
E 318
F 318
G 319
H 319
J 319
K 319
L 319
M 319
N 320
O 320
P 320
Q 320
R 320
S 320
T 320
U 320
V 320
W 320
Y 321
Z 321
Subject index 322
A 322
B 322
C 322
D 323
E 323
F 323
G 323
H 323
I 323
K 324
L 324
M 324
N 324
O 324
P 324
Q 324
R 324
S 324
T 325
V 325
W 325
Z 325