*=New to this edition
Preface to the Fourth Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Introduction: On the Study of Philosophy
Part I Philosophy And The Meaning Of Life
The Value of Philosophy Bertrand Russell
The Province of Philosophy J J. C. Smart
The Absurd Thomas Nagel
Plato, Apology: Defence of Socrates
The Myth of Sisyphus Albert Camus
The Meaning of Human Existence Richard Taylor
The Meanings of Lives Susan Wolf
Part II God And Evil
Introduction
A Why Believe?
The Ontological Argument Saint Anselm
The Existence of God Saint Thomas Aquinas
The Wager Blaise Pascal
Why I Am Not a Theist Bertrand Russell
B The Problem of Evil
Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion David Hume
God, Evil and the Best of All Possible Worlds Gottfried Leibniz
Natural Theology William Paley
Dialogue on Good, Evil, and the Existence of God John Perry
Part III Knowledge And Reality
Introduction
A Plato and the Concept of Knowledge
Plato, Thaetetus
Is Justified True Belief Knowledge? Edmund Gettier
B Descartes and the Problems of Skepticism
Rene Descartes, Meditations on First Philosophy
Bad Dreams, Evil Demons, and the Experience Machine: Philosophy and The Matrix Christopher Grau
Excerpt from Philosophical Explanations Robert Nozick
C Hume's Problems and Some Solutions
Of Scepticism with Regard to the Senses David Hume
An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding David Hume
The Problem of Induction W C. Salmon
Part IV Minds, Bodies, And Persons
Introduction
A The Traditional Problem of Mind and Body
The Argument from Analogy for Other Minds Bertrand Russell
Descartes's Myth Gilbert Ryle
The Nature of Mind David M. Armstrong
Mad Pain and Martian Pain David Lewis
Intentional Systems Daniel Dennett
Eliminative Materialism Paul M. Churchland
B Minds, Brains, and Machines
Turing Machines Hilary Putnam
Computing Machinery and Intelligence A M. Turing
Minds, Brains, and Programs John R. Searle
C Consciousness
What Is It Like to Be a Bat? Thomas Nagel
What Mary Didn't Know Frank Jackson
Knowing What It's Like David Lewis
D Personal Identity
A Dialogue on Personal Identity and Immortality John Perry
The Self and the Future Bernard Williams
Personal Identity Derek Parfit
Where Am I? Daniel Dennett
E Freedom, Determinism, and Responsibility
Human Freedom and the Self Roderick M. Chisholm
The Powers of Rational Beings: Freedom of the Will Peter Van Inwagen
Of Liberty and Necessity David Hume
Freedom and Determinism Richard Taylor
Alternate Possibilities and Moral Responsibility Harry G. Frankfurt
Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person Harry G. Frankfurt
Part V Ethics And Society
Introduction
A Utilitarianism
The Principle of Utility Jeremy Bentham
Utilitarianism John Stuart Mill
Criticisms of Utilitarianism E F. Carritt
Extreme and Restricted Utilitarianism J J. C. Smart
Utilitarianism and Integrity Bernard Williams
Famine, Affluence, and Morality Peter Singer
B Kantian Ethics
Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals Immanuel Kant
Kantian Approaches to Some Famine Problems Onora O'Neill
War and Massacre Thomas Nagel
C Aristotelian Ethics
Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics
Aristotle on Eudaimonia Thomas Nagel
Virtue Theory and Abortion Rosalind Hursthouse
D Justice and Equality
A Theory of Justice John Rawls
Justice and Entitlement Robert Nozick
G A. Cohen, Where the Action Is: On the Site of Distributive Justice
The Subjection of Women John Stuart Mill
Markets in Women's Reproductive Labor Debra Satz
Racisms Kwame Anthony Appiah
E Challenges to Morality
1 Morality and Self-Interest
Plato, The Republic
An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals David Hume
Morality and Advantage David Gauthier
The Law of the Jungle: Moral Alternatives and Principles of Evolution J L. Mackie
2 Subjectivism, Relativism, and Skepticism
The Subjectivity of Values J L. Mackie
Ethics and Observation Gilbert Harman
Moral Explanations Nicholas L. Sturgeon
Part VI Puzzles And Paradoxes
Introduction
A Zeno's Paradoxes
Achilles and the Tortoise
The Racecourse
The Argument Against Plurality
B Metaphysical and Epistemological Puzzles and Paradoxes
The Paradox of Identity
The Paradox of the Heap
The Surprise Examination
Goodman's New Riddle of Induction
C Puzzles of Rational Choice
The Prisoner's Dilemma
Newcomb's Problem
Kavka's Toxin Puzzle
Quinn's Puzzle of the Self-Torturer
D Paradoxes of Logic, Set Theory, and Semantics
The Paradox of the Liar
Other Versions of the Liar
Russell's Paradox
Grelling's Paradox
E Puzzles of Ethics
The Trolley Problem
Ducking Harm and Sacrificing Others
Glossary of Philosophical Terms