简介
What were the circumstances that led to the development ofour cognitive abilities from a primitive hominid to an essentially modern human? The answer to this question is of profound importance to understanding our present nature. Since the steep path of our cognitive development is the attribute that most distinguishes humans from othermammals, this is also a quest to determine human origins. This collection of outstanding scientific problems and therevelation of the many ways they can be addressed indicates the scope of the field to be explored and reveals some avenues along which research is advancing. Distinguished scientists and researchers who have advancedthe discussion of the mind and brain contribute state-of-the-art presentations of their field of expertise. Chapters offer speculative and provocative views on topicssuch as body, culture, evolution, feelings, genetics, history, humor, knowledge, language, machines, neuroanatomy, pathology, and perception. This book will appeal to researchers and students in cognitive neuroscience, experimental psychology, cognitive science, and philosophy. * Includes a contribution by Noam Chomsky,one of the most cited authors of our time.
目录
Table Of Contents:
Contributors viii
Introduction xxvi
How Did Modern Human Cognition Evolve? 3(16)
Ian Tattersall
Our large brain: does size matter? 5(2)
Tools, decoration and art 7(5)
Where did modern human consciousness come from? 12(5)
Conclusion 17(2)
Taking Up Arms 19(10)
Michael Corballis
Thinking big 19(1)
The question of language 20(1)
Language is a hand-me-down! 21(1)
Convincing myself 21(1)
Book for sale 22(1)
Objections 22(1)
When did autonomous speech emerge? 23(3)
Not with a bang, but with a whimper 26(3)
Celebrating 300 Million Years of the Mind: A Bird's Eye View 29(16)
Peter J. Snyder
What do we mean by `the mind'? 30(1)
Flying without frontal lobes 31(1)
What is intelligence, and how can this be measured in birds? 31(2)
Birds, like humans, learn from careful observation 33(1)
How is this possible with so little neocortical tissue? 34(1)
From stories to controlled experiments 35(3)
Talking with Alex 38(1)
Bird play 39(1)
If my bird looks happy, is she really happy? 40(1)
Anthropomorphism 41(1)
Conclusion 42(3)
Was Medieval Cell Doctrine More Modern Than We Thought? 45(8)
Harry Whitaker
A brief historical sketch - the standard view 45(1)
New version - it was in the brain all along 46(1)
Early studies of patients with brain damage 47(1)
A little Latin to help sort out the puzzle 48(1)
Information flow - making the model dynamic 48(2)
The brain's control of movement 50(1)
A summary and outline 51(2)
Can Evolution Produce Robots? 53(16)
Manfred Hild
Brigitte Stemmer
Artificial intelligence 53(3)
How does artificial evolution work? 56(2)
How artificial neurons work 58(1)
How to get robots to behave 58(1)
What artificial neural nets can do 59(2)
A useful application: getting rid of trash 61(1)
Learning and evolution 61(1)
What is the current state of things? 62(2)
Of what importance is evolutionary robotics? 64(1)
Future visions 64(5)
The Thought-Translation Device 69(14)
Niels Birbaumer
Frank Appletree Rodden
Using brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) to translate thoughts into action 70(1)
Communicating with slow cortical potentials 71(1)
The origin of slow cortical potentials in the human brain 72(1)
The TTD in a nutshell 72(2)
Setting up and using the TTD 74(1)
How the language support program works 74(2)
The training procedure 76(1)
The training of patient E.M. 77(3)
TTD - visions for the future 80(3)
Babes in Arms: Studies in Laterality 83(32)
Lauren Julius Harris
The left side rules 83(2)
A bias rediscovered 85(3)
Is the bias just a matter of handedness? 88(1)
Some things to know about handedness 89(1)
What handedness could explain about the holding-side bias 90(1)
Problems for a handedness explanation 91(2)
Is the bias a matter of posture? 93(2)
What's the difference between babies and books? 95(2)
Types of holds and their functions 97(1)
States of `action-approach' 97(4)
The anatomy of emotion 101(1)
Emotions, attention, and side of holding 102(1)
Can the attention hypothesis account for other details of the holding-side bias? 103(2)
An exception to the left-side rule 105(2)
Why don't left-hand prohibitions decrease left-side holding? 107(1)
In Sum 108(7)
Why a Creative Brain? Evolutionary Setups for Off-Line Planning of Coherent Stages 115(12)
William H. Calvin
Creativity is an evolutionary newcomer 115(1)
Creativity for language instead? 116(1)
When an advance plan is needed 117(1)
Innovation during get-set 118(1)
The Darwinian process 119(1)
Speeding up the Darwinian process 120(1)
New uses for old things 121(1)
Long sentences and coherence 122(1)
Creating new levels of organization 123(4)
Creativity: Method or Magic? 127(12)
Stevan Harnad
What is not creative? 128(3)
Creative trait or creative state? 131(1)
Underlying mechanisms 131(6)
Conclusions 137(2)
The Cross-Cultural Brain 139(10)
Eran Zaidel
Jonas Kaplan
Alexithymia 140(1)
The laterality hypothesis of alexithymia 141(1)
A `flashy' way to do experiments 141(2)
The experiments 143(3)
An invitation to participate in our online experiments 146(3)
Where's the Missing Body? A Puzzle for Cognitive Science 149(14)
Raymond W. Gibbs, Jr.
Act I 149(2)
Act II 151(2)
Act III 153(4)
Act IV 157(6)
Whose Free Will is it Anyway? or, The Illusion of Determinism 163(10)
Sidney J. Segalowitz
Is free will more than a feeling? 163(1)
Neuroscience, neural reductionism and determinism 164(1)
The implications of reductionism and determinism for society and psychology 165(1)
Psychology and materialism of the mind 166(1)
Modern neuroscience and non-determinism: radical changes of the late twentieth century 167(1)
The crux of the free-will debate: is brain activity predictable? 168(2)
Future perspectives 170(3)
Affective Neuroscience and the Ancestral Sources of Human Feelings 173(18)
Jaak Panksepp
Some personal lessons and LESSNS about the evolved nature of emotions 173(2)
Archaeology of mind: the affective sources of consciousness 175(2)
Five distinctions between affective consciousness and cognitive consciousness 177(2)
The emotional underpinnings of human nature - toward a neuroevolutionary psychobiology 179(3)
Learning in emotional systems and more on the pervasive emotion-cognition interactions 182(1)
Development of new psychiatric medications 183(1)
Mind views: emotional states and cognitive information processing 184(1)
In sum 185(6)
The Funny Meat Behind Our Eyes 191(14)
Frank Appletree Rodden
Humor and laughter for fun and (maybe) health 193(1)
Humor and laughter from a biological perspective 194(6)
The functional cognitive anatomy of a joke 200(2)
Where do we go from here? 202(3)
Practicing Safe Stress: A Selective Overview of the Neuroscience Research 205(20)
Cheryl M. McCormick
Stress and stressors 205(5)
Acute stress and memory 210(3)
Chronic stress, brain structure, and function 213(2)
Stress and mental health 215(3)
How stress sculpts the developing brain 218(2)
Gender, stress, and the brain 220(1)
Coping with stress 221(4)
Petrol Sniffing, the Brain, and Aboriginal culture: Between Sorcery and Neuroscience 225(20)
Sheree Cairney
Paul Maruff
Petrol sniffing 225(3)
Aboriginal culture 228(3)
Neuroscience 231(7)
Both ways 238(4)
Conclusion 242(3)
Chatting with Noam Chomsky 245(10)
Noam Chomsky
Index 255
Contributors viii
Introduction xxvi
How Did Modern Human Cognition Evolve? 3(16)
Ian Tattersall
Our large brain: does size matter? 5(2)
Tools, decoration and art 7(5)
Where did modern human consciousness come from? 12(5)
Conclusion 17(2)
Taking Up Arms 19(10)
Michael Corballis
Thinking big 19(1)
The question of language 20(1)
Language is a hand-me-down! 21(1)
Convincing myself 21(1)
Book for sale 22(1)
Objections 22(1)
When did autonomous speech emerge? 23(3)
Not with a bang, but with a whimper 26(3)
Celebrating 300 Million Years of the Mind: A Bird's Eye View 29(16)
Peter J. Snyder
What do we mean by `the mind'? 30(1)
Flying without frontal lobes 31(1)
What is intelligence, and how can this be measured in birds? 31(2)
Birds, like humans, learn from careful observation 33(1)
How is this possible with so little neocortical tissue? 34(1)
From stories to controlled experiments 35(3)
Talking with Alex 38(1)
Bird play 39(1)
If my bird looks happy, is she really happy? 40(1)
Anthropomorphism 41(1)
Conclusion 42(3)
Was Medieval Cell Doctrine More Modern Than We Thought? 45(8)
Harry Whitaker
A brief historical sketch - the standard view 45(1)
New version - it was in the brain all along 46(1)
Early studies of patients with brain damage 47(1)
A little Latin to help sort out the puzzle 48(1)
Information flow - making the model dynamic 48(2)
The brain's control of movement 50(1)
A summary and outline 51(2)
Can Evolution Produce Robots? 53(16)
Manfred Hild
Brigitte Stemmer
Artificial intelligence 53(3)
How does artificial evolution work? 56(2)
How artificial neurons work 58(1)
How to get robots to behave 58(1)
What artificial neural nets can do 59(2)
A useful application: getting rid of trash 61(1)
Learning and evolution 61(1)
What is the current state of things? 62(2)
Of what importance is evolutionary robotics? 64(1)
Future visions 64(5)
The Thought-Translation Device 69(14)
Niels Birbaumer
Frank Appletree Rodden
Using brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) to translate thoughts into action 70(1)
Communicating with slow cortical potentials 71(1)
The origin of slow cortical potentials in the human brain 72(1)
The TTD in a nutshell 72(2)
Setting up and using the TTD 74(1)
How the language support program works 74(2)
The training procedure 76(1)
The training of patient E.M. 77(3)
TTD - visions for the future 80(3)
Babes in Arms: Studies in Laterality 83(32)
Lauren Julius Harris
The left side rules 83(2)
A bias rediscovered 85(3)
Is the bias just a matter of handedness? 88(1)
Some things to know about handedness 89(1)
What handedness could explain about the holding-side bias 90(1)
Problems for a handedness explanation 91(2)
Is the bias a matter of posture? 93(2)
What's the difference between babies and books? 95(2)
Types of holds and their functions 97(1)
States of `action-approach' 97(4)
The anatomy of emotion 101(1)
Emotions, attention, and side of holding 102(1)
Can the attention hypothesis account for other details of the holding-side bias? 103(2)
An exception to the left-side rule 105(2)
Why don't left-hand prohibitions decrease left-side holding? 107(1)
In Sum 108(7)
Why a Creative Brain? Evolutionary Setups for Off-Line Planning of Coherent Stages 115(12)
William H. Calvin
Creativity is an evolutionary newcomer 115(1)
Creativity for language instead? 116(1)
When an advance plan is needed 117(1)
Innovation during get-set 118(1)
The Darwinian process 119(1)
Speeding up the Darwinian process 120(1)
New uses for old things 121(1)
Long sentences and coherence 122(1)
Creating new levels of organization 123(4)
Creativity: Method or Magic? 127(12)
Stevan Harnad
What is not creative? 128(3)
Creative trait or creative state? 131(1)
Underlying mechanisms 131(6)
Conclusions 137(2)
The Cross-Cultural Brain 139(10)
Eran Zaidel
Jonas Kaplan
Alexithymia 140(1)
The laterality hypothesis of alexithymia 141(1)
A `flashy' way to do experiments 141(2)
The experiments 143(3)
An invitation to participate in our online experiments 146(3)
Where's the Missing Body? A Puzzle for Cognitive Science 149(14)
Raymond W. Gibbs, Jr.
Act I 149(2)
Act II 151(2)
Act III 153(4)
Act IV 157(6)
Whose Free Will is it Anyway? or, The Illusion of Determinism 163(10)
Sidney J. Segalowitz
Is free will more than a feeling? 163(1)
Neuroscience, neural reductionism and determinism 164(1)
The implications of reductionism and determinism for society and psychology 165(1)
Psychology and materialism of the mind 166(1)
Modern neuroscience and non-determinism: radical changes of the late twentieth century 167(1)
The crux of the free-will debate: is brain activity predictable? 168(2)
Future perspectives 170(3)
Affective Neuroscience and the Ancestral Sources of Human Feelings 173(18)
Jaak Panksepp
Some personal lessons and LESSNS about the evolved nature of emotions 173(2)
Archaeology of mind: the affective sources of consciousness 175(2)
Five distinctions between affective consciousness and cognitive consciousness 177(2)
The emotional underpinnings of human nature - toward a neuroevolutionary psychobiology 179(3)
Learning in emotional systems and more on the pervasive emotion-cognition interactions 182(1)
Development of new psychiatric medications 183(1)
Mind views: emotional states and cognitive information processing 184(1)
In sum 185(6)
The Funny Meat Behind Our Eyes 191(14)
Frank Appletree Rodden
Humor and laughter for fun and (maybe) health 193(1)
Humor and laughter from a biological perspective 194(6)
The functional cognitive anatomy of a joke 200(2)
Where do we go from here? 202(3)
Practicing Safe Stress: A Selective Overview of the Neuroscience Research 205(20)
Cheryl M. McCormick
Stress and stressors 205(5)
Acute stress and memory 210(3)
Chronic stress, brain structure, and function 213(2)
Stress and mental health 215(3)
How stress sculpts the developing brain 218(2)
Gender, stress, and the brain 220(1)
Coping with stress 221(4)
Petrol Sniffing, the Brain, and Aboriginal culture: Between Sorcery and Neuroscience 225(20)
Sheree Cairney
Paul Maruff
Petrol sniffing 225(3)
Aboriginal culture 228(3)
Neuroscience 231(7)
Both ways 238(4)
Conclusion 242(3)
Chatting with Noam Chomsky 245(10)
Noam Chomsky
Index 255
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