Fundamentals of soil ecology / 2nd ed.

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作   者:David C. Coleman, D.A. Crossley, Jr., Paul F. Hendrix.

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ISBN:9780121797263

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  "This book is by highly respected authors on a very active subject...it will give an excellent education on soil organisms and their general behavior." -P.B.H. Tinker, in EXPERIMENTAL AGRICULTURE, VOL. 41, 2005 "...a very well written and organized book, with its major strength in stating the various topics as 'state of the art,' along with the authors' visions for the near future of soil ecology." -Hector Causarano, Auburn University, in VADOSE ZONE JOURNAL, 2005 "This updated and expanded edition will be useful as a textbook for students of soil ecology and scientists doing research in this field." -Northeastern Naturalist "This book, with new material and updates to the first edition, delineates more than any other single source, the subject matter and key questions in the field. It provides a wide ranging and, in nearly all cases, a thorough and up-to-date synthesis of both older and recent literature. The writing is erudite, yet with a clear and easy style, sprinkled with anecdotes that make for an engaging read...this is an excellent reference work for soil scientists and ecologists. The style and structure of the book is somewhere between that of a traditional text book and a literature review/monograph. While basic concepts and core knowledge are well laid out, the reader is invited to explore many diverse and sometime contradictory finding and to make their own interpretations and conclusions. Hence, the book is well suited as a thought provoking text for graduate students and as an essential desk reference for the working scientist in the field." - Keith Paustian, Colorado State University, in AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS "...this book by Coleman, Crossley, and Hendrix is an eye-opener and a fascinating journey...Very simple and distinct illustrations further enhance the practicality and attractivity of this volume. The language is clear and concise, and conveys the fascination and dedication of the authors. This clarity is to be appreciated by every academic teacher and makes it fun reading. Essentially this book is both a primer and a wonderful textbook, which provides a much needed overview on soil ecology that is key to appreciating this fascinating environment and identifying what is needed to ensure soil well-being (for our own benefit). Fundamentals of Soil Ecology can be wholly recommended and should even be read by those who only occasionally deal with the soil system." - ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY "The authors of this book have, for many years, been at the forefront of the discipline of soil ecology. Indeed, their collective work has contributed significantly to the understanding of the udnerground world and has helped fuel the growing interest in this field of exploration...This book provides an excellent introduction to the field of soil ecology and is essential reading for any student or researcher with interest in the below ground world and the functioning of terestrial ecosystems. Indeed, it has all the traits of an excellent textbook: It is well written, richly illustrated, informative, through provoking, and well supported by a comprehensive and up-to-date literature base. What is unique about the book, in my view, is that it takes a truly holistic perspective to the study of soil ecology, highlighting the importance of the food web approach- emphasizing the central role of trophic interactions- and the role of soil as the organizing center for terrestrial ecosystems. The lead author and his coworkers are pioneers of this approach to soil ecology, and this book exemplifies their contribution to this field. I recommend this book strongly." -Richard Bardgett, Institute of Environmental and National Sciences, Soil and Ecosystem Ecology, Lancaster University, in BIOSCIENCE "Fundamentals of Soil Ecology by Coleman et al. is a thorough, well-researched presentation of current trends in soil ecology. This book is full of useful information; of particular value are discussions of lab and field methods, and future research needs in soil ecology. This book will be valuable for soil scientists and ecologists needing up-to-date information on soil organisms, food webs, and interactions with nutrient cycles. I highly recommend this book." - Thomas L. Thompson, Professor of Soil Science, University of Arizona, U.S.A. "The recommended text for my course on the ecology of soil organisms has just got better with the second edition of Fundamentals of Soil Ecology...this new edition retains the same engrossing read but even more information. The updated reference material, new sections and relevance to current events and, particularly, the practical exercises in the last chapter are most welcome. Coleman, Crossley and Hendrix have brought us a thorough review of a very fast evolving field of ecology...This book is timely in bringing our attention to soils as living entities that need to be conserved and managed judiciously. This book remains my choice of texts for students and would be recommended for anyone with an interest in soils at any level." - John Dighton, Director, Rutgers University Pinelands Field Station, U.S.A. "This well written, thoroughly updated edition supplies an excellent discussion of soil fauna while placing all the soil biota and their metabolism into a holistic, soil ecology context. The linkage of soil foodwebs and biodiversity to soil processes and global change nicely ties together the basic and applied aspects of these important concepts." - Eldor Paul, Colorado State University, U.S.A. & Editor of Soil Microbiology and Biochemistry "Three renowned experts in soil ecology contribute a needed addition to anyone interested in understanding the complex ecosystem beneath our feet. They bring together the most recent information on soil science, soil zoology and ecology, in a comprehensive, well-written book. Adding laboratory and field experiments as a final chapter assures that all students, young and old, can continue to explore the organisms in this hidden world. For everyone wanting an in depth appreciation of the fascinating creatures and their role in soils, this book is a must read!" - Diana Wall, Professor and Director, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, U.S.A. "This book provides a balanced and comprehensive perspective on the multi-disciplinary nature of soil ecology that spans from the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil as a habitat to the impact that soil communities have on ecosystem function...Traditional and contemporary methods for extraction, enumeration and identification of all major phyla in soils of forest, desert, agricultural and grassland ecosystems are described both conceptually and as research protocols approachable to scientists ranging in expertise from novice to experts. The tables and figures provide a synthesis of literature and graphic illustration of concepts that is invaluable in self-learning and instruction in both formal and informal settings." - Deborah Neher, Soil Ecologist & Professor, University of Toledo, Ohio, U.S.A. "This fully revised and expanded edition of Fundamentals of Soil Ecology continues its holistic approach to soil biology and ecosystem function. Students and ecosystem researchers will gain a greater understanding of the central roles that soils play in ecosystem development and function." - in BOIS & FORETS DES TROPIQUES          "This book is by highly respected authors on a very active subject...it will give an excellent education on soil organisms and their general behavior."   -P.B.H. Tinker, in EXPERIMENTAL AGRICULTURE, VOL. 41, 2005      "...a very well written and organized book, with its major strength in stating the various topics as 'state of the art,' along with the authors' visions for the near future of soil ecology."   -Hector Causarano, Auburn University, in VADOSE ZONE JOURNAL, 2005      "This updated and expanded edition will be useful as a textbook for students of soil ecology and scientists doing research in this field."   -Northeastern Naturalist      "This book, with new material and updates to the first edition, delineates more than any other single source, the subject matter and key questions in the field. It provides a wide ranging and, in nearly all cases, a thorough and up-to-date synthesis of both older and recent literature. The writing is erudite, yet with a clear and easy style, sprinkled with anecdotes that make for an engaging read...this is an excellent reference work for soil scientists and ecologists. The style and structure of the book is somewhere between that of a traditional text book and a literature review/monograph. While basic concepts and core knowledge are well laid out, the reader is invited to explore many diverse and sometime contradictory finding and to make their own interpretations and conclusions. Hence, the book is well suited as a thought provoking text for graduate students and as an essential desk reference for the working scientist in the field."   - Keith Paustian, Colorado State University, in AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS      "...this book by Coleman, Crossley, and Hendrix is an eye-opener and a fascinating journey...Very simple and distinct illustrations further enhance the practicality and attractivity of this volume. The language is clear and concise, and conveys the fascination and dedication of the authors. This clarity is to be appreciated by every academic teacher and makes it fun reading. Essentially this book is both a primer and a wonderful textbook, which provides a much needed overview on soil ecology that is key to appreciating this fascinating environment and identifying what is needed to ensure soil well-being (for our own benefit). Fundamentals of Soil Ecology can be wholly recommended and should even be read by those who only occasionally deal with the soil system."   - ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY      "The authors of this book have, for many years, been at the forefront of the discipline of soil ecology. Indeed, their collective work has contributed significantly to the understanding of the udnerground world and has helped fuel the growing interest in this field of exploration...This book provides an excellent introduction to the field of soil ecology and is essential reading for any student or researcher with interest in the below ground world and the functioning of terestrial ecosystems. Indeed, it has all the traits of an excellent textbook: It is well written, richly illustrated, informative, through provoking, and well supported by a comprehensive and up-to-date literature base. What is unique about the book, in my view, is that it takes a truly holistic perspective to the study of soil ecology, highlighting the importance of the food web approach- emphasizing the central role of trophic interactions- and the role of soil as the organizing center for terrestrial ecosystems. The lead author and his coworkers are pioneers of this approach to soil ecology, and this book exemplifies their contribution to this field. I recommend this book strongly."   -Richard Bardgett, Institute of Environmental and National Sciences, Soil and Ecosystem Ecology, Lancaster University, in BIOSCIENCE      "Fundamentals of Soil Ecology by Coleman et al. is a thorough, well-researched presentation of current trends in soil ecology. This book is full of useful information; of particular value are discussions of lab and field methods, and future research needs in soil ecology. This book will be valuable for soil scientists and ecologists needing up-to-date information on soil organisms, food webs, and interactions with nutrient cycles. I highly recommend this book."   - Thomas L. Thompson, Professor of Soil Science, University of Arizona, U.S.A.      "The recommended text for my course on the ecology of soil organisms has just got better with the second edition of Fundamentals of Soil Ecology...this new edition retains the same engrossing read but even more information. The updated reference material, new sections and relevance to current events and, particularly, the practical exercises in the last chapter are most welcome. Coleman, Crossley and Hendrix have brought us a thorough review of a very fast evolving field of ecology...This book is timely in bringing our attention to soils as living entities that need to be conserved and managed judiciously. This book remains my choice of texts for students and would be recommended for anyone with an interest in soils at any level."   - John Dighton, Director, Rutgers University Pinelands Field Station, U.S.A.      "This well written, thoroughly updated edition supplies an excellent discussion of soil fauna while placing all the soil biota and their metabolism into a holistic, soil ecology context. The linkage of soil foodwebs and biodiversity to soil processes and global change nicely ties together the basic and applied aspects of these important concepts."   - Eldor Paul, Colorado State University, U.S.A. & Editor of      "Three renowned experts in soil ecology contribute a needed addition to anyone interested in understanding the complex ecosystem beneath our feet. They bring together the most recent information on soil science, soil zoology and ecology, in a comprehensive, well-written book. Adding laboratory and field experiments as a final chapter assures that all students, young and old, can continue to explore the organisms in this hidden world. For everyone wanting an in depth appreciation of the fascinating creatures and their role in soils, this book is a must read!"   - Diana Wall, Professor and Director, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, U.S.A.      "This book provides a balanced and comprehensive perspective on the multi-disciplinary nature of soil ecology that spans from the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil as a habitat to the impact that soil communities have on ecosystem function....Traditional and contemporary methods for extraction, enumeration and identification of all major phyla in soils of forest, desert, agricultural and grassland ecosystems are described both conceptually and as research protocols approachable to scientists ranging in expertise from novice to experts. The tables and figures provide a synthesis of literature and graphic illustration of concepts that is invaluable in self-learning and instruction in both formal and informal settings."   - Deborah Neher, Soil Ecologist & Professor, University of Toledo, Ohio, U.S.A.      "This fully revised and expanded edition of Fundamentals of Soil Ecology continues its holistic approach to soil biology and ecosystem function. Students and ecosystem researchers will gain a greater understanding of the central roles that soils play in ecosystem development and function."   - in BOIS & FORETS DES TROPIQUES  

目录

Preface to the Second Edition p. xi
Preface to the First Edition p. xiii
Historical Overview of Soils and the Fitness of the Soil Environment p. 1
The Historical Background of Soil Ecology p. 1
Water as a Constituent of Soil p. 4
Elemental Constitution of Soil p. 9
How Soils Are Formed p. 9
Profile Development p. 11
Soil Texture p. 13
Clay Mineral Structure p. 15
Soil Structure p. 16
Soils as Suppliers of Ecosystem Services p. 20
Summary p. 20
Primary Production Processes in Soils: Roots and Rhizosphere Associates p. 23
Introduction p. 23
The Primary Production Process p. 23
Methods of Sampling p. 25
Destructive Techniques p. 25
The Harvest Method p. 25
Isotope-Dilution Method p. 28
Root-Ingrowth Technique p. 28
Nondestructive Techniques p. 30
Additional Sources of Primary Production p. 34
Symbiotic Associates of Roots p. 34
Mycorrhizal Structure and Function p. 36
Ecosystem-Level Consequences of ECM Function p. 37
Actinorhiza p. 38
Carbon Allocation in the Root/Rhizosphere p. 38
Carbon Allocation Costs of Development and Maintenance of Symbiotic Associations with Roots p. 42
Future Directions for Research on Roots and Mycorrhizal Function and Biodiversity p. 44
Summary p. 46
Secondary Production: Activities of Heterotrophic Organisms--Microbes p. 47
Introduction p. 47
Compounds Being Decomposed p. 48
Microbial Activities in Relation to Catabolism in Soil Systems p. 48
Microbial Abundance and Distribution in Soil p. 53
Techniques for Measuring Microbial Communities p. 57
Direct Measures of Numbers and Biomass p. 57
Indirect Measures of Biomass p. 59
Chemical Methods p. 59
The Chloroform Fumigation and Incubation (CFI) Technique p. 59
The Chloroform Fumigation and Extraction (CFE) Technique p. 60
Physiological Methods: SIR Technique p. 61
Additional Physiological Methods of Measuring Microbial Activity p. 61
Enzyme Assays and Measures of Biological Activities in Soils p. 63
Direct Methods of Determining Soil Microbial Activity p. 66
Soil Sterilization and Partial Sterilization Techniques p. 67
Conceptual Models of Microbes in Soil Systems p. 67
Root-Rhizosphere Microbe Models and Experiments p. 67
Soil Aggregation Models p. 69
Models: Organism and Process-Oriented p. 74
Summary p. 77
Secondary Production: Activities of Heterotrophic Organisms--The Soil Fauna p. 79
Introduction p. 79
The Microfauna p. 83
Methods for Extracting and Counting Protozoa p. 86
Distribution of Protozoa in Soil Profiles p. 87
Impacts of Protozoa on Ecosystem Function p. 87
The Mesofauna p. 89
Rotifera p. 89
Features of Body Plan and General Ecology p. 89
Nematoda p. 90
Nematode Feeding Habits p. 90
Nematode Zones of Activity in Soil p. 93
Nematode Extraction Techniques p. 94
Tardigrada p. 95
Microarthropods p. 98
Collembola p. 101
Families of Collembola p. 103
Population Growth and Reproduction p. 107
Collembolan Feeding Habits p. 107
Collembolan Impacts on Soil Ecosystems p. 108
Acari (Mites) p. 109
Oribatid Mites p. 111
Abundance and Diversity of Oribatid Mites p. 114
Population Growth p. 116
Oribatid Feeding Habits p. 116
Oribatid Impacts on Soil Ecosystems p. 119
Prostigmatic Mites p. 119
Mesostigmatic Mites p. 122
Astigmatic Mites p. 124
Other Microarthropods p. 128
Protura p. 128
Diplura p. 129
Microcoryphia p. 130
Pseudoscorpionida p. 130
Symphyla p. 131
Pauropoda p. 133
Enchytraeidae p. 133
The Macrofauna p. 141
Macroarthropods p. 141
Importance of the Macroarthropods p. 141
Isopoda p. 143
Diplopoda p. 145
Chilopoda p. 146
Scorpionida p. 147
Araneae p. 149
Opiliones p. 151
Solifugae p. 152
Uropygi p. 152
The Pterygote Insects p. 153
Coleoptera p. 154
Hymenoptera p. 159
Diptera p. 161
Isoptera p. 162
Other Pterygota p. 166
Gastropoda p. 167
Sampling Techniques for Gastropods p. 168
Oligochaeta--Earthworms p. 169
Earthworm Distribution and Abundance p. 170
Biology and Ecology p. 171
Influence on Soil Processes p. 176
Earthworm Management p. 178
Earthworm Sampling and Identification p. 179
General Attributes of Fauna in Soil Systems p. 181
Faunal Feedbacks on Microbial Community Composition and Diversity p. 182
Summary p. 184
Decomposition and Nutrient Cycling p. 187
Introduction p. 187
Integrating Variables p. 188
Resource Quality, Climate, and Litter Breakdown p. 190
Dynamics of Litter Breakdown p. 192
Direct Measurement of Litter Breakdown p. 194
Patterns of Mass Loss During Decomposition p. 201
Effects of Fauna on Litter Breakdown Rates p. 204
Nutrient Movement During Decomposition p. 206
Nutrient Cycling Links in Soil Systems p. 215
Role of Soil Fauna in Organic Matter Dynamics and Nutrient Turnover p. 216
Faunal Impacts in Applied Ecology--Agroecosystems p. 220
Applied Ecology in Forested Ecosystems p. 222
Summary p. 225
Soil Food Webs: Detritivory and Microbivory in Soils p. 227
Introduction p. 227
Physiological Ecology of Soil Organisms p. 229
Energy Available for Detrital Food Chains and Webs p. 231
Arenas of Interest p. 236
A Hierarchical Approach to Organisms in Soils p. 237
Future Research Prospects p. 241
Summary p. 246
Soil Biodiversity and Linkages to Soil Processes p. 247
Introduction p. 247
Biodiversity in Soils and Its Impacts on Terrestrial Ecosystem Function p. 247
Heterogeneity of Carbon Substrates and Effects on Soil Biodiversity p. 259
Impacts of Species Richness on Ecosystem Function p. 259
Models, Microcosms, and Soil Biodiversity p. 263
Experimental Additions and Deletions in Soil Biodiversity Studies p. 265
Problems of Concern in Soil Biodiversity Studies p. 266
Why Is Soil Diversity So High? p. 269
Biogeographical Trends in Diversity of Soil Organisms p. 269
Future Developments in Soil Ecology p. 271
Introduction p. 271
Roles of Soils in Carbon Sequestration p. 271
Roles of Soils in the Global Carbon Cycle p. 275
Problems in Modeling Soil Carbon Dynamics p. 279
Biological Interactions in Soils and Global Change p. 281
Ecology of Invasive Species in Soil Systems: An Increasing Problem in Soil Ecology p. 285
Soils and "Gaia": Possible Mechanisms for Evolution of "the Fitness of the Soil Environment?" p. 289
Soil Ecology in the Third Millennium p. 293
Laboratory and Field Exercises in Soil Ecology p. 299
Introduction p. 299
Minirhizotron Studies p. 299
Principle p. 299
Description of a Minirhizotron p. 299
Installation of the Minirhizotrons p. 300
Observation and Recording p. 300
Getting Data from the Videotape p. 300
Tracing Technique p. 300
Automated Root Length Measures p. 301
Soil Respiration Studies p. 301
Principle p. 301
Materials and Supplies Needed p. 301
Procedure p. 302
Calculations p. 302
Litter Decomposition Studies p. 303
Principle p. 303
Litterbag Construction p. 304
Calculations p. 305
Analyses for Soil Microbial Biomass p. 305
The Chloroform-Fumigation K[subscript 2]SO[subscript 4]-Extraction Method p. 305
Principle p. 305
Preparation and Handling of Potassium Sulfate p. 306
Sample Preparation p. 306
Potassium Sulfate Extractions p. 306
Chloroform Fumigation p. 306
Chloroform Removal p. 307
Calculations p. 307
Sampling and Enumeration of Nematodes p. 308
Principle p. 308
Sampling Considerations p. 308
Sampling Tool and Precautions p. 309
Nematode Extraction: Baermann Funnel Method p. 309
Principle p. 309
Materials and Supplies Needed p. 310
Procedure p. 310
Killing and Fixing Nematodes with Hot and Cold Formalin (5%) p. 311
Materials and Supplies Needed p. 311
Procedure p. 311
Sampling and Enumeration of Microarthropods p. 311
Principle p. 311
Methods for the Study of Microarthropods p. 312
Sampling p. 312
Extraction of Microarthropods from Samples p. 313
Sample Sorting and Identification p. 315
Sampling and Enumeration of Macroarthropods p. 317
Principle p. 317
Methods for Sampling Macroarthropods p. 317
Sampling p. 317
Berlese or Tullgren Extraction p. 318
Flotation p. 318
Emergence Traps p. 318
Pitfall Trapping p. 318
Sampling and Enumeration of Earthworms p. 320
Principle p. 320
Collection of Earthworms p. 320
Passive Techniques p. 320
Behavioral Techniques p. 320
Indirect Techniques p. 323
Identification of Earthworms p. 323
Sampling and Enumeration of Enchytraeids p. 323
Principle p. 323
Collection of Enchytraeids p. 324
Identification of Enchytraeids p. 325
References p. 327
Index p. 375

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