Agronomic handbook : management of crops, soils, and their fertility /

Table Of Contents:
PART I Agronomic Crops

Production of Major Grain, Food, Oil, Fiber, and Sugar Crops 3(14)

Introduction 3(2)

Grain Yield Potentials 5(1)

Grain Crop Statistics 6(3)

World Oil Seed Production 9(1)

Fertilizer Application and Utilization 10(3)

Weights and Measures 13(2)

Nutrient Values of Grain and Oil Seeds 15(1)

Nitrogen Fixation of Legume Crops 16(1)

References 16(1)

Grain Crops 17(110)

Barley (Hordenum vulgare L.) 17(9)

Introduction 17(1)

Production Statistics 17(2)

Barley Grain Composition 19(1)

Plant Analysis Interpretation 20(1)

Barley Grading and Glossary 20(1)

Terms Used by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Federal Grain Inspection Service (USDA-FGIS) to Grade Barley 20(3)

Barley Glossary 23(1)

Weights and Measures 23(1)

References 23(3)

Corn (Zea mays L.) 26(35)

Introduction 26(1)

Kinds of Corn 26(1)

Dent Corn 26(1)

Flint Corn 27(1)

Flour Corn 27(1)

Pod Corn 27(1)

Popcorn 27(1)

Sweet Corn 27(1)

Waxy Corn 27(1)

Corn Glossary 27(3)

Composition of Whole-Grain Field Corn 30(1)

Composition of Whole Grain, Ground 30(1)

Ethanol Production 30(1)

Corn Production Statistics 31(8)

Corn Plant Nutrition 39(6)

Nutrient Element Deficiencies 45(1)

Boron (B) 45(1)

Calcium (Ca) 45(1)

Copper (Cu) 46(1)

Iron (Fe) 47(1)

Magnesium (Mg) 48(1)

Manganese (Ma) 48(1)

Nitrogen (N) 49(1)

Phosphorus (P) 50(1)

Potassium (K) 51(1)

Sulfur (S) 52(1)

Zinc (Zn) 52(2)

Salinity 54(1)

Manganese (Mn) Toxicity 55(1)

Nutrient Element Plant Tissue Status 56(2)

Chlorophyll Meter Readings of Corn Leaves 58(1)

Planting Rates 59(1)

Correction Tables 59(1)

Weights and Measures 60(1)

References 61(1)

Grain Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] 61(17)

Introduction 61(1)

Production Statistics 62(1)

Characteristics of Growth 63(1)

Sorghum Grain Characteristics 64(2)

Sorghum Plant Nutrition 66(1)

Nutrient Element Uptake by Grain Sorghum 67(1)

Nutrient Element Deficiencies 68(1)

Boron (B) 68(1)

Calcium (Ca) 69(1)

Copper (Cu) 70(1)

Iron (Fe) 70(1)

Magnesium (Mg) 71(1)

Mangane e (Ma) 72(1)

Nitrogen (N) 72(1)

Phosphorus (P) 73(1)

Potassium (K) 74(1)

Sulfur (S) 75(1)

Zinc (Zn) 75(1)

Salinity 76(1)

Weights and Measures 77(1)

References 77(1)

Oats (Avena sativa L.) 78(14)

Introduction 78(1)

Production Statistics 78(3)

Nutrient Element Characteristics 81(1)

Nutrient Element Deficiencies 82(1)

Boron (B) 82(1)

Calcium (Ca) 82(1)

Copper (Cu) 83(1)

Iron (Fe) 84(1)

Magnesium (Mg) 85(1)

Manganese (Ma) 85(1)

Nitrogen (N) 86(1)

Phosphorus (P) 87(1)

Potassium (K) 88(1)

Sulfur (S) 88(1)

Zinc (Zn) 89(1)

Manganese Toxicity 90(1)

Salinity 90(1)

Weights and Measures 91(1)

References 91(1)

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) 92(15)

Introduction 92(1)

Classification and Terminology 92(1)

Classes 92(1)

Types 93(1)

Special Grades 93(1)

Definitions 93(2)

Glossary 95(2)

Production Statistics 97(4)

Grain Quality 101(1)

Nutrient Element Deficiencies 101(1)

Fertilizer and Nutrient Element Status 102(3)

Nutrient Element Sufficiency 105(2)

Weights and Measures 107(1)

References 107(1)

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L., T. durum Desf.) 107(20)

Introduction 107(1)

Glossary 108(2)

Production Statistics 110(3)

Grain Quality 113(1)

Fertilizer Use 114(1)

Elemental Uptake and Utilization 114(2)

Nutrient Element Sufficiency 116(1)

Nutrient Element Deficiencies 116(1)

Calcium (Ca) 116(1)

Copper (Cu) 117(1)

Iron (Fe) 118(1)

Magnesium (Mg) 119(1)

Manganese (Ma) 119(1)

Nitrogen (N) 120(1)

Phosphorus (P) 121(1)

Potassium (K) 122(1)

Sulfur (S) 122(1)

Zinc (Zn) 123(1)

Salinity 124(1)

Saline Toxicity 124(1)

Problem Soils 124(1)

Correcting Toxicity 124(1)

Weights and Measures 125(1)

References 125(2)

Nut, Bean, and Oil Crops 127(30)

Peanut or Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) 127(9)

Introduction 127(1)

Stages of Growth 128(1)

Production Statistics 128(2)

Nut Quality 130(1)

Nutrient Element Uptake 131(1)

Standards and Grades 131(1)

Farmers' Stock Virginia Type 131(1)

Farmers' Stock Runner Type 132(1)

Shelled Spanish Type 132(1)

Shelled Virginia Type 133(1)

Shelled Runner-Type 133(1)

Cleaned Virginia Type 134(1)

Weights and Measures 135(1)

References 135(1)

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] 136(21)

Introduction 136(1)

Vegetative and Productive Stages 136(2)

Soybean Products, Standards, and Grades 138(1)

Soybean Processing Products 138(1)

U.S. Standards and Grades 139(1)

Production Statistics 140(3)

Fertilizer and Nutrient Element Uptake 143(1)

Nutrient Element Sufficiency 144(1)

Composition of Seed 144(1)

Nutrient Element Deficiencies 145(1)

Boron (B) 145(1)

Calcium (Ca) 146(1)

Iron (Fe) 146(1)

Magnesium (Mg) 147(1)

Manganese (Mn) 148(1)

Nitrogen (N) 149(1)

Phosphorus (P) 150(1)

Potassium (K) 150(1)

Sulfur (S) 151(1)

Zinc (Zn) 152(1)

Manganese and Sodium Chloride Toxicity 153(1)

Manganese (Mn) Toxicity 153(1)

Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Toxicity 153(1)

Weights and Measures 154(1)

References 155(2)

Cotton (Gossypium spp.) Fiber 157(18)

Introduction 157(1)

Terms and Glossary 157(2)

Terms 157(1)

Glossary 158(1)

Production Statistics 159(1)

Fertilizer Treatment 160(1)

Nutrient Element Uptake 161(1)

Nutrient Element Sufficiency (Leaf and Petiole Analysis) 162(1)

Nutrient Element Deficiencies 163(9)

Boron (B) 164(1)

Deficiency Symptoms 164(1)

Problem Soils 164(1)

Correcting Deficiency 164(1)

Calcium (Ca) 165(1)

Deficiency Symptoms 165(1)

Problem Soils 165(1)

Correcting Deficiency 165(1)

Copper (Cu) 165(1)

Deficiency Symptoms 165(1)

Problem Soils 166(1)

Correcting Deficiency 166(1)

Iron (Fe) 166(1)

Deficiency Symptoms 166(1)

Problem Soils 166(1)

Correcting Deficiency 167(1)

Magnesium (Mg) 167(1)

Deficiency Symptoms 167(1)

Problem Soils 167(1)

Correcting Deficiency 167(1)

Manganese (Mn) 168(1)

Deficiency Symptoms 168(1)

Problem Soils 168(1)

Correcting Deficiency 168(1)

Nitrogen (N) 168(1)

Deficiency Symptoms 168(1)

Problem Soils 169(1)

Correcting Deficiency 169(1)

Phosphorus (P) 169(1)

Deficiency Symptoms 169(1)

Problem Soils 169(1)

Correcting Deficiency 170(1)

Potassium (K) 170(1)

Deficiency Symptoms 170(1)

Problem Soils 170(1)

Correcting Deficiency 170(1)

Sulfur (S) 171(1)

Deficiency Symptoms 171(1)

Problem Soils 171(1)

Correcting Deficiency 171(1)

Zinc (Zn) 171(1)

Deficiency Symptoms 171(1)

Problem Soils 172(1)

Correcting Deficiency 172(1)

Salinity and Toxicity 172(1)

Toxicity Symptoms 172(1)

Problem Soils 172(1)

Correcting Toxicity 172(1)

Weights and Measures 173(2)

References 173(2)

Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L. spp.) 175(6)

Introduction 175(1)

Production Statistics 175(2)

Nutrient Element Removal and Utilization 177(1)

Plant Analysis Guide 178(3)
PART II Soil Classifications and Physical Characteristics

Major Soil Classification Systems 181(30)

Introduction 181(1)

Soil Taxonomy 181(1)

Order 181(1)

Suborder 181(1)

Great Group 182(1)

Subgroup 182(1)

Family 182(1)

Series 182(1)

Soil Orders (U.S. System of Soil Taxonomy) 182(10)

Global Distribution of Major Soil Orders 192(13)

State Soils 205(2)

Designations for Soil Horizons and Layers 207(4)

References 208(3)
PART III Soils and Their Properties

Physical, Chemical, and Biological Properties of Soils 211(26)

Cation Exchange Capacities of Soils and Soil Components 211(2)

Texture 213(3)

Textural Classes 213(2)

Soil Separates (USDA Classification) 215(1)

Hydrometer Procedure 215(1)

Soil Preparation 215(1)

Hydrometer Readings 215(1)

Blank Determination 216(1)

Calculations for Percentages of Sand, Silt, and Clay 216(1)

Soil Separate Definitions 216(2)

Sands 216(1)

Loams 216(1)

Clays 217(1)

Physical Characteristics 218(4)

Consistence 219(1)

Water Holding and Infiltration Rates 219(3)

Nutrient Element Contents of Surface Soils 222(2)

Organic Matter 224(3)

Organic Matter Determination 224(1)

Titration Procedure 224(1)

Loss-on-Ignition Procedure 224(3)

Soil Component Glossary 227(1)

Soil Salinity 228(6)

Soluble Salt Determination Procedures 228(1)

2:1 Water/Soil Extraction 228(1)

1:1 Water/Soil Extraction 228(1)

Saturated Paste Method 229(1)

Correcting Salinity Problems 230(1)

Problem Soils 230(1)

Correcting Salinity 230(1)

Measurement of Conductivity Using a Soluble Salt Meter 231(1)

Theory of Operation 231(1)

Design of Conductivity Cell 231(1)

Effect of Temperature 232(1)

Sources of Error in Measurement 233(1)

Measurements and Conversions 234(3)

Electrical Conductivity Units and Conversions 234(1)

Salinity (NaCl) and Alkalinity (NaHCO3) 234(1)

References 234(3)
PART IV Soil Analysis and Treatment

Soil pH, Liming, and Liming Materials 237(16)

Determination of Soil pH in Water and Salt Solutions 237(2)

Determination of pH in Water and Salt Solutions using pH Meter 237(1)

Water pH Determination 237(1)

pH Determination in 0.01 M Calcium Chloride (CaCl2) 237(1)

pH Determination in 1N Potassium Chloride (KCl) 238(1)

Determination of Soil pH Using Color Indicators 239(1)

Procedures 239(1)

Soil Acidity Definitions 239(1)

pH Interpretation 240(2)

Effect of pH on Soil and Plant Composition 242(1)

Fertilizer Efficiency 243(1)

Lime Rate (LR) Recommendations 244(2)

Liming Glossary 246(2)

Aglime Materials and Characteristics 248(2)

Lowering Soil-Water pH 250(1)

Results of North America Soil Tests 251(2)

References 251(2)

Fertilizers 253(38)

Introduction 253(1)

Fertilizer Use 254(2)

Fertilizer Glossary 256(7)

Major Elements of Fertilizers 263(10)

Phosphorus Fertilizers 273(1)

Availability of Different Forms of Soil Phosphorus 273(1)

Effect of Soil Organic Matter on Phosphorus Availability 274(1)

Phosphorus for Winter Wheat 274(1)

Fertilizer Sources - Micronutrients 274(6)

Fertilizer Placement and Rates 280(3)

Fertilizer Placement 280(1)

Banding 281(1)

Surface Strip or Dribble Banding 281(1)

Deep Banding 281(1)

High Pressure Injection 281(1)

Point Injection of Fluids 282(1)

Point Placement of Solids 282(1)

Starter 282(1)

Side-Dressing 282(1)

Organic Fertilizers 283(6)

Instructions for Preparing Organic Fertilizer 289(2)

References 290(1)

Plant Mineral Nutrition 291(46)

Basic Principles 291(2)

Essential Nutrient Elements, Uptake Forms, and Relative Concentrations in Plants 293(4)

Factors Affecting Nutrient Element Concentrations 295(1)

Soil Moisture 295(1)

Temperature 295(1)

Soil pH 296(1)

Tillage and Placement 296(1)

Compaction 296(1)

Hybrid or Variety 296(1)

Interactions 296(1)

Stages of Growth 296(1)

Movement of Nutrient Element Ions in Soil 297(1)

Nutrient Element Symptoms 298(4)

Factors Affecting Nutrient Element Symptoms 298(1)

Root Zones 298(1)

Temperature 298(1)

Acidity or Alkalinity 299(1)

Varieties and Genetic Factors 299(1)

Stage of Maturity 299(1)

Summary of Essential Elements and Functions 299(3)

Micronutrient Elements 302(3)

Micronutrients 305(4)

Trace Elements 309(1)

Heavy Metals 309(3)

Summary: Plant Nutrition and Essential Major Nutrient Elements 312(13)

Nitrogen (N) 312(1)

Nitrogen in Soil 312(1)

Soil Dynamics 312(1)

Fertilizers 312(1)

Uptake and Assimilation by Higher Plants 313(1)

Nitrate Translocation 313(1)

Ammonium Translocation 314(1)

Assimilation 314(1)

Essential Role of Nitrogen Nutrition in Higher Plants 314(1)

Adequate Range and Nutritional Disorders 314(1)

Interactions with Other Elements 315(1)

Phosphorus (P) 315(1)

Phosphorus in Soil 315(1)

Soil Dynamics 315(1)

Fertilizers 315(1)

Uptake and Assimilation by Higher Plants 315(1)

Phosphorus Nutrition in Higher Plants 316(1)

Adequate Range and Nutritional Disorders 316(1)

Interactions with Other Elements 317(1)

Potassium (K) 317(1)

Potassium in Soil 317(1)

Soil Dynamics 317(1)

Fertilizers 317(1)

Uptake and Assimilation by Higher Plants 317(1)

Adequate Range and Nutritional Disorders 318(1)

Interactions with Other Elements 318(1)

Calcium (Ca) 319(1)

Calcium in Soil 319(1)

Fertilizers 319(1)

Uptake and Assimilation by Higher Plants 319(1)

Translocation and Assimilation 320(1)

Nutrition in Higher Plants 320(1)

Adequate Range and Nutritional Disorders 320(1)

Interactions with Other Elements 321(1)

Magnesium (Mg) 321(1)

Magnesium in Soil 321(1)

Fertilizers 321(1)

Magnesium Uptake and Assimilation by Higher Plants 321(1)

Translocation and Assimilation 322(1)

Nutrition in Higher Plants 322(1)

Adequate Range and Nutritional Disorders 322(1)

Interactions with Other Elements 322(1)

Sulfur (S) 322(1)

Sulfur in Soil 323(1)

Soil Dynamics 323(1)

Fertilizers 323(1)

Uptake and Assimilation by Higher Plants 323(1)

Nutrition in Higher Plants 324(1)

Adequate Range and Nutritional Disorders 324(1)

Interactions with Other Elements 325(1)

Summary: Plant Nutrition and Essential Micronutrients 325(12)

Boron (B) 325(1)

Boron in Soil 325(1)

Fertilizers 325(1)

Uptake and Assimilation by Higher Plants 326(1)

Nutrition in Higher Plants 326(1)

Adequate Range and Nutritional Disorders 326(1)

Interactions with Other Essential Elements 327(1)

Chlorine (Cl) 327(1)

Chlorine in Soil 327(1)

Uptake and Assimilation by Higher Plants 327(1)

Adequate Range and Nutritional Disorders 327(1)

Interactions with Other Essential Elements 328(1)

Copper (Cu) 328(1)

Copper in Soil 328(1)

Soil Fertilizers 328(1)

Uptake and Assimilation by Higher Plants 328(1)

Nutrition in Higher Plants 328(1)

Adequate Range and Nutritional Disorders 329(1)

Interactions with Other Essential Elements 329(1)

Iron (Fe) 329(1)

Iron in Soil 329(1)

Fertilizers 330(1)

Uptake and Assimilation by Higher Plants 330(1)

Nutrition in Higher Plants 330(1)

Adequate Range and Nutritional Disorders 330(1)

Interactions with Other Essential Elements 331(1)

Manganese (Mn) 331(1)

Manganese in Soil 331(1)

Uptake and Assimilation by Higher Plants 331(1)

Nutrition in Higher Plants 331(1)

Adequate Range and Nutritional Disorders 331(1)

Interactions with Other Elements 332(1)

Molybdenum (Mo) 332(1)

Molybdenum in Soil 332(1)

Uptake and Assimilation by Higher Plants 332(1)

Nutrition in Higher Plants 332(1)

Adequate Range and Nutritional Disorders 332(1)

Interactions with Other Elements 333(1)

Zinc (Zn) 333(1)

Zinc in Soil 333(1)

Uptake and Assimilation by Higher Plants 333(1)

Nutrition in Higher Plants 333(1)

Adequate Range and Nutrition Disorders 334(1)

Interactions with Other Elements 334(1)

References 334(3)
PART V Diagnostic Procedures for Soil and Plant Analysis

Soil Analysis 337(28)

Introduction 337(1)

Sequence of Procedures 338(1)

Sampling 338(2)

Soil Analysis Procedures 340(25)

Soil pH Testing 340(1)

Testing for Phosphorus 341(4)

Testing for Cation Elements (Ca, Mg, K, and Na) 345(3)

Extractable Micronutrients (B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) 348(6)

Testing Methods for Other Ions and Elements 354(2)

Interpretation of Soil Test Values 356(2)

Interpretive Values and Ranges for Various Soil Tests 358(2)

Fertilizer Recommendations Based on Soil Test Results 360(1)

Cumulative Relative Frequencies of Levels of Soil Test K and P in North America 361(3)

References 364(1)

Plant Analysis 365(16)

Introduction 365(1)

Sampling 365(1)

Comparative Sampling 366(1)

Inappropriate Sampling 366(1)

Number of Plants to Sample 366(1)

Lack of Homogeneity 367(1)

Plant Parts 367(1)

Initial Sample Handling 367(1)

Decontamination (Washing) 367(1)

Organic Matter Destruction 368(1)

High Temperature (Dry) Ashing 368(1)

Wet Acid Digestion in a Mixture of HNO3 and HClO4 368(1)

Wet Acid Digestion in a Mixture of HNO3 and 30% H2O2 369(1)

Wet Acid Digestion in H2SO4 and 30% H2O2 369(1)

Sample Analysis 369(1)

Interpretation of Test Results 370(2)

Literature References for Plant Analysis Interpretation 372(1)

Interpretation Texts 372(1)

DRIS 372(1)

General Texts 372(1)

Steps in Diagnostic Observation 373(2)

Visual Examination 373(1)

Information Required for Diagnosis 374(1)

Develop Case History of Problem 374(1)

Describe Symptoms 374(1)

Final Diagnosis 375(1)

Additional Aspects of Crop Diagnosis 375(1)

Factors Affecting Nutrient Element Symptoms 376(1)

Root Zones 376(1)

Temperature 377(1)

Acidity or Alkalinity 377(1)

Varieties and Genetic Factors 377(1)

Stage of Maturity 377(1)

Management Program for Producing and Sustaining High Yield 377(4)

References 378(3)
PART VI Reference Materials and Appendices

Weights, Measures, and Conversion Factors 381(8)
Appendix A Soil/Plant Definitions 389(14)
Appendix B Botanical Definitions 403(2)
Appendix C Nutrient Element Requirements for Several Agronomic Crops (based on crop removal and/or growth response) 405(2)
Appendix D Troublesome Weeds 407(2)
Appendix E Legumes: Nutrient Element Deficiency Symptoms 409(2)
Appendix F Characteristics of Essential Nutrient Elements 411(32)
Book List 443(2)
Index 445