Table Of Contents:
Preface vii

Part I Copyright

§ 1 Congressional Power 1(4)

1.1 Constitutional Grant of Power 1(1)

1.2 The Copyright Act 1(3)

1.3 Treaties and International Agreements 4(1)

§ 2 Subject Matter of Protection 5(35)

2.1 Categories of Protected Works 5(1)

2.2 National Origin 5(2)

2.3 Excluded Works 7(5)

2.3.1 Intangible Expression 7(1)

2.3.2 Governmental Works 7(1)

2.3.3 The Idea/Original Expression Continuum 8(1)

2.3.3.1 Generally 8(2)

2.3.3.2 Merger 10(1)

2.3.3.3 Scenes a Faire 11(1)

2.4 Special Categories of Works 12(28)

2.4.1 Computer Software 12(1)

2.4.1.1 Software as a "Literary Work" 12(1)

2.4.1.2 Protection of the Code Itself 13(1)

2.4.1.3 Protection of Structure and "Look and Feel" 14(3)

2.4.2 Compilations and Databases 17(3)

2.4.3 Historical and Factual Material 20(1)

2.4.4 Utilitarian Works and Industrial Design 21(1)

2.4.4.1 "Useful Articles" 21(1)

2.4.4.2 Separability of Form and Function 22(2)

2.4.4.3 Sui Generis Protection for "Mask Works": The Semiconductor Chip Protection Act 24(1)

2.4.4.3.1 Generally 24(3)

2.4.4.3.2 Substantive Conditions of Protection 27(1)

2.4.4.3.3 Formal Conditions of Protection 28(2)

2.4.4.3.4 Ownership and Transfer 30(1)

2.4.4.3.5 Nature of the Rights 31(2)

2.4.4.3.6 Infringement and Remedies 33(1)

2.4.4.4 Sui Generis Protection for Vessel Hulls 34(1)

2.4.5 Architectural Works 35(2)

2.4.6 Sound Recordings 37(2)

2.4.7 Fictional Characters 39(1)

§ 3 Conditions of Protection 40(15)

3.1 Formal Requirements 40(9)

3.1.1 Fixation as the Point of Attachment of Copyright 40(3)

3.1.2 Publication 43(1)

3.1.3 Notice 44(1)

3.1.4 Registration and Deposit 45(1)

3.1.4.1 Registration 45(1)

3.1.4.2 Registration Procedure 45(1)

3.1.4.3 Benefits 46(2)

3.1.4.4 Recordation and Registration 48(1)

3.1.4.5 Deposit 48(1)

3.1.5 Domestic Manufacture 49(1)

3.2 Substantive Requirements: "Writings" of "Authors" Consisting of "Original Expression" 49(6)

3.2.1 "Authors" and their "Writings" 49(2)

3.2.2 Original Expression 51(1)

3.2.2.1 Generally 51(2)

3.2.2.2 Originality in Derivative Works 53(2)

§ 4 Ownership 55(9)

4.1 Ownership of Copyright versus Ownership of the Material Object 55(1)

4.2 Divisibility 56(1)

4.3 Authorship 56(1)

4.4 Joint Works/Multiple Authorship 57(2)

4.5 Collective Works 59(1)

4.6 Works Made for Hire 60(4)

4.6.1 Work Prepared by an Employee within the Scope of Employment 61(1)

4.6.2 Specially Commissioned Works 62(2)

§ 5 Transfer of Copyright Interests 64(6)

5.1 Transfer Defined 64(1)

5.2 Requirement of a Writing 64(2)

5.3 Termination of Transfers and Grants 66(4)

5.3.1 Nature of the Right 66(2)

5.3.2 Grants Made Prior to January 1, 1978 68(1)

5.3.3 Grants Made from and after January 1, 1978 68(1)

5.3.4 The Effect of Termination: Derivative Works 69(1)

§ 6 Scope of Exclusive Rights 70(46)

6.1 The Right to Reproduce the Work 70(10)

6.1.1 The Broadly Defined Right 70(2)

6.1.2 Specific Statutory Limitations and Compulsory Licenses 72(1)

6.1.2.1 Library and Archival Copying 72(2)

6.1.2.2 Ephemeral Recordings 74(1)

6.1.2.3 Certain Copies of Computer Programs 75(1)

6.1.2.4 Reproductions for the Blind or Other People with Disabilities 76(1)

6.1.2.5 Home Audio Taping 77(1)

6.1.2.6 Compulsory License for Mechanical Reproduction 78(2)

6.1.2.7 Compulsory License for Public Broadcasting 80(1)

6.2 The Right to Prepare Derivative Works 80(3)

6.3 The Right to Distribute 83(5)

6.3.1 The Right of First Publication 83(1)

6.3.2 The First Sale Doctrine 84(1)

6.3.3 The Record and Computer Program Rental Exceptions to the First Sale Doctrine 85(1)

6.3.4 Importation and the First Sale Doctrine 86(2)

6.4 The Public Performance Right 88(17)

6.4.1 Generally 88(1)

6.4.2 "Performance" 89(2)

6.4.3 "Public" 91(2)

6.4.4 Statutory Exemptions: Generally 93(1)

6.4.5 The Specific Statutory Exemptions 93(1)

6.4.5.1 Sections 110(1) and 110(2): Classroom Exemption 94(1)

6.4.5.2 Section 110(3): Religious Organizations 95(1)

6.4.5.3 Section 110(4): General Not-for-Profit Exemption for Nondramatic Works 95(1)

6.4.5.4 Section 110(6): Governmental Agricultural Organizations 96(1)

6.4.5.5 Sections 110(8) and (9): Performance and Transmissions to Certain Handicapped Persons 96(1)

6.4.5.6 Section 110(10): Fraternal and Veterans Organizations, for Charitable Purposes 97(1)

6.4.5.7 Section 110(5): Communication of Transmission of a Performance 97(1)

6.4.5.7.1 The "Aiken" Exemption for "Home" Type Equipment 97(1)

6.4.5.7.2 Nondramatic Musical Works in Licensed Broadcast Transmissions 98(2)

6.4.5.8 Section 110(7): Performance Ancillary to Retail Sales 100(1)

6.4.5.9 Section 111: Exemptions for Secondary Transmissions 101(2)

6.4.5.10 Section 118: Noncommercial Broadcasting 103(1)

6.4.6 Performing Rights Societies 103(2)

6.5 The Display Right 105(1)

6.5.1 The Nature of the Right 105(1)

6.5.2 Limitations on the Display Right 106(1)

6.6 The Limited Performance Right for Sound Recordings 106(2)

6.7 Moral Right 108(8)

6.7.1 Background 108(2)

6.7.2 The Visual Artists Rights Act 110(1)

6.7.2.1 The Attribution and Integrity Rights 111(1)

6.7.2.2 Exclusions and Limitations 112(2)

6.7.3 State Moral Rights Statutes 114(1)

6.7.4 Droit de Suite 115(1)

§ 7 Fair Use As a Limitation on Copyright Protection 116(20)

7.1 The Fair Use Concept 116(3)

7.2 Section 107 --- Codification of the Doctrine 119(11)

7.2.1 Scope and Purpose 119(1)

7.2.2 Parsing the Statute 120(1)

7.2.2.1 The Preamble: Productive and Transformative Uses 120(4)

7.2.2.2 The Enumerated Factors 124(1)

7.2.2.2.1 The First Factor --- Commercial or Noncommercial Purpose 124(2)

7.2.2.2.2 The Second Factor---The Nature of the Copyrighted Work 126(1)

7.2.2.2.3 The Third Factor---The Amount Taken 127(1)

7.2.2.2.4 The Fourth Factor---Economic Impact 128(2)

7.3 Parody as Fair Use 130(3)

7.4 Fair Use of Utilitarian Works 133(1)

7.5 Fair Use and Photocopying for Research and Academic Purposes 133(2)

7.5.1 Library, Archival, and Research Copying 133(1)

7.5.2 Academic, Classroom Copying 134(1)

7.6 First Amendment Considerations 135(1)

§ 8 Duration of Copyright Protection 136(8)

8.1 General Overview 136(5)

8.1.1 The Pre-1976 Renewal Right and the Renewal Term 136(1)

8.1.1.1 Vesting of The Renewal Right 136(1)

8.1.1.2 The Renewal Term As a New, Independent Term 137(1)

8.1.1.3 Assignment of the Renewal Right 138(1)

8.1.1.4 Automatic Renewal 138(1)

8.1.2 The 1976 Act Single Term 139(2)

8.2 Works Created on or After the Effective Date of the 1976 Act (January 1, 1978) 141(1)

8.3 Works Created but Not Published or Copyrighted before January 1, 1978 142(1)

8.4 Works with Subsisting Copyright Protection as of January 1, 1978 142(1)

8.5 Restoration of Copyright in Certain Foreign Works 143(1)

§ 9 Infringement 144(25)

9.1 Procedural Issues in Infringement Actions 144(8)

9.1.1 Registration 144(1)

9.1.2 Subject Matter Jurisdiction 145(1)

9.1.2.1 Exclusive Federal Jurisdiction 145(2)

9.1.2.2 Pendent Jurisdiction 147(1)

9.1.2.3 Suits in the United States for Acts of Infringement Abroad 147(1)

9.1.3 Personal Jurisdiction and Venue 148(1)

9.1.4 Standing 148(1)

9.1.5 Statute of Limitations 149(1)

9.1.6 Actions against State Instrumentalities 150(1)

9.1.6.1 Sovereign Immunity under the Eleventh Amendment 150(1)

9.1.6.2 Abrogation of Immunity 150(1)

9.1.7 Misuse of Copyright 151(1)

9.2 Substantive Issues in Infringement Actions 152(7)

9.2.1 Substantial Similarity 153(1)

9.2.1.1 Generally 153(1)

9.2.1.2 Modes of Analysis 153(2)

9.2.1.3 Extrinsic/Intrinsic Tests, "Probative Similarity" and the Roles of Experts, Judge, and Jury 155(3)

9.2.2 Access 158(1)

9.3 "Innocent" Infringement 159(1)

9.4 Criminal Infringement 160(1)

9.5 Vicarious Liability and Contributory Infringement 161(8)

9.5.1 Vicarious Liability 161(1)

9.5.2 Contributory Infringement 162(3)

9.5.3 Online Infringement Liability Limitation 165(1)

9.5.3.1 Generally 165(1)

9.5.3.2 Transmission 166(1)

9.5.3.3 System Caching 167(1)

9.5.3.4 Storage 167(1)

9.5.3.5 Links 168(1)

9.5.3.6 Further Limitations on Liability of Nonprofit Educational Institutions 168(1)

9.5.3.7 Limitation on Liability for Removal of Material 168(1)

§ 10 Remedies 169(9)

10.1 Injunctive Relief 169(1)

10.2 Damages 170(6)

10.2.1 Actual Damages and Profits 170(1)

10.2.1.1 Provable Damages 170(1)

10.2.1.2 Infringer's Profits 171(1)

10.2.2 Statutory Damages 172(1)

10.2.2.1 Registration as a Condition 172(1)

10.2.2.2 Amount of Damages: Range of Discretion 173(2)

10.2.2.3 Right to Jury Determination 175(1)

10.3 Costs and Counsel Fees 176(1)

10.4 Impoundment and Disposition 177(1)

§ 11 Copyright Protection Systems and Copyright Management Information 178(13)

11.1 Generally 178(1)

11.2 Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems 178(8)

11.2.1 Actionable Conduct 178(1)

11.2.1.1 Circumvention of Access Control 179(1)

11.2.1.2 Facilitating Circumvention of Technological Protection Measures 180(1)

11.2.1.3 Limitation on Analog Videocassette Recorders 181(2)

11.2.2 Exceptions and Limitations 183(1)

11.2.2.1 NonProfit Libraries, Archives, and Educational Institutions 183(1)

11.2.2.2 Law Enforcement, Intelligence, and Other Government Activities 184(1)

11.2.2.3 Reverse Engineering of Computer Programs to Achieve Interoperability 184(1)

11.2.2.4 Encryption Research on Published Works 184(1)

11.2.2.5 Protection of Personally Identifying Information 185(1)

11.2.2.6 Security Testing 186(1)

11.3 Copyright Management Information 186(1)

11.3.1 Impairment of Copyright Management Information 186(1)

11.3.2 Exemptions and Limitations 187(1)

11.3.2.1 Law Enforcement and Other Government Activities 187(1)

11.3.2.2 Transmissions 187(1)

11.4 Enforcement and Remedies 187(4)

11.4.1 Civil Remedies 187(1)

11.4.1.1 Injunctive and Related Relief 188(1)

11.4.1.2 Damages: Actual and Statutory 188(1)

11.4.1.3 Increasing or Reducing Damages 189(1)

11.4.1.4 Costs and Counsel Fees 189(1)

11.4.2 Criminal Penalties 189(2)

Part II Patent

§ 1 Sources of United States Patent Law 191(5)

1.1 Constitutional Foundation 191(1)

1.2 Statutory Foundation 191(5)

§ 2 Conditions of Patentability 196(48)

2.1 Disclosure Requirements 197(8)

2.1.1 Enablement 199(2)

2.1.2 Best Mode 201(2)

2.1.3 Written Description 203(1)

2.1.4 Definiteness Requirement 204(1)

2.2 Novelty 205(15)

2.2.1 Date of Invention 206(1)

2.2.2 Identity of Invention in Single Prior Art Reference 207(1)

2.2.2.1 Section 102(a) Prior Art 208(1)

2.2.2.1.1 "Known or Used by Others" 208(1)

2.2.2.1.2 "Printed Publication" 209(1)

2.2.2.1.3 Geographical Limitations 210(1)

2.2.2.2 Section 102(e) Prior Art 211(2)

2.2.2.3 Section 102(g)(2) Prior Art 213(1)

2.2.3 Derivation: Section 102(f) 214(1)

2.2.4 Priority 214(1)

2.2.4.1 Conception 215(1)

2.2.4.2 Reduction to Practice 216(1)

2.2.4.3 Abandonment, Suppression, and Concealment 217(2)

2.2.4.4 Inventorship 219(1)

2.2.4.5 Inventive Activity Abroad 220(1)

2.3 Loss of Right: Statutory Bars 220(6)

2.3.1 Section 102(b): On-Sale and Public Use Bars 220(1)

2.3.1.1 Public Use 221(1)

2.3.1.2 Experimental Use 222(1)

2.3.1.3 On-Sale Bar 223(2)

2.3.1.4 Third-Party Activity 225(1)

2.3.2 Section 102(d) Bar on Foreign Applicants 225(1)

2.4 Utility 226(2)

2.5 Nonobviousness 228(8)

2.5.1 Scope of the Prior Art 229(1)

2.5.2 Content of the Prior Art 230(2)

2.5.3 Persons of Ordinary Skill in the Art 232(1)

2.5.4 Secondary Considerations 233(1)

2.5.4.1 Commercial Success 234(1)

2.5.4.2 Long-Felt Need and Failure of Others 234(1)

2.5.4.3 Copying 235(1)

2.5.4.4 Licensing/Acquiescence 235(1)

2.6 Statutory Subject Matter 236(8)

2.6.1 Products 237(1)

2.6.1.1 Machines, Articles of Manufacture, Compositions of Matter 237(1)

2.6.1.2 Living Organisms 238(1)

2.6.2 Processes 239(5)

§ 3 Formalities 244(18)

3.1 The Patent Application & Issued Patent 246(7)

3.1.1 The Written Description 247(1)

3.1.1.1 Background of the Invention 247(1)

3.1.1.2 Summary of the Invention 248(1)

3.1.1.3 Detailed Description of the Invention 248(1)

3.1.1.4 The Drawings 248(1)

3.1.2 The Claims 249(1)

3.1.2.1 Composition Claims 250(1)

3.1.2.2 Process Claims 251(1)

3.1.2.3 Apparatus Claims 252(1)

3.1.2.4 Product-by-Process Claims 252(1)

3.1.2.5 Means-Plus-Function Claim Elements 253(1)

3.2 Procedures Before the Patent and Trademark Office 253(8)

3.2.1 Initial Processing of the Application 254(1)

3.2.2 Examination and Prosecution 254(1)

3.2.2.1 Formalities and Search by the Examiner 254(1)

3.2.2.2 Office Action 255(1)

3.2.2.3 Applicant's Response 255(1)

3.2.2.4 Reconsideration and Allowance 256(1)

3.2.2.5 Responses to a Final Office Action 256(1)

3.2.2.5.1 Appeals 256(1)

3.2.2.5.2 Cancellation of Claims 257(1)

3.2.2.5.3 Continuing Applications 257(2)

3.2.2.6 Publication 259(1)

3.2.2.7 Foreign Priority 259(1)

3.2.2.8 Interferences 260(1)

3.2.3 Appeals to the Courts 260(1)

3.3 Post-Issuance Procedures 261(1)

3.3.1 Reissue 261(1)

3.3.2 Reexamination 262(1)

§ 4 Ownership and Transfer 262(2)

§ 5 The Rights and Limitations of the Patent Grant 264(14)

5.1 Scope of the Right to Exclude 265(6)

5.1.1 Temporal Scope: The Patent Term 265(1)

5.1.2 Geographic Scope 266(1)

5.1.2.1 Exporting a Claimed Invention 266(3)

5.1.2.2 Importing a Claimed Invention or Products Made By a Claimed Process Invention 269(2)

5.2 Limitations of the Right to Exclude 271(7)

5.2.1 The Defense of Patent Misuse 271(1)

5.2.2 First Sale, Implied License, and Repair/Reconstruction 272(2)

5.2.3 Experimental Use Doctrine 274(1)

5.2.4 Governmental Use 275(1)

5.2.4.1 Federal Government 275(1)

5.2.4.2 State Government 276(2)

§ 6 Infringement and Remedies 278(8)

6.1 Infringement 278(5)

6.1.1 Claim Interpretation 278(1)

6.1.2 Literal Infringement 279(1)

6.1.3 Infringement Under the Doctrine of Equivalents 280(2)

6.1.4 Indirect Infringement 282(1)

6.2 Remedies 283(3)

6.2.1 Compensatory Damages 283(1)

6.2.2 Exemplary Damages 284(1)

6.2.3 Injunctive Relief 285(1)

§ 7 Design Patents 286(3)

Part III Trademark

§ 1 Sources of Power 289(20)

1.1 Common Law Approach 289(1)

1.2 The Lanham Act 290(3)

1.2.1 Nationwide Protection 291(1)

1.2.2 Evidentiary Presumptions 292(1)

1.2.3 Warning Function 292(1)

1.2.4 Damages 292(1)

1.3 Significant Amendments to the Lanham Act 293(11)

1.3.1 Trademark Clarification Act of 1984 293(1)

1.3.2 Trademark Counterfeiting Act of 1984 293(1)

1.3.3 Trademark Revision Act of 1988 294(1)

1.3.3.1 New Definition of Use 294(1)

1.3.3.2 ITU Registration 295(1)

1.3.4 North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act 295(1)

1.3.5 Uruguay Round Agreements Act 296(1)

1.3.6 Federal Trademark Dilution Act of 1995 296(2)

1.3.7 Anticounterfeiting Consumer Protection Act of 1996 298(1)

1.3.8 Trademark Law Treaty Implementation Act of 1998 299(1)

1.3.9 Trademark Amendments Act of 1999 300(1)

1.3.10 Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act of 1999 301(1)

1.3.11 Madrid Protocol Implementation Act of 2002 302(1)

1.3.12 Singapore Treaty 303(1)

1.4 State Trademark Protection 304(5)

1.4.1 State Trademark Statutes 305(1)

1.4.2 Deceptive Trade Practices Statutes 305(1)

1.4.3 State Dilution Statutes 306(3)

§ 2 Subject Matter of Protection 309(20)

2.1 Introduction 309(1)

2.2 Categories of Marks 310(8)

2.2.1 Trademarks 310(2)

2.2.2 Collective Marks 312(1)

2.2.3 Certification Marks 313(1)

2.2.4 Service Marks 314(1)

2.2.5 Trade Names 315(1)

2.2.6 Domain Names 316(2)

2.3 Signs Which May Serve as Trademarks 318(11)

2.3.1 Words, Letters, and Slogans 318(1)

2.3.1.1 Personal Names 319(1)

2.3.2 Nonverbal Marks 320(1)

2.3.2.1 Alphanumeric Symbols 320(1)

2.3.2.2 Color 321(2)

2.3.2.3 Fragrance 323(1)

2.3.2.4 Designs 323(1)

2.3.2.5 Nontraditional Marks 324(2)

2.3.3 Trade Dress 326(1)

2.3.3.1 Generally 326(2)

2.3.3.2 Functionality 328(1)

§ 3 Conditions of Protection 329(8)

3.1 Distinctiveness 329(8)

3.1.1 Inherently Distinctive Marks 330(1)

3.1.1.1 Arbitrary Marks 330(1)

3.1.1.2 Fanciful Marks 331(1)

3.1.1.3 Suggestive Marks 332(1)

3.1.2 Non-inherently Distinctive Marks 333(1)

3.1.2.1 Descriptive Marks 333(2)

3.1.2.2 Secondary Meaning 335(1)

3.1.2.3 Generic Marks 336(1)

§ 4 Formalities 337(12)

4.1 Adoption and Use 337(4)

4.1.1 Priority --- First to Use 337(1)

4.1.2 Sufficient Use 338(1)

4.1.3 Affixation 339(1)

4.1.4 Interstate and Foreign Commerce 339(1)

4.1.5 Eleventh Amendment Concerns 340(1)

4.2 Lanham Act Registration 341(5)

4.2.1 Use Applications 342(2)

4.2.2 ITU Applications 344(2)

4.2.3 Supplemental Register 346(1)

4.3 Maintenance 346(3)

4.3.1 Registration Duration and Initial Renewal 346(1)

4.3.2 Continuing Use Affidavits 347(1)

4.3.3 Loss of Trademark Rights 347(1)

4.3.3.1 Abandonment 347(1)

4.3.3.2 Voluntary Termination 348(1)

4.3.3.3 Involuntary Termination: Genericism 348(1)

§ 5 Ownership and Transfer 349(2)

5.1 Initial Ownership 349(1)

5.2 Assignment of Trademarks 350(1)

5.3 Licensing of Trademarks 350(1)

§ 6 Scope of Exclusive Rights 351(36)

6.1 Incontestability 351(2)

6.1.1 Mechanics 351(1)

6.1.2 Defensive Use of Incontestable Registrations 352(1)

6.1.3 Offensive Use of Incontestabilty 353(1)

6.2 Territorial Scope of Trademark Rights 353(7)

6.2.1 The Common Law Market Penetration Rule 353(1)

6.2.2 Scope of Concurrent Use Common Law Rights 354(1)

6.2.2.1 Good Faith 354(1)

6.2.2.2 Remoteness 355(1)

6.2.2.3 Market Penetration 355(1)

6.2.2.4 Natural Zone of Expansion 356(1)

6.2.2.5 Relevance of State Boundaries 356(1)

6.2.2.6 Secondary Meaning Marks 357(1)

6.2.3 Effects of Federal Registration 358(1)

6.2.3.1 Constructive Notice: Post Registration Use 358(1)

6.2.3.2 Freezing the Junior User's Market 358(1)

6.2.4 Concurrent Lanham Act Registration 359(1)

6.2.4.1 First User's Rights 359(1)

6.2.4.2 Correction of the Register by Federal Courts 360(1)

6.3 Product and Service Scope 360(1)

6.4 Dilution 361(8)

6.4.1 Fame 362(1)

6.4.2 Dilution Likelihood 363(1)

6.4.3 Dilution by Blurring 364(1)

6.4.4 Dilution by Tarnishment 365(2)

6.4.5 Specific Defenses to a Dilution Claim 367(1)

6.4.6 Preemption of State Laws 367(1)

6.4.7 Note on Dilution 367(2)

6.5 Cybersquatting 369(17)

6.5.1 Bad Faith Requirement 370(2)

6.5.1.1 Reverse Domain Name Hijacking Under the UDRP 372(1)

6.5.2 In Rem Jurisdiction Over Domain Names 373(1)

6.5.3 Domain Name Registrars 374(1)

6.5.4 Domain Name Dispute Resolution 374(3)

6.5.4.1 Resolving Disputes Under the UDRP 377(1)

6.5.4.2 Complainant's Rights in a Mark and Similarity Under the UDRP 378(2)

6.5.4.3 Rights and Legitimate Interests Under the UDRP 380(2)

6.5.4.4 Bad Faith Under the UDRP 382(4)

6.6 Keyword Advertising 386(1)

§ 7 Rights in Unregistered Marks 387(2)

7.1 Lanham Act Section 43(a) 387(2)

7.1.1 Generally 387(1)

7.1.2 Endorsement and Sponsorship Confusion --- Section 43(a) 388(1)

7.2 False Advertising 389(1)

§ 8 Infringement and Remedies 389(26)

8.1 Likelihood of Confusion 390(14)

8.1.1 The Analytical Factors 390(1)

8.1.1.1 Circuit Variations 391(3)

8.1.1.2 Mark Similarity 394(2)

8.1.1.3 Mark Strength 396(1)

8.1.1.4 Similarity of the Goods or Services 396(1)

8.1.1.5 Channels of Trade and Advertising (Proximity) 396(1)

8.1.1.6 Consumer Sophistication and Care 397(1)

8.1.1.7 Actual Confusion --- Survey Evidence 397(2)

8.1.1.8 Intent 399(1)

8.1.1.9 Likelihood of Bridging the Gap 400(1)

8.1.2 Second-Comer Doctrine 400(1)

8.1.3 Question of Law or Fact --- Standard of Review 401(1)

8.1.4 Reverse Confusion 402(1)

8.1.5 Initial Interest Confusion 403(1)

8.2 Defenses 404(4)

8.2.1 Invalidity of Plaintiff's Mark 404(1)

8.2.2 Fraud 405(1)

8.2.3 Antitrust Violations 405(1)

8.2.4 Fair Use 406(1)

8.2.5 Laches, Acquiescence, and Estoppel 407(1)

8.3 Remedies 408(7)

8.3.1 Injunctive Relief 408(1)

8.3.1.1 Injunctive Relief against Domain Name Registrars 409(2)

8.3.2 Damages 411(1)

8.3.2.1 Profits 411(1)

8.3.2.2 Damages for Counterfeiting 412(1)

8.3.2.3 Damages for Cybersquatting 412(1)

8.3.3 Other Forms of Relief 413(2)

Indices 415

Index: Copyright 415(6)

Index: Patent 421(2)

Index: Trademark 423