The living world / 6th ed.

Brief Contents

PART ONE | THE STUDY OF LIFE
Chapter 1 The Science of Biology 1
Chapter 2 Evolution and Ecology 23

PART TWO | THE LIVING CELL
Chapter 3 The Chemistry of Life 43
Chapter 4 Molecules of Life 59
Chapter 5 Cells 77
Chapter 6 Energy and Life 109
Chapter 7 Photosynthesis: Acquiring Energy from the Sun 121
Chapter 8 How Cells Harvest Energy from Food 137

PART THREE | THE CONTINUITY OF LIFE
Chapter 9 Mitosis 153
Chapter 10 Meiosis 169
Chapter 11 Foundations of Genetics 183
Chapter 12 DNA: The Genetic Material 213
Chapter 13 How Genes Work 227

PART FOUR | THE NEW BIOLOGY
Chapter 14 Gene Technology 241
Chapter 15 Genomics 261
Chapter 16 The Revolution in Cell Technology 277


PART FIVE | THE EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY
OF LIFE
Chapter 17 Evolution and Natural Selection 293
Chapter 18 How We Name Living Things 325
Chapter 19 The First Single-Celled Creatures 341
Chapter 20 Advent of the Eukaryotes 363
Chapter 21 Fungi Invade the Land 381
PART SIX | PLANT LIFE
Chapter 22 Evolution of Plants 395
Chapter 23 Plant Form and Function 415
Chapter 24 Plant Reproduction and Growth 433

PART SEVEN | EVOLUTION OF ANIMAL LIFE
Chapter 25 Evolution of the Animal Phyla 451
Chapter 26 History of the Vertebrates 491
Chapter 27 How Humans Evolved 515

PART EIGHT | ANIMAL LIFE
Chapter 28 The Animal Body and How It Moves 531
Chapter 29 Circulation 555
Chapter 30 Respiration 573
Chapter 31 The Path of Food Through the
Animal Body 587
Chapter 32 Maintaining the Internal Environment 607
Chapter 33 How the Animal Body Defends Itself 623
Chapter 34 The Nervous System 647
Chapter 35 Chemical Signaling Within the Animal Body 677
Chapter 36 Reproduction and Development 693

PART NINE | THE LIVING ENVIRONMENT
Chapter 37 Ecosystems 717
Chapter 38 Populations and Communities 743
Chapter 39 Behavior and the Environment 769
Chapter 40 Planet Under Stress 791


Contents
Preface xvii
Part 1 | The Study of Life
1 The Science of Biology 1
BIOLOGY AND THE LIVING WORLD
1.1 The Diversity of Life 2
1.2 Properties of Life 3
1.3 The Organization of Life 4
1.4 Biological Themes 6
THE SCIENTIFIC PROCESS
1.5 How Scientists Think 8
1.6 Science in Action: A Case Study 9
1.7 Stages of a Scienti?c Investigation 10
1.8 Theory and Certainty 14
Author?s Corner: Where Are All My Socks Going? 15
CORE IDEAS OF BIOLOGY
1.9 Four Theories Unify Biology as a Science 16
2 Evolution and Ecology 23
EVOLUTION
2.1 Darwin?s Voyage on HMS Beagle 24
2.2 Darwin?s Evidence 26
2.3 The Theory of Natural Selection 27
DARWIN?S FINCHES: EVOLUTION IN ACTION
2.4 The Beaks of Darwin?s Finches 29
The Scienti?c Process: Evolution Repeats Itself in Caribbean
Lizards 31
2.5 How Natural Selection Produces Diversity 32
ECOLOGY
2.6 What is Ecology? 33
2.7 A Closer Look at Ecosystems 34
2.8 Communities 35
2.9 The Niche and Competition 36
2.10 How Species Evolve to Occupy Different Niches Within an Ecosystem 37
2.11 Predation 38
2.12 Symbiosis 39
Part 2 | The Living Cell
3 The Chemistry of Life 43
SOME SIMPLE CHEMISTRY
3.1 Atoms 44
3.2 Ions and Isotopes 46
3.3 Molecules 48
Author?s Corner: How Tropical Lizards Climb
Vertical Walls 50
WATER: CRADLE OF LIFE
3.4 Hydrogen Bonds Give Water Unique Properties 51
3.5 Water Ionizes 53
Today?s Biology: Acid Rain 54
4 Molecules of Life 59
FORMING MACROMOLECULES
4.1 Polymers Are Built of Monomers 60
TYPES OF MACROMOLECULES
4.2 Proteins 62
4.3 Nucleic Acids 67
A Closer Look: Discovering the Structure of DNA 69
4.4 Carbohydrates 70
4.5 Lipids 72

5 Cells 77
THE WORLD OF CELLS
5.1 Cells 78
5.2 The Plasma Membrane 82
Today?s Biology: Membrane Defects Can Cause
Disease 84
KINDS OF CELLS
5.3 Prokaryotic Cells 85
5.4 Eukaryotic Cells 86
TOUR OF A EUKARYOTIC CELL
5.5 The Nucleus: The Cell?s Control Center 88
5.6 The Endomembrane System 90
5.7 Organelles That Contain DNA 92
5.8 The Cytoskeleton: Interior Framework of the Cell 94
5.9 Outside the Plasma Membrane 97
TRANSPORT ACROSS PLASMA MEMBRANES
5.10 Diffusion and Osmosis 98
5.11 Bulk Passage into and out of Cells 100
5.12 Selective Permeability 102

6 Energy and Life 109
CELLS AND ENERGY
6.1 The Flow of Energy in Living Things 110
6.2 The Laws of Thermodynamics 111
CELL CHEMISTRY
6.3 Chemical Reactions 112
ENZYMES
6.4 How Enzymes Work 113
6.5 How Cells Regulate Enzymes 115
HOW CELLS USE ENERGY
6.6 ATP: The Energy Currency of the Cell 116

7 Photosynthesis:
Acquiring Energy from the Sun 121
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
7.1 An Overview of Photosynthesis 122
7.2 How Plants Capture Energy from Sunlight 124
7.3 Organizing Pigments into Photosystems 126
7.4 How Photosystems Convert Light to Chemical Energy 128
7.5 Building New Molecules 130
PHOTORESPIRATION
7.6 Photorespiration: Putting the Brakes on Photosynthesis 132
A Closer Look: The Redox Cycle 133
8 How Cells Harvest Energy from Food 137
AN OVERVIEW OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION
8.1 Where Is the Energy in Food? 138
RESPIRATION WITHOUT OXYGEN: GLYCOLYSIS
8.2 Using Coupled Reactions to Make ATP 140 Author?s Corner: Fad Diets and Impossible Dreams 143
RESPIRATION WITH OXYGEN: THE KREBS CYCLE
8.3 Harvesting Electrons from Chemical Bonds 144 A Closer Look: Metabolic Ef?ciency and the Length of Food
Chains 145
8.4 Using the Electrons to Make ATP 148
OTHER SOURCES OF ENERGY
8.5 Glucose Is Not the Only Food Molecule 150
Part 3| The Continuity of Life
9 Mitosis 153
CELL DIVISION
9.1 Prokaryotes Have a Simple Cell Cycle 154
9.2 Eukaryotes Have a Complex Cell Cycle 155
9.3 Chromosomes 156
9.4 Cell Division 158
9.5 Controlling the Cell Cycle 161
CANCER AND THE CELL CYCLE
9.6 What is Cancer? 162
9.7 Cancer and Control of the Cell Cycle 163
A Closer Look: Curing Cancer 164
10 Meiosis 169
MEIOSIS
10.1 Discovery of Meiosis 170
10.2 The Sexual Life Cycle 171
10.3 The Stages of Meiosis 172
COMPARING MEIOSIS AND MITOSIS
10.4 How Meiosis Differs From Mitosis 176
10.5 Evolutionary Consequences of Sex 178
A Closer Look: Why Sex? 179
11 Foundations of Genetics 183
MENDEL
11.1 Mendel and the Garden Pea 184
11.2 What Mendel Observed 186
11.3 Mendel Proposes a Theory 188
11.4 Mendel?s Laws 191
FROM GENOTYPE TO PHENOTYPE
11.5 How Genes In?uence Traits 192
11.6 Why Some Traits Don?t Show Mendelian Inheritance 194 Today?s Biology: Does Environment Affect I.Q.?
197
CHROMOSOMES AND HEREDITY
11.7 Chromosomes Are the Vehicles of Mendelian Inheritance 200
11.8 Human Chromosomes 202
HUMAN HEREDITY DISORDERS
11.9 The Role of Mutations in Human Heredity 204
11.10 Genetic Counseling and Therapy 208

12 DNA: The Genetic Material 213
GENES ARE MADE OF DNA
12.1 The Grif?th Experiment 214
12.2 The Avery and Hershey-Chase Experiments 215
12.3 Discovering the Structure of DNA 216
DNA REPLICATION
12.4 How the DNA Molecule Copies Itself 218
ALTERING THE GENETIC MESSAGE
12.5 Mutation 222

13 How Genes Work 227
FROM GENE TO PROTEIN
13.1 Transcription 228
13.2 Translation 229
13.3 Architecture of the Gene 232
REGULATING GENE EXPRESSION
13.4 Turning Genes Off and On 234
Today?s Biology: How Small RNAs Regulate Gene
Expression 236
Part 4| The New Biology
14 Gene Technology 241
GENETIC ENGINEERING
14.1 A Scienti?c Revolution 242
14.2 Restriction Enzymes 243
14.3 The Four Stages of a Genetic Engineering Experiment 244
14.4 Working with DNA 248
ADVANCES IN MEDICINE
14.5 Genetic Engineering and Medicine 250
TRANSFORMING AGRICULTURE
14.6 Genetic Engineering of Farm Animals 252
14.7 Genetic Engineering of Crop Plants 253
15 Genomics 261
THE CHALLENGE OF SEQUENCING ENTIRE GENOMES
15.1 Genomics 262
15.2 The Human Genome 263 Today?s Biology: The Y Chromosome?Men Really Are
Different 265
15.3 Comparing Genomes 266 Today?s Biology: What Makes Us Human? 269
PUTTING GENOMIC INFORMATION TO WORK
15.4 Gene Microarrays 271
15.5 Proteomics: The Next Frontier 273
15.6 The Ethics of Genetic Testing 273
16 The Revolution in Cell Technology 277
CLONING
16.1 Proving That Reproductive Cloning is Possible 278
16.2 Progress with Reproductive Cloning 280
16.3 Problems with Reproductive Cloning 281
STEM CELLS
16.4 Embryonic Stem Cells 282
16.5 Therapeutic Cloning 284
16.6 Grappling with the Ethics of Stem Cell Research 286
A Closer Look: When Does Human Life Begin? 287
GENE THERAPY
16.7 Initial Attempts at Gene Therapy 288
16.8 More Promising Vectors 289
16.9 Ethical Issues Raised by Gene Therapy 290
Part 5 | The Evolution and Diversity of Life
17 Evolution and Natural
Selection 293
THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION
17.1 Evolution: Getting from There to Here 294
17.2 The Evidence for Evolution 296 Today?s Biology: Darwin and Moby Dick 297
17.3 Evolution?s Critics 301 A Closer Look: Putting Darwin (and Intelligent Design) To the Test 304
HOW POPULATIONS EVOLVE
17.4 Genetic Change Within Populations: The Hardy-Weinberg Rule 306
17.5 Agents of Evolution 308
ADAPTATION WITHIN POPULATIONS
17.6 Sickle-Cell Anemia 312
17.7 Selection on Color in Guppies 314
HOW SPECIES FORM
17.8 The Biological Species Concept 316
Author?s Corner: Are Bird-Killing Cats Nature?s Way of
Making Better Birds? 317
17.9 Isolating Mechanisms 318
17.10 Working with the Biological Species Concept 320

18 How We Name Living Things 325
THE CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS
18.1 The Invention of the Linnaean System 326
18.2 Species Names 327
18.3 Higher Categories 328
18.4 What Is a Species? 329
INFERRING PHYLOGENY
18.5 How to Build a Family Tree 330
Author?s Corner: Biodiversity Behind Bars 333
KINGDOMS AND DOMAINS
18.6 The Kingdoms of Life 334
18.7 Domain Bacteria 335
18.8 Domain Archaea 336
18.9 Domain Eukarya 337

19 The First Single-Celled
Creatures 341
ORIGIN OF THE FIRST CELLS
19.1 Origin of Life 342
19.2 How Cells Arose 344
Today?s Biology: Has Life Evolved Elsewhere? 345
PROKARYOTES
19.3 The Simplest Organisms 346
19.4 Comparing Prokaryotes to Eukaryotes 348
19.5 Importance of Prokaryotes 349
19.6 Prokaryotic Lifestyles 350
VIRUSES
19.7 The Structure of Viruses 352
19.8 How Bacteriophages Enter Prokaryotic Cells 353
Today?s Biology: Prions and Mad Cow Disease 355
19.9 How Animal Viruses Enter Cells 356
19.10 Disease Viruses 358
20 Advent of the Eukaryotes 363
THE EVOLUTION OF EUKARYOTES
20.1 The Origin of Eukaryotic Cells 364
20.2 The Evolution of Sex 366
THE PROTISTS
20.3 General Biology of Protists, the Most Ancient Eukaryotes 368
20.4 Classifying the Protists 370
20.5 Heterotrophs with No Permanent Locomotor Apparatus 372
20.6 Heterotrophs with Flagella 373
20.7 Heterotrophs with Restricted Mobility 374
20.8 Photosynthetic Protists 375
20.9 Nonmotile Spore-Formers 378
21 Fungi Invade the Land 381
FUNGI AS MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS
21.1 Complex Multicellularity 382
21.2 A Fungus Is Not a Plant 383
21.3 Reproduction and Nutrition of Fungi 384
FUNGAL DIVERSITY
21.4 Kinds of Fungi 385
21.5 Zygomycetes 386
21.6 Ascomycetes 387
21.7 Basidiomycetes 388
21.8 Chytridiomycetes, Imperfect Fungi, and Yeasts 389
THE ECOLOGY OF FUNGI
21.9 Ecological Roles of Fungi 390
Part 6| Plant Life
22 Evolution of Plants 395
PLANTS
22.1 Adapting to Terrestrial Living 396
22.2 Plant Evolution 398
SEEDLESS PLANTS
22.3 Nonvascular Plants 400
22.4 The Evolution of Vascular Tissue 401
22.5 Seedless Vascular Plants 402
THE ADVENT OF SEEDS
22.6 Evolution of Seed Plants 404
22.7 Gymnosperms 406
THE EVOLUTION OF FLOWERS
22.8 The Rise of the Angiosperms 408
22.9 Why Are There Different Kinds of Flowers? 409
22.10 Improving Seeds: Double Fertilization 410
22.11 Improving Seed Dispersal: Fruits 412

23 Plant Form and Function 415
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF PLANT TISSUES
23.1 Organization of a Vascular Plant 416
23.2 Plant Tissue Types 417
THE PLANT BODY
23.3 Roots 420
23.4 Stems 422
23.5 Leaves 424
PLANT TRANSPORT AND NUTRITION
23.6 Water Movement 426
23.7 Carbohydrate Transport 429
23.8 Essential Plant Nutrients 430

24 Plant Reproduction and
Growth 433
FLOWERING PLANT REPRODUCTION
24.1 Angiosperm Reproduction 434
24.2 Seeds 437
24.3 Fruit 438
24.4 Germination 439
REGULATING PLANT GROWTH
24.5 Plant Hormones 440
24.6 Auxin 442
24.7 Other Plant Hormones 444
PLANT RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULI
24.8 Photoperiodism and Dormancy 446
24.9 Tropisms 447
Part 7| Evolution of Animal Life
25 Evolution of the Animal Phyla 451
INTRODUCTION TO THE ANIMALS
25.1 General Features of Animals 452
25.2 The Animal Family Tree 454
25.3 Five Key Transitions in Body Plan 456

THE SIMPLEST ANIMALS
25.4 Sponges: Animals Without Tissues 460
25.5 Cnidarians: Tissues Lead to Greater Specialization 462
THE ADVENT OF BILATERAL SYMMETRY
25.6 Solid Worms: Bilateral Symmetry 465
THE ADVENT OF A BODY CAVITY
25.7 Roundworms: The Evolution of a Body Cavity 469
25.8 Mollusks: Coelomates 472
25.9 Annelids: The Rise of Segmentation 474
25.10 Arthropods: Advent of Jointed Appendages 476
REDESIGNING THE EMBRYO
25.11 Protostomes and Deuterostomes 482
25.12 Echinoderms: The First Deuterostomes 484
25.13 Chordates: Improving the Skeleton 487
26 History of the Vertebrates 491
OVERVIEW OF VERTEBRATE EVOLUTION
26.1 The Paleozoic Era 492
26.2 The Mesozoic Era 494
26.3 The Cenozoic Era 497
THE PARADE OF VERTEBRATES
26.4 Fishes Dominate the Sea 498
26.5 Amphibians Invade the Land 502
26.6 Reptiles Conquer the Land 504
26.7 Birds Master the Air 506
26.8 Mammals Adapt to Colder Times 508
Author?s Corner: Evolution of the Family Dog 511
27 How Humans Evolved 515
THE EVOLUTION OF PRIMATES
27.1 The Evolutionary Path to Apes 516
27.2 How the Apes Evolved 518
THE FIRST HOMINIDS
27.3 An Evolutionary Tree with Many Branches 520
27.4 The Origins of Bipedalism 522
27.5 The Beginning of Hominid Evolution 523
THE FIRST HUMANS
27.6 African Origin: Early Homo 524
27.7 Out of Africa: Homo erectus 525
MODERN HUMANS
27.8 The Last Stage of Hominid Evolution 526
27.9 Our Own Species: Homo sapiens 528
Part 8| Animal Life
28 The Animal Body and How
It Moves 531
THE ANIMAL BODY PLAN
28.1 Innovations in Body Design 532
28.2 Organization of the Vertebrate Body 534
TISSUES OF THE VERTEBRATE BODY
28.3 Epithelium Is Protective Tissue 538
28.4 Connective Tissue Supports the Body 540
28.5 Muscle Tissue Lets the Body Move 543
28.6 Nerve Tissue Conducts Signals Rapidly 545
THE SKELETAL AND MUSCULAR SYSTEMS
28.7 Types of Skeletons 546
28.8 Muscles and How They Work 548
Author?s Corner: Running Improperly Provides a Painful
Lesson in the Biology of Bones and Muscles 549

29 Circulation 555
CIRCULATION
29.1 Open and Closed Circulatory Systems 556
29.2 Architecture of the Vertebrate Circulatory System 558
29.3 The Lymphatic System: Recovering Lost Fluid 561
29.4 Blood 562
EVOLUTION OF VERTEBRATE CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS
29.5 Fish Circulation 564
29.6 Amphibian and Reptile Circulation 565
29.7 Mammalian and Bird Circulation 566
29.8 Cardiovascular Diseases 569

30 Respiration 573
RESPIRATION
30.1 Types of Respiratory Systems 574
30.2 Respiration in Aquatic Vertebrates 575
30.3 Respiration in Terrestrial Vertebrates 576
30.4 The Mammalian Respiratory System 578
30.5 How Respiration Works: Gas Exchange 580
LUNG CANCER AND SMOKING
30.6 The Nature of Lung Cancer 582
31 The Path of Food Through the
Animal Body 587
FOOD ENERGY AND ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS
31.1 Food for Energy and Growth 588 Today?s Biology: Closing in on the Long-Sought Link
Between Diabetes and Obesity 591
DIGESTION
31.2 Types of Digestive Systems 592
31.3 Vertebrate Digestive Systems 593
31.4 The Mouth and Teeth 594
31.5 The Esophagus and Stomach 596
31.6 The Small and Large Intestines 598
31.7 Variations in Vertebrate Digestive Systems 600
31.8 Accessory Digestive Organs 602
32 Maintaining the Internal Environment 607
HOMEOSTASIS
32.1 How the Animal Body Maintains Homeostasis 608
OSMOREGULATION
32.2 Regulating the Body?s Water Content 610
OSMOREGULATION IN VERTEBRATES
32.3 Evolution of the Vertebrate Kidney 612
32.4 The Mammalian Kidney 616
A Closer Look: How Hormones Control Your Kidney?s
Functions 618
32.5 Eliminating Nitrogenous Wastes 619
33 How the Animal Body Defends
Itself 623
THREE LINES OF DEFENSE
33.1 Skin: The First Line of Defense 624
33.2 Cellular Counterattack: The Second Line of Defense 626
33.3 Speci?c Immunity: The Third Line of Defense 629
THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
33.4 Initiating the Immune Response 630
33.5 T Cells: The Cellular Response 631
33.6 B Cells: The Humoral Response 632
33.7 Active Immunity Through Clonal Selection 634
33.8 Evolution of the Immune System 636
33.9 Vaccination 638
33.10 Antibodies in Medical Diagnosis 640
DEFEAT OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
33.11 Overactive Immune System 641
33.12 AIDS: Immune System Collapse 642
The Scienti?c Process: The Search for an Effective AIDS
Vaccine Looks More Promising 643
34 The Nervous System 647
NEURONS AND HOW THEY WORK
34.1 Evolution of the Animal Nervous System 648
34.2 Neurons Generate Nerve Impulses 650
34.3 The Synapse 652
34.4 Addictive Drugs Act on Chemical Synapses 654
THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
34.5 Evolution of the Vertebrate Brain 656
34.6 How the Brain Works 658
34.7 The Spinal Cord 661
THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
34.8 Voluntary and Autonomic Nervous Systems 662
THE SENSORY NERVOUS SYSTEM
34.9 Sensory Perception 664
34.10 Sensing Gravity and Motion 666
34.11 Sensing Chemicals: Taste and Smell 667
34.12 Sensing Sounds: Hearing 668
34.13 Sensing Light: Vision 670
34.14 Other Types of Sensory Reception 674 .
35 Chemical Signaling Within the
Animal Body 677
THE NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM
35.1 Hormones 678
35.2 How Hormones Target Cells 680
THE MAJOR ENDOCRINE GLANDS
35.3 The Hypothalamus and the Pituitary 682
35.4 The Pancreas 685
35.5 The Thyroid, Parathyroid, and Adrenal Glands 686
35.6 A Host of Other Hormones 690
36 Reproduction and Development 693
VERTEBRATE REPRODUCTION
36.1 Asexual and Sexual Reproduction 694
36.2 Evolution of Reproduction Among the Vertebrates 696
THE HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
36.3 Males 700
36.4 Females 702
36.5 Hormones Coordinate the Reproductive Cycle 704
THE COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT
36.6 Embryonic Development 706
36.7 Fetal Development 708
The Scienti?c Process: Why You Age and Cancer Cells
Don?t 712
BIRTH CONTROL AND SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES
36.8 Contraception and Sexually Transmitted Diseases 713


Part 9| The Living Environment
37 Ecosystems 717
THE ENERGY IN ECOSYSTEMS
37.1 Energy Flows Through Ecosystems 718
37.2 Ecological Pyramids 722
MATERIALS CYCLE WITHIN ECOSYSTEMS
37.3 The Water Cycle 723
37.4 The Carbon Cycle 725
37.5 Soil Nutrients and Other Chemical Cycles 726
HOW WEATHER SHAPES ECOSYSTEMS
37.6 The Sun and Atmospheric Circulation 728
37.7 Latitude and Elevation 729
37.8 Patterns of Circulation in the Ocean 730
MAJOR KINDS OF ECOSYSTEMS
37.9 Ocean Ecosystems 732
37.10 Freshwater Ecosystems 734
37.11 Land Ecosystems 736
38 Populations and Communities 743
POPULATION DYNAMICS
38.1 Population Growth 744
38.2 The In?uence of Population Density 746
38.3 Life History Adaptations 747
38.4 Population Demography 748
Today?s Biology: Invasion of the Killer Bees 749
HOW COMPETITION SHAPES COMMUNITIES
38.5 Communities 750
38.6 The Niche and Competition 751
HOW COEVOLUTION SHAPES COMMUNITIES
38.7 Coevolution and Symbiosis 754
38.8 Predator-Prey Interactions 758
38.9 Plant and Animal Defenses 760
38.10 Mimicry 762
COMMUNITY STABILITY
38.11 Ecological Succession 764
39 Behavior and the Environment 769
SOME BEHAVIOR IS GENETICALLY DETERMINED
39.1 Approaches to the Study of Behavior 770
39.2 Instinctive Behavioral Patterns 771
39.3 Genetic Effects on Behavior 772
BEHAVIOR CAN ALSO BE INFLUENCED BY LEARNING
39.4 How Animals Learn 773
39.5 Instinct and Learning Interact to Determine Behavior 774
39.6 Animal Cognition 775
EVOLUTIONARY FORCES SHAPE BEHAVIOR
39.7 Behavioral Ecology 776
39.8 A Cost-Bene?t Analysis of Behavior 777
39.9 Migratory Behavior 778
The Scienti?c Process: The Great Pigeon Race Disaster of 1997 Suggests an Answer to an Enduring Mystery 779
39.10 Reproductive Behaviors 780
SOCIAL BEHAVIOR
39.11 Communication Within Social Groups 782
39.12 Altruism and Group Living 784
39.13 Vertebrate Societies 786
39.14 Human Social Behavior 787
40 Planet Under Stress 791
GLOBAL CHANGE
40.1 Pollution 792
40.2 Acid Precipitation 793
40.3 The Ozone Hole 794
40.4 Global Warming 795
40.5 Loss of Biodiversity 796
Today?s Biology: The Global Decline in Amphibians 797
SAVING OUR ENVIRONMENT
40.6 Reducing Pollution 798
40.7 Finding Other Sources of Energy 799
40.8 Preserving Nonreplaceable Resources 800
40.9 Curbing Population Growth 802
SOLVING ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
40.10 Preserving Endangered Species 806
40.11 Individuals Can Make the Difference 809
APPENDIX A-1
GLOSSARY G-1
CREDITS C-1
INDEX I-1






Boxed Readings
Author?s Corner
Where Are All My Socks Going?? page 15 All of my life, for as far back as I can remember, I have
been losing socks, not pairs of socks, mind you, but single socks.
How Tropical Lizards Climb Vertical Walls?page 50 Science is most fun when it explains the
impossible.
Fad Diets and Impossible Dreams?page 143 In my mind I will always weigh 165 pounds, but the
bathroom scale tells a different story?
Are Bird-Killing Cats Nature?s Way of Making Better Birds??page 317 Death is not pretty early in
the morning on the doorstep. A small dead bird is left compliments of our cat?
Biodiversity Behind Bars?page 333 There is something about a child that doesn?t like bars.
Evolution of the Family Dog?page 511 From what creature did the domestic dog arise?
Running Improperly Provides a Painful Lesson in the Biology of Bones and Muscles?page 549 No
one seeing the ring of fat decorating my middle would take me for a runner.
The Scienti?c Process
Evolution Repeats Itself in Caribbean Lizards?page 31 Darwin would have been puzzled at the
average American?s reluctance to accept his theory of evolution.
The Search for an Effective AIDS Vaccine Looks More Promising?page 643 Since the AIDS
epidemic burst upon us in 1981, scientists have feverishly sought a vaccine.
Why You Age and Cancer Cells Don?t?page 712 Aging is a part of the life cycle, except in cancer
cells.
The Great Pigeon Race Disaster of 1997 Suggests an Answer to an Enduring Mystery?page 779
Homing pigeons have a remarkable ability to find their way home from distant, unfamiliar places.
Today?s Biology
Acid Rain?page 54 As you study biology, you will learn that hydrogen ions play many roles in the
chemistry of life.
Membrane Defects Can Cause Disease?page 84 1993 marked an important milestone in medicine
when an attempt was made to cure cystic fibrosis by gene transfer.
Does Environment Affect I.Q.??page 197 Nowhere has the influence of environment on the
expression of genes led to more controversy than in studies of I.Q.
How Small RNAs Regulate Gene Expression?page 236 Not all gene regulation is carried out by
proteins.
The Y Chromosome?Men Really Are Different?page 265 Our view of the differences between the
sexes has recently undergone a radical revision.
What Makes Us Human??page 269 Just what makes us human and not chimpanzee?
Darwin and Moby Dick?page 297 One of the ocean?s great predators, a large sperm whale is a
voracious meat-eater that may?
Has Life Evolved Elsewhere??page 345 We should not overlook the possibility that life processes
might have evolved in different ways on other planets.
Prions and Mad Cow Disease?page 355 For decades scientists have been fascinated by a peculiar
group of fatal brain diseases.
Invasion of the Killer Bees?page 749 One of the harshest lessons of environmental biology is that the
unexpected does happen.
The Global Decline in Amphibians?page 797 Sometimes important things happen, right under our
eyes, without anyone noticing.
Closing in on the Long-Sought Link Between Diabetes and Obesity?page 591 We Americans love to
eat, but in 2004 the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention released a report warning we are
eating ourselves into a diabetes epidemic.
A Closer Look
Discovering the Structure of DNA?page 69 By the middle of the last century, biologists were
increasingly sure that DNA was the molecule that stored hereditary information, but investigators
were puzzled over how.
The Redox Cycle?page 133 The energy-capturing metabolism of the chloroplasts and the energy-
utilizing metabolism of the mitochondria are intimately related.
Curing Cancer?page 164 Potential cancer therapies are being developed on many fronts.
Why Sex??page 179 Not all reproduction is sexual, so why does it occur?
When Does Human Life Begin??page 287 When human life begins is a controversial subject.
Putting Darwin (and Intelligent Design) To the Test?page 304 In the spring of 2006 the South
Carolina Board of Education rejected a state panel?s proposal to change high school standards by
calling on students to critically analyze evolution.
How Hormones Control Your Kidney?s Functions?page 618 In all mammals and birds the amount of
water excreted in the urine varies according to the changing needs of the body.
Applications Directory
Biology is having an enormous impact on modern society, affecting our lives often and deeply. To aid
you in quickly turning to where a particular topic of current interest is found, this ?Applications
Directory? presents a list of these topics in alphabetical order, so that you can easily discover the page
on which a topic is located?think of it as an index pre-sorted for topics that impact our lives.

ABO blood groups, 198?199, 640, 640 fig. Abstinence as birth control method, 713
Acid rain, 793, 793 fig.
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), 356,
356 fig., 358, 359 table, 623, 642 fig., 642?643. See also Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine for, 638?639,
643 Acromegaly, 682 ADH (antidiuretic hormone), 682, 689 table Adrenal glands, 687 cortex of, 687, 688 table
medulla of, 687, 688 table Agriculture chemicals used in, 792, 792 fig.
genetic engineering and, 253 fig., 253?254, 254 fig., 255 table, 256?258 global warming and, 795 AIDS (acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome), 356,
356 fig., 358, 359 table, 623, 642 fig., 642?643. See also Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine for, 638?639,
643 Air pollution, 792 Alcohol fetal alcohol syndrome and, 709 production of, 142 Aldosterone
Antidiuretic hormone, 618 Allergies, 641, 641 fig.
Alzheimer?s disease, 660 Amniocentesis, 208, 208 fig.
Anabolic steroids, 680 Anemia pernicious, 597 sickle-cell, 204 table, 206 fig., 206?207, 312 fig.,
312?313 Angel dust (PCP), 653 Anthrax, 351 table Antibodies, in medical diagnosis, 640, 640 fig.
Anticoagulants, manufacture of, 250, 250 table Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), 682, 689 table kidney function and, 618
Antipollution laws, 798 Apples, genetically modified, 255 table Arteriosclerosis, 569 Asthma, 641 Atherosclerosis,
568, 569, 569 fig.
Autoimmune diseases, 627, 641 Bacterial diseases and disorders, 347, 349, 350, 351 table Barley, genetically modified,
255 table Bees, killer, 749 Benign tumors, 165 Bioterrorism, 349 Birth control, 713 fig.,
713?714 Birth-control pills, 713,
713 fig.
Birthrate, 36 Blood glucose, regulation of, 106, 609, 609 fig., 685,
685 fig.
Blood groups, 198?199, 640, 640 fig.
Blood pressure, measuring, 568, 568 fig. Botulism, 347, 351 table, 354 Bovine somatotropin (BST), manufacture of,
252,
252 fig.
Broccoli, genetically modified, 255 table BST (bovine somatotropin), manufacture of, 252,
252 fig.
Cancer, 162?165, 582 fig., 582?583 curing, 164 fig., 164?165 deaths due to, 162 prevention of, 164?165 screening for,
272, 272 fig. smoking and, 582?583, 583 fig. spread of, preventing, 165 Canola, genetically modified,
255 table Carbon dating Iceman using C14 and, 56 Cardiovascular disease, 569,
569 fig.
CF (cystic fibrosis), 84, 204 table, 265 CFCf (chloroflurocarbons),
9?11, 794
Chicken pox, 359 table Chlamydia, 351 table, 714 Chloroflurocarbons (CFCf),
9?11, 794 Cholera, 351 table, 354 discovery of cause of, 360 Chorionic villus sampling, 208 Classical conditioning,
773 Cloning, 278?281, 290 Cocaine, 654, 655 fig.
Colon cancer, 164, 165 Colony-stimulating factors, manufacture of, 250 table Color blindness, 672, 673 fig.
Color vision, 672, 672 fig., 673 fig.
Combination therapy for AIDS, 642 Compound microscopes, 80 Conditioning, 773 Condoms, 713, 713 fig.
Corn color of, 196 genetically modified, 254, 255 table Corn borer, 256, 257 Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH),
684, 688 table Cotton, genetically modified, 254, 255 table CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone), 684, 688 table
Culture, human, diversity and, 788 Cystic fibrosis, 204 table, 288 DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane), 807 Deaths,
cancer-related, 162 Demography, 748, 748 fig.
Dental caries, 351 table Depression, 654 Diabetes, 250, 641, 685 embryonic stem cell therapy for, 282 obesity and,
591, 685 Diaphragms (contraceptive), 713, 713 fig. Diastolic pressure, 568 Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT),
807 Dieting, 143 Diphtheria, 351 table, 354 Diseases and disorders allergic, 641, 641 fig.
autoimmune, 627, 641 bacterial, 347, 349, 350, 351 table cardiovascular, 569, 569 fig.
fungal, 387, 390 genetic, 204 table, 205?207, 205?207 fig.,
208?209 immunodeficiency, 356, 356 fig., 358, 359 table,
623, 638?639, 642 fig., 642?643, 643 malignant. See Cancer neurologic, 660 plasma membrane defects causing,
84 prions and, 355 screening for, 208 fig., 208?209, 272, 272 fig. sleeping sickness, 373 fig.
viral, 354, 356, 356 fig., 357, 358, 359 table,
360, 623, 638?639, 642 fig., 642?643 Diversity, human culture and, 788 DNA fingerprinting, 249, 249 fig.
DNA vaccines, 251 Dolly (sheep), 277, 278?279 fig., 279 Down syndrome, 202, 203 fig., 208 Dr. Atkins? Diet
Revolution, 143 Drug(s), genetically engineered, 250 table Drug addiction, 654, 655 fig.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 204 table Dust mites, 641,
641 fig.
Ears, hearing and, 668 fig., 668?669 Ebola virus, 341,
358, 359 table ECG (electrocardiogram), 568 Ejaculation, 701 EKG (electrocardiogram), 568 Electrocardiogram
(ECG or EKG), 568 Electron microscopes, 80, 81 table Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, 309 fig.
El Niño, 730?731, 731 fig.
Embryonic stem cells, 282, 284 ethical issues and, 286, 286 table repairing cells using, 282,
283 fig.
sources for, 284, 284 fig.,
285 fig.
Emerging viruses, 358 Endangered species, preserving, 806?808, 806?808 fig.
Endocrine glands, 678, 682?690. See also specific glands and hormones Environmental protection, 798?801 conserving
nonreplaceable resources and, 800 fig., 800?801, 801 fig.
curbing population growth and, 802 fig., 802?
805, 803 fig.
finding alternative sources of energy and, 799,
799 fig.
reducing pollution and, 798, 798 fig. Erection of penis, 701 Erosion, 725 Erythroblastosis fetalis, 640
Erythropoietin, manufacture of, 250 table Ethical issues gene therapy and, 290 stem cell research and, 286, 286 table
Ethylene root growth and, 448 Exxon Valdez oil spill, 349 fig., 792 Factor VIII, manufacture of, 250, 250 table Fad
diets, 143 Female reproductive system, human, 702 fig.,
702?703, 703 fig.
Fetal alcohol syndrome, 709 Fever, 628 Fiber, dietary, 589 Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), 683, 684, 689 table,
699, 704 Foods for energy and growth, 588 fig., 588?590, 589 fig.
genetically modified, 257?258 Forests acid rain and, 54 Founder effect, 309, 309 fig.
FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone), 683, 684, 689 table, 699, 704 Fungal diseases and disorders, 387, 390 Gene(s)
modified, escape from crops, 258 Genetic counseling,
208 Genetic diseases and disorders, 204 table, 205?207, 205?207 fig.,
208?209 Genetic engineering escape of modified genes from crops and, 258 Genetic engineering, medical
applications of, 250 table, 250?251 Genetic screening, 208 fig., 208?209 Gene transfer therapy, 288?290 ethical issues
raised by, 290 initial attempts at, 288, 288 fig.
vectors for, 288, 289 Genital herpes, 714 GH (growth hormone), manufacture of, 250, 250 fig.
GHRH (growth hormone-releasing hormone), 684,
688 table Giantism, 682 Global change, 792?797 acid precipitation and, 793, 793 fig. greenhouse effect and, 795,
795 fig.
loss of biodiversity and, 796 fig., 796?797 ozone hole and, 794, 794 fig.
pollution and, 792, 792 fig.
Global warming, 795, 795 fig.
Glucose, blood, regulation of, 106, 609, 609 fig.,
685, 685 fig.
Glyphosate, plants genetically engineered to resist,
253, 253 fig.
GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone), 684, 688 table Goiter, 686, 686 fig.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), 684,
688 table Gonorrhea, 351 table, 714 Grass, genetically modified, 258 Gravity, perception of, 666, 666 fig.
Greenhouse effect, 795, 795 fig.
Growth factors, manufacture of, 250 table Growth hormone (GH), manufacture of, 250, 250 fig.
Growth-hormone-inhibiting hormone, 688 table Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), 684,
688 table Hansen?s disease, 351 table Hantavirus, 358 Hay fever, 641 hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin), in
pregnancy, 690 Head/neck cancer, 164 Hearing, 668 fig., 668?669 Heart murmurs, 568 Helicobacter pylori, ulcers and,
597 Hemophilia, 204 table, 205, 205 fig.
Herbicides, plants genetically engineered to resist,
253, 253 fig.
Herpes, 359 table genital, 714 HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), 352 fig.,
356 fig., 356?357, 357 fig., 358, 623, 642. See also Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
vaccine against, 638?639, 643 Homing pigeons, 779 Hormones kidney function and, 618 Human chorionic
gonadotropin (hCG), in pregnancy, 690 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 352 fig.,
356 fig., 356?357, 357 fig., 358, 623, 642. See also Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
vaccine against, 638?639, 643 Human life, beginning of, 287 Human reproduction, 700?705 contraception and, 713
fig., 713?714 females and, 702 fig., 702?703, 703 fig. hormone coordination of reproductive cycle and, 704 fig., 704?
705, 705 fig.
males and, 700 fig., 700?701, 701 fig. sexually transmitted diseases and, 714 Humoral immunity, 632 fig., 632?633,
633 fig. Huntington?s disease, 204 table, 207, 207 fig. Hypercholesterolemia, 204 table
Hypothyroidism, congenital, 204 table Iceman, dating using radioactive decay, 56 Immunodeficiency disorders, 356,
356 fig., 358,
359 table, 623, 638?639, 642 fig., 642?643, 643 Influenza, 358, 359 table Insect control agents, bacteria as, 349
Insecticides, crop resistance to, 256, 257 Insulin, 681, 685, 685 fig., 688 table manufacture of, 250, 250 table
Interferons, 627?628 manufacture of, 250 table Interleukins interleukin-1, 630 interleukin-2, 631, 631 fig.
manufacture of, 250 table
I.Q., environmental influences in, 197 Irish potato famine, 374 Kidney(s)
hormonal control of, 618 Killer bees, 749 Klinefelter syndrome, 203 Lakes, acid rain and, 54 La Niña, 731 Leprosy,
351 table LH (luteinizing hormone), 683, 684, 689 table, 699,
704, 705 fig.
Life, beginning of, 287 Light microscopes, 80, 81 table Locomotion, efficiency of modes of, 552 Low-carbohydrate
diets, 143 Lung cancer, 164, 582 fig., 582?583 smoking and, 163, 582?583, 583 fig. Luteinizing hormone (LH), 683,
684, 689 table,
699, 704, 705 fig.
Lyme disease, 351 table Mad cow disease, 355 Malaria treatment of, 378 Malaria, sickle-cell anemia and, 313, 313 fig.
Male reproductive system, human, 700 fig., 700?
701, 701 fig.
Malignant tumors, 165. See also Cancer Mammary glands, 508 Measles, 359 table Medicine. See also Diseases and
disorders antibodies in diagnosis and, 640, 640 fig. cancer therapy and, 164, 165 combination therapy for AIDS and,
642 embryonic stem cells in, 282, 283 fig., 284 genetic engineering in, 250 table, 250?251 gene transfer therapy and,
288?290 radioactive isotopes in, 46, 47 fig. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), 683, 689 table Melanotropin-
inhibiting hormone (MIH), 684, 688 table Menstrual cycle, 705 Menstruation, 705 Metastases, 162, 162 fig.
Microscopes, 80, 81 table MIH (melanotropin-inhibiting hormone), 684, 688 table Monarch butterflies, 257
Monoclonal antibodies, in cancer therapy, 164, 165 Monosomy, 156 MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone), 683, 689
table Multiple sclerosis, 641, 650 Muscles, oxygen debt and, 142 Nashua River, 809, 809 fig.
Natural family planning, 713 Neurologic diseases and disorders, 660 Nuclear power, 799, 799 fig.
Obesity, diabetes and, 591, 685 Operant conditioning, 773 Osteoporosis, 542, 542 fig. Overweight, 588?589 Ozone
hole, 9, 9 fig.,
10?11, 11 fig., 794, 794 fig.
Pain perception, 665 Parathyroid glands, 686?
687, 688 table Parathyroid hormone
(PTH), 686?687, 687 fig., 688 table Parkinson?s disease, embryonic stem cell therapy for, 282, 284 PCP (angel dust),
653 Peptic ulcers, 351 table Pernicious anemia, 597 Phase-contrast microscopes, 81 table Phenylketonuria, 204 table
Pigeons, homing, 779 Piggyback vaccines, 251, 251 fig., 638 PIH (prolactin-inhibiting hormone), 684, 688 table Pineal
gland, 689 table Pituitary gland, 682?684 anterior, 682?683, 683 fig., 689 table control by hypothalamus, 683?684, 684
fig. posterior, 682, 682 fig., 689 table Plague, 351 table Pneumonia, 351 table Polar ice caps, 739, 739 fig.
Polio, 359 table Pollution, 792, 792 fig.
acid rain and, 43, 54, 727, 793, 793 fig. bacterial removal of pollutants and, 349, 349 fig.
reducing, 798, 798 fig.
Pollution taxes, 798 Population(s)
growth of, 766 Pregnancy high-risk, 208 human chorionic gonadotropin in, 690 Rh factor and, 640 Preimplantation
genetic screening, 209 Prions, 355 Privacy, gene microarrays and, 271 Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH), 684, 688
table Prostate cancer, 164 Prozac, 654 PTH (parathyroid hormone), 686?687, 687 fig.,
688 table Rabies, 359 table Radioactive decay dating of Iceman using, 56 Radioactive isotopes, 46?47 Rain acid,
727, 793, 793 fig.
global warming and, 795 Rain forests, 737, 737 fig.
tropical, 801, 801 fig.
Rain shadows, 729, 729 fig.
Recycling, 809 Red tide, 375, 375 fig.
Respect-for-persons principle, gene interventions involving, 290 Rheumatoid arthritis, 641 Rice, genetically modified,
254, 254 fig., 255 table Rickets, 687 Root(s)
auxin and growth of, 448 RU486, 713 SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome), 358,
359 table Scanning electron microscopes, 80, 81 table Scarlet fever, 354 Screening for cancer, 272, 272 fig.
for genetic disorders, 209 in genetic engineering, 244 fig., 245, 246 fig.,
246?247, 247 fig.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), 358,
359 table Severe combined immune deficiency, 242 Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), 714 Sickle-cell anemia,
204 table, 206 fig., 206?207,
312 fig., 312?313 Skin cancer, 9 Sleeping sickness, 373 fig. Smell sense, 667, 667 fig. Smoking as addiction, 654?
655 lung cancer and, 163,
582?583, 583 fig.
?Snuppy,? 290 South Beach diet, 143 Soybeans, genetically modified, 254, 255 table Staining for microscopy, 81
STDs (sexually transmitted diseases), 714 Stem cells. See Embryonic stem cells Sterilization, 713?714 Steroids,
anabolic, 680 Stress fractures, 549 Stroke, 569, 659 Subunit vaccines, 251, 251 fig., 638 Sunflowers, genetically
modified, 255 table Syphilis, 714 Systolic pressure, 568 T3 (triiodothyronine), 689 table T4 (thyroxine), 686, 689 table
Taste sense, 667, 667 fig.
Tay-Sachs disease, 204 table, 207, 207 fig., 650 TB (tuberculosis), 351 table Teeth, dental caries and, 351 table
Thymus gland, 689 table Thyroid gland, 686, 686 fig., 689 table Thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin or TSH),
678, 683, 684, 689 table Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), 678, 684,
688 table Thyroxine (T4), 686, 689 table TMV (Tobacco mosaic virus), 352, 352 fig. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV),
352, 352 fig. Tragedy of the commons, 800 fig.
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs),
355 TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone), 678, 684,
688 table Triiodothyronine (T3), 689 table Trisomy, 156 Tropical rain forests, 801, 801 fig.
TSEs (transmissible spongiform encephalopathies),
355 TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone or thyrotropin),
678, 683, 684, 689 table Tuberculosis (TB), 351 table Tumors, 162 benign, 165 malignant. See Cancer Turner
syndrome, 203 Typhoid fever, 351 table Typhus, 351 table Ulcers, peptic, 351 table, 597 Ultrasound, prenatal, 208,
208 fig.
Vaccines, 638 fig., 638?639, 639 fig.
for AIDS, 638?639, 643 piggyback (subunit), 251, 251 fig., 638 Viral diseases and disorders, 354, 356, 356 fig.,
357, 358, 359 table, 360, 623, 638?639, 642 fig., 642?643 Viruses. See also specific viruses disease, 358, 359 table,
360 emerging, 358 Vision, 124, 670?673 binocular, 516,
673, 673 fig.
color, 672, 672 fig., 673 fig.
conveying light information to brain and,
672?673, 673 fig.
eye and, 670 fig., 670?672 of primates, 516 Water pollution, 792 Weight loss diets, 143 West Nile virus, 358 Yellow
fever, 359 table Zone diet, 143 Zoos, 333