Contracts : cases, discussion, and problems / 2nd ed.

Table Of Contents:
Preface xxxiii
Acknowledgments xxxix
Authors' Note xli

Introduction to Contracts 1(34)

An Introduction to the Study of Contract Law 1(16)

The Legal Definition of Contract 1(1)

The Sources, Nature, and Traditions of Contract Law 1(4)

The Doctrine of Precedent and Case Analysis 5(5)

The Role of Scholarly Commentary 10(2)

Theoretical Perspectives on Contract Law 12(4)

International Perspectives on Contract Law 16(1)

What Makes an Agreement into a Contract 17(7)

Cohen v. Cowles Media Co. 18(2)

Questions 20(1)

Pierce v. The Clarion Ledger 21(2)

Questions 23(1)

Problem 1.1 24(1)

The Enforcement of Contracts: An Introduction to Remedies 24(7)

Damages or Specific Performance: An Introduction to the Distinction Between Law and Equity 25(2)

Kilarjian v. Vastola 27(3)

Questions 30(1)

Expectation Damages 31(1)

Questions 31(1)

Problem 1.2 32(1)

The Method of Enforcing an Award of Damages 32(3)

Sales of Goods 35(24)

An Introduction to Article 2 35(6)

The Creation of the Uniform Commercial Code 35(1)

The UCC Provisions Covered in This Course: Articles 1 and 2 36(1)

Revisions of the UCC 37(1)

The Style and Jurisprudence of the UCC 38(1)

UCC 1-301(a). Construction of [Uniform Commercial Code] to Promote Its Purposes and Policies . . . 38(1)

Working with Article 2 39(1)

The Organization of Article 2 and the Citation of Code Sections 40(1)

The Official Comments to the UCC 40(1)

The Scope of Article 2 41(10)

Pass v. Shelby Aviation, Inc. 41(4)

Questions 45(2)

Note on Why It Might Matter to Decide Scope 47(1)

Problem 2.1 48(1)

Note on the Sale of Intangible Rights, Including Intellectual Property, Software, and ``Information'' 49(2)

Questions 51(1)

Merchants and Article 2 51(1)

UCC2-104(1). Definitions: ``Merchants'' . . . 52(1)

The General Duty of Good Faith in Article 2 52(3)

Problem 2.2 55(1)

International Sales of Goods and the CISG 55(4)

Questions 56(3)

Contractual Assent and the Objective Test 59(22)

The Objective Standard for Determining Assent 59(5)

Kabil Developments Corp. v. Mignot 60(3)

Problem 3.1 63(1)

Problem 3.2 64(1)

The Determination of Objective Meaning: The Reasonable Person Construct 64(1)

Problem 3.3 65(1)

The Duty to Read 65(6)

James v. McDonald's Corporation 65(4)

Questions 69(2)

Deliberately Undisclosed Intent 71(7)

Lucy v. Zehmer 71(6)

Questions 77(1)

Note on ``High as a Georgia Pine'': The Limits of the Objective Test 77(1)

Remedies: Expectation Damages, Specific Performance, and the Distinction Between Law and Equity 78(3)

Expectation Damages 78(1)

The Equitable Remedy of Specific Performance 78(1)

Enforcement of an Award of Damages 79(2)

The Offer 81(26)

The Process of Contract Formation 81(2)

The Offer and Acceptance Model 81(1)

An Overview of the Process of Contract Formation 82(1)

The Nature and Qualities of an Offer 83(8)

The Definition of ``Offer'' at Common Law 83(1)

Offers Under UCC Article 2 83(1)

UCC 1-103(b). . . . Applicability of Supplemental Principles of Law 83(1)

UCC 2-204. Formation in General 84(1)

Interpreting the Intent of a Communication to Determine Whether It Is an Offer 84(1)

Fletcher-Harlee Corp. v. Pote Concrete Contractors, Inc. 85(3)

People v. Braithwaite 88(2)

Questions 90(1)

Problem 4.1 90(1)

Problem 4.2 91(1)

Is an Advertisement an Offer or a Solicitation? 91(13)

What Makes a Proposal an Offer Rather than a Solicitation? 91(3)

Leonard v. PepsiCo, Inc. 94(6)

Questions 100(1)

Problem 4.3 101(1)

Problem 4.4 101(1)

The Impact of Legislation on the Interpretation of Advertisements 102(1)

The Remedial Issues in Lefkowitz, Harris, and Leonard 103(1)

Question 104(1)

Offers Under the UNIDROIT Principles and CISG 104(3)

Acceptance 107(46)

The Nature, Mode, and Effect of Acceptance 107(14)

Acceptance: The Offeree's Signification of Assent to the Offer 107(1)

Restatement, Second §30. Form of Acceptance Invited 107(1)

Restatement, Second §35. Duration of the Offeree's Power of Acceptance 108(1)

UCC 2-206(1)(a). Offer and Acceptance in Formation of Contract 108(1)

Keller v. Bones 108(3)

Questions 111(1)

The Acceptance Must Accord with Both the Substantive Terms and the Procedural Requirements of the Offer 112(2)

Roth v. Malson 114(4)

Questions 118(1)

Problem 5.1 119(1)

Problem 5.2 120(1)

The Effective Date of Acceptance 121(3)

Questions 122(1)

Problem 5.3 123(1)

Inadvertent Manifestation of Acceptance 124(3)

Glover v. Jewish War Veterans of United States, Post No. 58 125(1)

Questions 126(1)

Silence as Acceptance 127(2)

Restatement, Second §69. Acceptance by Silence or Exercise of Dominion 128(1)

Problem 5.4 128(1)

Termination of the Power of Acceptance 129(11)

The Ways in Which the Offeree's Power of Acceptance May Be Terminated 129(1)

Lapse of an Offer by the Passage of Time 130(1)

Vaskie v. West American Insurance Co. 130(3)

Questions 133(1)

Problem 5.5 133(1)

Revocation of the Offer 134(1)

Hendricks v. Behee 135(1)

Questions 136(1)

Problem 5.6 136(1)

Dickenson v. Dodds 137(2)

Questions 139(1)

Problem 5.7 139(1)

Acceptance by Performance---Unilateral Contracts 140(10)

The Distinction Between Unilateral and Bilateral Contracts 140(2)

Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. 142(1)

Questions 143(2)

Problem 5.8 145(1)

Performance as an Exclusive or Permissive Method of Acceptance 146(1)

Problem 5.9 146(1)

Shipment as Acceptance of an Offer to Buy Goods 146(1)

UCC 2-206(1)(b) and (2). Offer and Acceptance in Formation of Contract 147(1)

Problem 5.10 147(1)

Communication of Acceptance by Performance 148(1)

Restatement Second §54. Acceptance by Performance; Necessity of Notification to Offerer 148(1)

Acceptance of an Offer by an Act That Cannot Be Accomplished Instantaneously 149(1)

Restatement, Second §45. Option Contract Created by Part Performance or Tender 149(1)

Question 149(1)

Restatement, Second §62. Effect of Performance by Offeree Where Offer Invites Either Performance or Promise 150(1)

Problem 5.11 150(1)

The Offer and Acceptance Model in Perspective 150(2)

Acceptance Under the UNIDROIT Principles and the CISG 152(1)

Contract Formation: Standard Terms and Electronic Media 153(50)

The Scope of This Chapter 153(1)

The General Introduction to the Process and Terminology of Modern Standard-Form Contracting: ``Shrink-Wrap Terms,'' ``Box-Top Terms,'' ``Clickwrap Terms,'' and ``Rolling Contracts'' 154(2)

``Cash Now, Terms Later'': Identifying and Dealing with ``Rolling Contracts'' 156(12)

ProCD, Inc. v. Zeidenberg 156(4)

Questions 160(1)

Licitra v. Gateway, Inc. 161(4)

Casavant v. Norwegian Cruise Line, Ltd. 165(2)

Questions 167(1)

Problem 6.1 168(1)

The Problem of Notice of and Assent to Click-Wrap and Other Standard Terms 168(5)

Specht v. Netscape Communications Corporation 169(4)

Questions 173(1)

``Box-Top'' Terms 173(3)

Arizona Cartridge Remanufacturers Association Inc. v. Lexmark International Inc. 174(2)

Offer and Acceptance Through Electronic Media, Especially by Automated Means (Electronic Agents) 176(2)

Online Auctions 178(1)

The Battle of the Forms --- UCC 2-207 179(22)

The Rationale and Aim of UCC 2-207 179(2)

The Pre-Revision and Revised Versions of UCC 2-207 181(1)

The Structure and Operation of Pre-Revision UCC 2-207 181(1)

Pre-Revision UCC 2-207. Additional Terms in Acceptance or Confirmation 181(5)

Lively v. IJAM, Inc. 186(2)

Wachter Management Company v. Dexter & Chaney, Inc. 188(5)

Questions 193(1)

Problem 6.2 194(1)

Problem 6.3 194(2)

Problem 6.4 196(1)

Problem 6.5 197(1)

Problem 6.6 197(1)

Problem 6.7 198(1)

The Revised Version of UCC 2-207 198(1)

Revised UCC 2-206(3). Offer and Acceptance in Formation of Contract; Effect of Confirmation 198(2)

Questions 200(1)

Problem 6.8 201(1)

The UNIDROIT Principles and CISG Provisions on the Battle of the Forms 201(2)

Preliminary, Incomplete, and Indefinite Agreements 203(34)

The Scope of This Chapter 203(1)

Informal Preliminary Understanding Distinguished from Contract 203(9)

Zimmerman v. McColley 203(3)

Einhorn v. Mergatroyd Productions 206(2)

Question 208(1)

Norkunas v. Cochran 208(3)

Problem 7.1 211(1)

``Agreement to Agree'' and Deferred Agreement 212(7)

Arbitron, Inc. v. Tralyn Broadcasting, Inc. 213(5)

Problem 7.2 218(1)

Problem 7.3 219(1)

The Problem of Indefiniteness or Vagueness in an Agreement 219(12)

Baer v. Chase 220(2)

Questions 222(1)

Lewis Productions, Inc. v. Angelou 223(7)

Questions 230(1)

Problem 7.4 230(1)

Agreements to Bargain in Good Faith 231(4)

Jenkins v. County of Schuylkill 232(2)

Questions 234(1)

The Tort of Interference with Contract Relations: Liability for Enticing a Party to Breach a Contract or a Preliminary Agreement 235(2)

The Statute of Frauds 237(26)

The Basic Principle 237(1)

The Requirements of the Statute 238(3)

Restatement, Second §131. General Requisites of a Memorandum 238(1)

Writing or Record 239(1)

Signature 239(1)

Content 240(1)

The Methodology of Applying the Statute 241(1)

An Overview of the Six Types of Contract Covered by the Traditional Statute of Frauds 241(3)

Contracts to Answer for the Debt or Obligation of Another 242(1)

Contracts of Exectutors or Administrators to Answer for the Duty of Their Decedents 242(1)

Contracts Made upon Consideration of Marriage 243(1)

Contracts for the Sale of Land or the Transfer of an Interest in Land 243(1)

Contracts That Cannot Be Performed Within a Year of Execution 243(1)

Contracts for the Sale of Goods for the Price of $5,000 or More 243(1)

Contracts at Common Law: Sales and Transfers of Land and Contracts Not Performable Within a Year of Execution 244(8)

Sales and Transfers of Land 244(1)

Problem 8.1 244(2)

Questions 246(1)

Contracts Not Performable Within One Year of Execution 246(1)

C. R. Klewin, Inc. v. Flagship Properties, Inc. 246(5)

Problem 8.2 251(1)

The Part Performance Exception to the Statute of Frauds Relating to Contracts at Common Law 251(1)

The Statute of Frauds Relating to the Sale of Goods 252(10)

UCC 2-201. Formal Requirements; Statute of Frauds 252(1)

International Casings Group, Inc. v. Premium Standard Farms, Inc. 253(2)

Bazak International Corp. v. Tarrant Apparel Group 255(5)

Questions 260(1)

Problem 8.3 260(2)

The Approach of the CISG and UNIDROIT Principles to the Statute of Frauds 262(1)

Consideration 263(58)

Consideration---The Basic Doctrine 263(2)

Introduction to Consideration Doctrine 263(1)

Restatement, Second §17. Requirement of a Bargain 264(1)

Restatement, Second §71. The Requirement of Exchange; Types of Exchange 264(1)

The Elements of Consideration 265(23)

Congregation Kadimah Toras-Moshe v. DeLeo 265(2)

Hamer v. Sidway 267(3)

Questions 270(1)

Whitten v. Greeley-Shaw 270(2)

Questions 272(2)

Pennsy Supply, Inc. v. American Ash Recycling Corp. 274(5)

Questions 279(1)

Problem 9.1 279(1)

The Elusive Purpose of Consideration Doctrine 280(3)

Carlisle v. T&R Excavating, Inc. 283(5)

Questions 288(1)

What Suffices as Consideration 288(21)

Adequacy of Consideration 289(1)

Kessler v. National Presto Industries 290(2)

Gottlieb v. Tropicana Hotel and Casino 292(5)

Preexisting Duties 297(1)

Restatement, Second §73. Performance of Legal Duty 298(1)

White v. Village of Homewood 298(2)

Questions 300(1)

Problem 9.2 301(1)

Questions 302(1)

Agreements to Settle Disputed Claims or Defenses 303(1)

Restatement, Second §74. Settlement of Claims 304(1)

Fiege v. Boehm 305(4)

Questions 309(1)

Mutuality and Its Limits 309(11)

What ``Mutuality of Obligation'' Means 309(1)

Problem 9.3 310(1)

Illusory Promises 310(1)

In Re C & H News Company 311(3)

Questions 314(2)

Wood v. Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon 316(1)

Questions 317(1)

Introduction to Exclusive Dealings, Output, and Requirement Contracts under the UCC 318(1)

UCC 2-306. Output, Requirements and Exclusive Dealings 319(1)

Problem 9.4 319(1)

Consideration in the International Context 320(1)

Questions 320(1)

Promissory Estoppel 321(50)

An Overview of Promissory Estoppel 321(10)

The Origins and Nature of Promissory Estoppel as a Theory of Recovery 321(2)

Restatement, Second §90. Promise Reasonably Inducing Action or Forbearance 323(1)

The Theoretical Context of Promissory Estoppel and Why It Matters 323(3)

Matarazzo v. Millers Mutual Group, Inc. 326(5)

Questions 331(1)

Promissory Estoppel and Non-Commercial Promises 331(11)

Norton v. McOsker 333(4)

Questions 337(2)

Questions 339(1)

In re Morton Shoe Company 340(2)

Questions 342(1)

Promissory Estoppel in the Commercial Context 342(11)

Promissory Estoppel and Commercial Promises 344(1)

East Providence Credit Union v. Geremia 344(3)

Questions 347(1)

Promissory Estoppel in Commercial Negotiations 347(2)

Garwood Packaging, Inc. v. Allen & Company, Inc. 349(4)

Questions 353(1)

Promissory Estoppel and the Statute of Frauds 353(7)

Restatement, Second §139. Enforcement by Virtue of Action in Reliance 353(1)

Brown v. Branch 354(4)

Questions 358(1)

Problem 10.1 359(1)

Remedies in Promissory Estoppel Actions 360(11)

Tour Costa Rica v. Country Walkers, Inc. 361(7)

Questions 368(1)

Problem 10.2 368(3)

Options and Firm Offers 371(12)

Option Contracts 371(2)

Problem 11.1 373(1)

Promissory Estoppel and Offers 373(8)

Drennan v. Star Paving Co. 374(4)

Questions 378(2)

Restatement, Second §87. Option Contract 380(1)

Question 380(1)

Problem 11.2 380(1)

Firm Offers Under the UCC 381(1)

UCC 2-205. Firm Offers 381(1)

Problem 11.3 381(1)

Provisions in the UNIDROIT Principles and CISG on the Revocability of Offers 382(1)

Questions 382(1)

Obligation Based on Unjust Enrichment and Material Benefit 383(20)

Unjust Enrichment 383(15)

The Relationship Between Unjust Enrichment and Contract 383(1)

The Elements of Unjust Enrichment 384(2)

Terminology 386(1)

The Distinction Between Factually and Legally Implied Contracts 387(1)

Martin v. Little, Brown & Co. 387(2)

Questions 389(1)

Problem 12.1 390(1)

Problem 12.2 390(1)

Feingold v. Pucello 391(2)

Questions 393(1)

Volunteers and Intermeddlers 394(1)

Estate of Cleveland v. Gorden 394(3)

Questions 397(1)

Problem 12.3 397(1)

The Application of Unjust Enrichment Principles to Promises for Past Benefits: The ``Moral Obligation'' and ``Material Benefit'' Doctrines 398(5)

Restatement, Second §86. Promise for Benefit Received 399(1)

Questions 400(1)

Problem 12.4 401(2)

Policing Contracts for Improper Bargaining 403(82)

General Introduction to the Doctrines in This Chapter 403(1)

Misrepresentation and Fraud 404(28)

The General Principles and Elements of Misrepresentation 404(1)

Restatement, Second §164. When a Misrepresentation Makes a Contract Voidable 405(1)

Restatement, Second §162. When Misrepresentation Is Fraudulent or Material 405(1)

Restatement, Second §160. When Action Is Equivalent to an Assertion (Concealment) 406(1)

Restatement, Second §161. When Non-Disclosure Is Equivalent to an Assertion 406(1)

Affirmative Fraud 406(1)

Sarvis v. Vermont State Colleges 406(4)

Questions 410(1)

Silence as Fraud: Fraudulent Nondisclosure and the Duty to Speak 410(1)

Kaloti Enterprises, Inc. v. Kellogg Sales Company 410(6)

Questions 416(1)

Stambovsky v. Ackley 417(4)

Questions 421(1)

Misrepresentation of Fact, Opinion, or Prediction 422(1)

Rodi v. Southern New England School of Law 422(4)

Problem 13.1 426(2)

Misrepresentation of Intent 428(1)

Question 428(1)

Problem 13.2 429(1)

The Distinction Between Fraudulent and Negligent Misrepresentation 429(1)

The Choice of Remedy for Fraud; Punitive Damages 429(1)

Fraud in the Inducement Distinguished from Fraud in the Factum 430(2)

Duress 432(12)

The Elements of Duress 432(1)

Restatement, Second §175. When Duress by Threat Makes a Contract Voidable 432(1)

Restatement, Second §176. When a Threat Is Improper 432(1)

Problem 13.3 433(1)

Germantown Manufacturing Co. v. Rawlinson 434(4)

Questions 438(1)

Problem 13.4 439(1)

Market or Circumstantial Pressure Distinguished from Duress 440(1)

Quigley v. KPMG Peat Marwick, LLP 440(2)

Questions 442(1)

Coercion by a Nonparty and the Distinction Between Void and Voidable Contracts Induced by Duress 442(1)

Problem 13.5 443(1)

Duress and Bad Faith in Relation to Contract Modification 444(11)

The Interaction of Consideration and Duress Doctrines 444(2)

Austin Instrument, Inc. v. Loral Corp. 446(4)

Questions 450(1)

Supervening Difficulties as a Basis for Upholding a Modification Without Consideration 450(2)

Questions 452(1)

Contract Modifications Under UCC Article 2 452(1)

UCC 2-209. Modification, Rescission and Waiver 452(2)

Question 454(1)

Problem 13.6 454(1)

Undue Influence 455(6)

Note on Rudolf Nureyev Dance Foundation v. Noureeva-Francois and Tinney v. Tinney 456(4)

Questions 460(1)

Unconscionability 461(22)

The Derivation and Meaning of ``Unconscionability'' 461(1)

UCC 2-302. Unconscionable Contract or Term 462(1)

Restatement, Second §208. Unconscionable Contract or Term 462(1)

The Remedy Where a Contract or Term Is Found to be Unconscionable 462(1)

The Elements of Unconscionability 463(1)

Note on Germantown Mfg. Co. v. Rawlinson 464(1)

Questions 465(2)

Questions 467(1)

Question 468(1)

Problem 13.7 468(1)

Problem 13.8 469(1)

Zuver v. Airtouch Communications, Inc. 469(7)

Questions 476(3)

Questions 479(1)

Unconscionability in Transactions Between Sophisticated Businesses 479(1)

Southwest Pet Products, Inc. v. Koch Industries, Inc. 479(3)

Problem 13.9 482(1)

An International Perspective 483(2)

Policing Contracts on Grounds Other than Improper Bargaining 485(44)

Introduction 485(2)

Illegality 487(4)

Note on The Diversified Group v. Sahn 487(1)

Question 488(1)

Danzig v. Danzig 489(2)

Questions 491(1)

Contracts in Violation of Public Policy 491(13)

Stevens v. Rooks Pitts & Poust 492(3)

Questions 495(1)

Note: The ``Rule of Reason'' 495(1)

Problem 14.1 496(1)

Harmon v. Mount Hood Meadows, Ltd. 497(3)

Questions 500(1)

Note: Surrogate Parenting Contracts 500(3)

Questions 503(1)

Incapacity 504(25)

Incapacity and Exploitation 504(1)

Minority 504(1)

Douglass v. Pflueger Hawai'i, Inc. 505(4)

Questions 509(2)

Problem 14.2 511(1)

Questions 512(1)

Problem 14.3 513(1)

Questions 513(1)

Zivich v. Mentor Soccer Club, Inc. 514(3)

Questions 517(1)

Problem 14.4 517(1)

Note on Shields v. Gross 517(1)

Mental Incapacity 518(1)

Restatement, Second §15. Mental Illness or Defect 519(1)

Farnum v. Silvano 520(3)

Questions 523(1)

Problem 14.5 524(1)

Problem 14.6 524(1)

Problem 14.7 525(2)

Question 527(2)

Contract Interpretation and Construction 529(46)

Interpretation, Construction, and the Distinction Between the Two 529(1)

Interpretation 530(26)

Sources of Contract Meaning and Standards of Interpretation 530(1)

Restatement, Second §202. Rules in Aid of Interpretation 531(1)

Restatement, Second §203. Standards of Preference in Interpretation 531(1)

UCC 1-303. Course of Performance, Course of Dealing, and Usage of Trade 532(1)

Frigaliment Importing Co. v. B.N.S. International Sales Corp. 533(5)

Questions 538(1)

Interpretation of Written Agreements 539(1)

Guilford Transportation Industries v. Public Utilities Commision 540(3)

Questions 543(1)

Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. G.W. Thomas Drayage & Rigging Co. 544(2)

Questions 546(1)

Interpretation of Standard Contracts 547(1)

Atwater Creamery Co. v. Western National Mutual Insurance Co. 548(4)

Questions 552(1)

Problem 15.1 553(1)

Note on World Trade Center Properties, L.L.C. v. Hartford Fire Insurance Co. 554(2)

Questions 556(1)

Construction of Contract Obligations 556(19)

Gap Fillers 557(1)

Restatement, Second §204. Supplying an Omitted Essential Term 557(1)

UCC 2-311. Options and Cooperation Respecting Performance 558(1)

Family Snacks of North Carolina, Inc. v. Prepared Products Co., Inc. 559(3)

Questions 562(1)

Question 563(1)

Using Good Faith to Interpret and Construe Contracts 564(2)

Questions 566(1)

Restatement, Second §205. Duty of Good Faith and Fair Dealing 566(1)

UCC 1-304. Obligation of Good Faith 566(1)

United Airlines, Inc. v. Good Taste, Inc. 567(6)

Questions 573(2)

The Parol Evidence Rule 575(36)

Introduction to the Parol Evidence Rule 575(2)

Application of the Parol Evidence Rule at Common Law 577(21)

The Evolution of the Parol Evidence Rule 578(2)

Masterson v. Sine 580(5)

Questions 585(1)

Contemporary Approaches to the Parol Evidence Rule 586(1)

Yocca v. Pittsburgh Steelers Sports, Inc. 586(6)

Myskina v. Conde Nast Publications, Inc. 592(4)

Questions 596(1)

Problem 16.1 597(1)

The Use of Merger or Integration Clauses 597(1)

Parol Evidence Under the UCC 598(5)

UCC 2-202. Final Expression in a Record: Parol or Extrinsic Evidence 599(2)

Problem 16.2 601(2)

Escape from the Parol Evidence Rule: Exceptions for Evidence of the Validity or Voidability of the Contract 603(6)

Sound Techniques, Inc. v. Hoffman 605(3)

Questions 608(1)

Contract Interpretation and Parol Evidence Under the UNIDROIT Principles and the CISG 609(2)

Questions 610(1)

Misunderstanding, Mistake, and Excuse Due to Changed Circumstances 611(50)

Misunderstanding 612(5)

Konic International Corp. v. Spokane Computer Services, Inc. 614(2)

Questions 616(1)

Problem 17.1 616(1)

Mistake 617(27)

Mutual Mistake 618(1)

Land Grantors in Henderson, Union, and Webster Counties, Kentucky v. United States 619(4)

Problem 17.2 623(3)

Restatement, Second §154. When a Party Bears the Risk of a Mistake 626(1)

Estate of Nelson v. Rice 626(3)

Cherry v. McCall 629(2)

Questions 631(1)

Unilateral Mistake 631(2)

Bert Allen Toyota, Inc. v. Grasz 633(3)

Questions 636(1)

Note on Drennan v. Star Paving Co. 636(1)

Question 637(1)

Mistake in Expression and Reformation 637(2)

Hunt v. Twisdale 639(5)

Excuse Due to Changed Circumstances 644(17)

Impracticability 644(2)

Restatement, Second §261. Discharge by Supervening Impracticability 646(1)

UCC 2-615. Excuse by Failure of Presupposed Conditions 646(1)

Ling v. Board of Trustees of Doane College 646(3)

Questions 649(1)

Clark v. Wallace County Cooperative Equity Exchange 650(1)

Questions 651(1)

Frustration of Purpose 651(1)

Restatement, Second §265. Discharge by Supervening Frustration 652(1)

7200 Scottsdale Rd. General Partners v. Kuhn Farm Machinery, Inc. 653(5)

Questions 658(1)

Question 658(1)

Problem 17.3 659(2)

Conditions and Promises 661(40)

Components of a Contract: Conditions and Promises 661(10)

The Nature of Promises and Conditions 661(1)

Non-Events and Past Events 662(1)

The Purpose of Conditions 663(1)

Sequencing: Conditions Precedent and Concurrent Conditions 664(1)

Conditions Subsequent 664(1)

Express, Implied, and Construed Conditions 665(1)

Pure and Promissory Conditions 666(1)

Problem 18.1 667(2)

Interpretation to Determine When an Event Is a Condition 669(1)

Koch v. Construction Technology, Inc. 669(2)

Questions 671(1)

Express, Implied, and Construed Conditions 671(11)

Oppenheimer & Co. v. Oppenheim, Appel, Dixon & Co. 672(3)

Problem 18.2 675(1)

Jacob & Youngs, Inc. v. Kent 676(5)

Questions 681(1)

Problem 18.3 681(1)

The Various Uses of Conditions 682(10)

The Use of a Condition to Allow a Party to Escape the Contract 682(2)

Problem 18.4 684(1)

Conditions of Satisfaction 684(2)

Note on Incomm, Inc. v. Thermo-Spa, Inc. 686(1)

Problem 18.5 687(1)

Problem 18.6 688(1)

Problem 18.7 688(1)

The Use of Conditions to Provide for Alternative Performances 688(1)

Problem 18.8 689(1)

The Use of Conditions to Sequence Performances 689(2)

Problem 18.9 691(1)

Problem 18.10 692(1)

Excuse of Conditions 692(9)

Waiver and Estoppel 693(1)

Note on Mercedes-Benz Credit Corp. v. Morgan and Gould v. Artisoft, Inc. 694(1)

Questions 695(1)

Problem 18.11 696(1)

Obstructive or Uncooperative Conduct 696(1)

Sullivan v. Bullock 697(2)

Unfair Forfeiture 699(1)

Questions 700(1)

Material Breach, Substantial Performance, and Anticipatory Repudiation 701(30)

The Distinction Between Material and Non-Material Breach 701(5)

Problem 19.1 702(2)

Worcester Heritage Society, Inc. v. Trussell 704(2)

Questions 706(1)

The Consequences of Substantial Performance 706(10)

The Usual Measure of Relief for Substantial Performance 706(2)

Relief for Substantial Performance Where the Cost to Rectify the Defective Performance Is Disproportionately High 708(1)

Lyon v. Belosky Construction, Inc. 708(2)

Questions 710(1)

The Recovery of the Breaching Party: Unjust Enrichment or Recovery Under the Contract 711(1)

Menorah Chapels at Millburn v. Needle 712(3)

Questions 715(1)

Breach and Substantial Performance Under UCC Article 2: The Perfect Tender Rule 716(6)

Perfect Tender Under Article 2 716(1)

UCC 2-601. Buyer's Rights on Improper Delivery 716(1)

Note on Printing Center of Texas, Inc. v. Supermind Publishing Co. 717(1)

Question 718(1)

Problem 19.2 718(1)

Limitations on the Perfect Tender Rule 719(2)

Question 721(1)

Anticipatory Repudiation and Prospective Nonperformance 722(9)

Anticipatory Repudiation 722(2)

Restatement, Second §250. When a Statement or an Act Is a Repudiation 724(1)

Restatement, Second §253. Effect of a Repudiation as a Breach and on Other Party's Duties 724(1)

UCC 2-610. Anticipatory Repudiation 724(1)

Wholesale Sand & Gravel, Inc. v. Decker 725(2)

Problem 19.3 727(1)

Retraction of Repudiation 727(1)

Prospective inability to Perform 728(1)

Restatement, Second §251. When a Failure to Give Assurance May Be Treated as a Repudiation 728(1)

UCC 2-609. Right to Adequate Assurance of Performance 728(1)

Problem 19.4 729(1)

Problem 19.5 730(1)

Contract Remedies 731(144)

The Goal and Fundamental Principles of Contract Remedies 731(9)

The Distinctions Among the Expectation, Reliance, and Restitution Interests 732(1)

Restatement, Second §344. Purposes of Remedies 732(2)

Freund v. Washington Square Press 734(3)

Questions 737(1)

Theoretical Perspectives on the Compensation Principle 737(3)

The Expectation Interest 740(20)

Components of Expectation Damages 740(1)

Introduction to Measurement of the Expectation Interest 741(1)

Restatement, Second §347. Measure of Damages in General 742(2)

Measurement of the Expectation Interest when Neither Party Performs 744(1)

Handicapped Children's Education Bd. v. Lukaszewski 745(3)

Questions 748(1)

Problem 20.1 748(1)

New Valley Corp. v. U.S. 749(3)

Questions 752(2)

In Re Worldcom, Inc. 754(3)

Questions 757(1)

Measurement of the Expectation Interest when the Breaching Party Performs in Part 757(3)

Questions 760(1)

Problem 20.2 760(1)

Expectation Damages Under the UCC 760(13)

UCC 1-305(a). Remedies to Be Liberally Administrated 761(1)

Buyer's Remedies Under the UCC 761(2)

UCC 2-712. ``Cover''; Buyer's Procurement of Substitute Goods 763(1)

UCC 2-713. Buyer's Damages for Nondelivery or Repudiation 764(1)

Chronister Oil Co. v. Unocal Refining & Marketing 765(2)

Questions 767(1)

UCC 2-714. Buyer's Damages for Breach in Regard to Accepted Goods 768(1)

Seller's Remedies Under the UCC 768(2)

UCC 2-706. Seller's Resale Including Contract for Resale 770(1)

UCC 2-708. Seller's Damages for Nonacceptance or Repudiation 770(2)

Problem 20.3 772(1)

Problem 20.4 772(1)

Limitations on Recovery of Expectation Damages 773(34)

Reasonable Certainty of Damages 773(1)

Mears v. Nationwide Mutual Insurance Co. 774(4)

Rancho Pescado, Inc. v. Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Co. 778(4)

Foreseeability of Damages 782(1)

Hadley v. Baxendale 783(2)

Questions 785(1)

Question 786(1)

Wullschleger & Co. v. Jenny Fashions, Inc. 787(2)

Questions 789(2)

Kenford Co. v. County of Erie 791(2)

Questions 793(1)

The Mitigation Principle 794(2)

In Re Worldcom, Inc. 796(7)

Question 803(1)

Questions 804(1)

UCC 2-710. Seller's Incidental and Consequential Damages 805(1)

UCC 2-715. Buyer's Incidental and Consequential Damages 806(1)

Problem 20.5 806(1)

Reliance Damages as an Alternative to Expectation Damages 807(13)

Reliance Damages When Expectation Damages Are Inappropriate 809(1)

Questions 810(1)

Reliance Damages When Expectation Damages Cannot Be Established 811(1)

Hollywood Fantasy Corp. v. Gabor 811(5)

Questions 816(1)

Reliance Damages in a Losing Contract 817(1)

Restatement, Second §349. Damages Based on Reliance Interest 818(2)

Questions 820(1)

Restitution as an Alternative to Expectation or Reliance Damages 820(9)

Restitution as a Contract Remedy 821(1)

Bausch & Lomb, Inc. v. Bressler 822(3)

Questions 825(1)

Problem 20.6 826(1)

Limits on Recovery of Restitution 827(1)

Restitution to the Party in Breach 828(1)

Problem 20.7 829(1)

Agreed Remedies 829(13)

Policing Liquidated Damages Clauses 831(1)

Restatement, Second §356. Liquidated Damages and Penalties 831(1)

UCC 2-718. Liquidation or Limitation of Damages; Deposits 831(2)

Lake River Corp. v. Carborundum Co. 833(4)

Questions 837(1)

Problem 20.8 837(1)

Remedy Limitations, Particularly Remedy Limitations Under the UCC 838(1)

Wedner v. Fidelity Security Systems, Inc. 838(3)

Questions 841(1)

UCC 2-719. Contractual Modification or Limitation of Remedy 841(1)

Problem 20.9 842(1)

Noneconomic and Noncompensatory Damages 842(14)

Damages for Pain, Suffering, and Emotional Distress 843(1)

Erlich v. Menezes 844(6)

Lane v. Kindercare Learning Centers, Inc. 850(1)

Questions 851(1)

Punitive Damages 852(1)

Restatement, Second §355. Punitive Damages 853(2)

Question 855(1)

Specific Performance and Injunctions 856(19)

Inadequacy of Damages 858(2)

Van Wagner Advertising Corp. v. S&M Enterprises 860(3)

Questions 863(1)

Problem 20.10 863(1)

Problem 20.11 864(1)

The Discretionary Nature of the Remedy 864(1)

Campbell v. Carr 865(2)

Questions 867(1)

Injunctive Relief as an Alternative to Specific Performance 868(2)

Systems and Software, Inc. v. Barnes 870(3)

Questions 873(1)

Problem 20.12 874(1)

The Rights of Nonparties 875(36)

Third-Party Beneficiaries 875(14)

The Intent to Confer Power of Enforcement on the Third Party 875(1)

Restatement, Second §302. Intended and Incidental Beneficiaries 876(1)

Restatement, Second §304. Creation of Duty to Beneficiary 876(2)

Wolfgang v. Mid-America Motorsports, Inc. 878(2)

Questions 880(1)

Problem 21.1 881(1)

Members of the Public as Third-Party Beneficiaries of Government Contracts 882(1)

Questions 883(1)

Vesting of Rights in the Beneficiary and the Power of the Original Parties to Modify the Contract 883(1)

Restatement, Second §311. Variation of a Duty to a Beneficiary 884(1)

Problem 21.2 884(1)

Defenses Available to the Promisor Against the Beneficiary 884(1)

Problem 21.3 885(1)

The Promisee's Rights of Enforcement 885(1)

Smith v. Maescher 886(3)

Questions 889(1)

Assignment and Delegation 889(22)

The Transfer of Contract Rights and Duties 889(1)

Assignment: General Principles 890(2)

Restatement, Second §317. Assignment of a Right 892(1)

UCC 2-210(1)(a). Delegation of Performance; Assignment of Rights 893(1)

Note on Managed Health Care Associates, Inc. v. Kethan 894(1)

Problem 21.4 895(1)

Assignments That Violate Public Policy 896(1)

Gurski v. Rosenbaum and Filan, LLC 896(3)

Questions 899(1)

Anti-Assignment Clauses 900(1)

Restatement, Second §322. Contractual Prohibition of Assignment 900(2)

Questions 902(1)

The Effect of Assignment, Notice of Assignment, and the Obligor's Defenses Against the Assignee 902(1)

Problem 21.5 903(1)

The Delegation of Contractual Duties 904(1)

Restatement, Second §318. Delegation of Performance of Duty 905(1)

Restatement, Second §328. Interpretation of Words of Assignment . . . 906(1)

UCC 2-210(2) and (3). Delegation of Performance; Assignment of Rights 906(1)

Problem 21.6 907(1)

Problem 21.7 907(1)

Problem 21.8 908(1)

Problem 21.9 908(3)
Table of Cases 911(4)
Table of Secondary Sources 915(4)
Table of Statutes, Laws, and Regulations 919(2)
Index 921