Part I Background I
Chapter 1:
Family, education and career . ............ 3
Family background ..... ................. 3
Education.... ... 5
Rudolph Virchow as a teacher 7
Post-graduate career .. ......... 9
Notes to chapter ... ..; :I I I::10
Chapter 2:
Aspects of philosophy in the culture and science of Germany in the
nineteenth century'? . i.... . 25
Introduction. ... . ...-.. .. .-. 25
Influence of the Ancient Greeks ............ .. .. 25
German philosophy and literature after the Reformation; Streilkultur . .27
"Romantic biology" and Naturphilosophie . 28
Characteristics of Virchow's thinking . . . . . . . . 28
Virchow's "Cellulcar Pathology" as a philosophy of pathology . . . 29
Darwinism in Germany... . 30
Altruism, "cellular altruism" and "biologistic sociology" . . . 3 . .. . 32
Militarism and Ju.kertum.lx: . : : 33
Notes to chapter 2\/ vri. 35
Chapter 3:
Aspects of biomedica science in the nineteenth century . .. . . .. 41
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 41
Microscopy v 42
Normal histology.... ... 1 43
Virchow's "Cellular Pathology" - an analysisy 45
Virchow and the origin and lineage fidelity (an aspect of "specificity")
of cells ... . 1 1 . I . . . . . . . . . . I . . . .. 46
Embryology .. . ........ . . . . . . . . 46
Genetics - general considerations . . . . 48
Heredity at the level of the whole individual (ancestral heredity) . . . 48
Heredity material in sexual reproduction . . . . .. . . 1 . . . . . 49
Celiular heredity in embryonic development . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 9.
Heredity in cell populations which turn over in adults . . . . . . . ....50
Applications of the word "differentiatiation" . . .. . . . . . . . 51
"Capacity for independent existence"; in normal, pathological and
experimental studies . .. . . . . .s . . . 53
Notes to chapter 3... .: I 54
Chapter 4:
Theories of tumours prior to Hanseman .. . .. . . . ... H s . . . . 57
Introduction . . . . ..... ..... . . .. 57
The concept of 'plasias" . 57
Virchow's concepts of turnours . . . . . . . . . . 59
"EmbrvonalA" theories of cancer l . . . . . . 61
"Egg-like" features of cancer cells . . . . . . 62
"F-ecundation/fertilisation/iusion" theories . . .. . . , . . . . 63
The role of mitosis in heredity at the time of Hansemann . . . 63
ChromosUrnes in tumour cells . .. . . . . . .... 66
Difficulties of diagnosis of tumours by histopathology in the 1890s:
the case of the laryngeal cancer of Emperor Friedrich III . . . 70
Notes to chapter 4 . .. . .... . . .4..... . . 71
Chapter 5:
Hanseman's ideas of the ature of cancer: description and analysis . 75
"The original version of the theory (Hansemann 1890a) . . . . . . . . . . 75
Further analysis of the oogenic model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Further analysis of de-differentiation and numbers of chromosomes
"in tumour cells .."'. ... ..... 79
Later modifications to the detai of the theories . . . . . . . 80
Hansernanni on mitoses and chromosomes in general . . ..... 82
Hansemann on abnormal mitoses and chromosomes in pathological cells 83
lauppasmen and Neenplasmen . .. . . . . . . . . . . 85
The1 roblem of excessive growth of tulmout cells . . . . . . . . 85
The application of anaplasia and de-differentiation to the diagnosis
of mnalignant ttumours . I g l. . ... . . .86
Hansern ann's philosophy . , '.. . . ... . . . . . . . 87
Notes to chalnterH 5 . ... .5. ... . 90
Chapter 6:
Critics, reviewers, the forgetting of Hansemann, and what might have
been .. . ..... 91
Introduction .. . .. . .............. 91
Ribbert and the theory of "control by connective tissue". . . 91
Lubarsch . .... . . . . 92
Borst ...... .... .. .. . .. . .95
"0 . srael . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . 96
Other critics: Beneke, Wolf . . .. . . . . . . 101
Boveri's ideas were similar to Hansemann's ........... . . . . . 101
Hauser; Farmer, Moore and Walker; Bashford . . . ... 104
Other reviewers 1900-1919 .. . ... .... .. ... . 105
Whitman - overlooked insights . .. 106
Reviewers in the 1920s and after... . . . 107
Subseqent developments in cancer research . . . . . . .. 110
Why was Hanseniann forgotten?
more fruitful fields of research . . . 111
Why was Hansemann forgotten? - scientific faults of his work . . . . . . 112
Why was -lansemann forgotten? - other factors ... . . . . . . . 114
What might have been .............. . 116
Notes to chapter . . . . . . . 17
Part H Trans ations 121
Chapter 7:
On the asymmetrical division of cells in epithelial carcinomata
and their biological importance (1890a) . . . . . . . . ........ 123
Chapter 8:
On pathological mitoses (1891a) .. . . . . . 145
Chapter 9:
Karyokinesis and "Cellular Pathology" (1891c) .. . . .. . . . . . 159
Chapter 10:
On the anaplasia of turnour cells and asymmetric mitosis (1892a) . . . 167
Chapter 11:
"Studies on the Specificity, the Altruism and the Anaplasia of cells with
Special Reference to Tumours" (1893c) . . . . .............. 179
Introduction .. . . . . . . .. . . . 182
I Specificity . . .-. 185
II Alrurfsin. 219
II Anaplasia............. .... 234
Chapter 12:
Hansernann's other articles and books on turnaours and related topics 277
Introduction . . . . . . 277
Pathological/anatomical and histological experiences
after Koch's treatment (1891b) . . . . . . . . . . 277
Pathologi cal/an atomical and histological observations
after Kch's treatment (i891g) . ...278
Ceill division in the hum?n epidermis (1891 h) 9278
Tlie cancr stroma and Crawvitz' theory of dormant i cells (1893a) 279
Critical riieclions on the aetiolog of carcinomas (I 894a) 279
On the speccificity of the division of cells (1894i) . . . . . . . . . . 280
On the :o-called interstitial cells of the testis and their significance in
pathological conitions (1895b) . . . 281
Pathologicaa anatomy and bacteriology (1895d) 281
The diagnosis of malignant tumours: a clinical lecture delivered at the
University of Berlin (1895i) 282
On cure and curability (1897g) ... 283
and ke (190c) . . . . . . . . .287
Malignant growths and normal reproductive tissues (1904q) 289
On th functiona i abilities olf cancer cells. A discussion - observaition on
TBeneke's position paper on physiological and pathological growth
(I 905c) 291
.ritical contemplatiouns on Ithe umour theory (190f) . i i92
Talks by Prof voi Hansemann and Geheimnrat von Leyden on
"The Aetiology of Cancers" at ithe Berlin Socierty of MRedicine
8th March 1905 (1905k) 293
What do we krow of the origin of malignant tumours? (19051) . . . 295
On the fuction of tuour cells (1906c) 296io
A fe remarks on the anaplasia of tumour cells (1907c) 297
COn the nomencltire of epithelial eoplasms (1908d). . . 298
What is aaaplasia? (1909a) . . . 298
"Origin and Pathology. Studies and Thoughts in Comparative Biology"
(1909f) . . . . . . . . . 299
"Atlas of Malignant urn ours"l (1910k) 302. . . . . 31
Pathological anatomy and the diagnosis of canci (19101) 304
Experimental chermotherapy of animals wt tumours (1912a)
(with v. Wassermannn) 304
Discu'stAion (of Expeirimental chemotherapy of animalls wiith tiumours)
(1912b) 305 . .. . . .. . 2
Experimental chemotherapy of animals wtith tumours (1912c)
(with v. Wasser ann) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
On altruistic diseases: A talk delivered to the Society for Doctors'
continuing education in Gbrlitz, 13 January, 1912 (1912d) . . . 305
"On Conditional Thinking in Medicine and its Importance for Practice"
(191'2f) . . . 30D8
On precancerous conditionls (1913e) . 1 313
Demonstration of slides produced by Herr Fibiger concerning
the artificial induction of cancer (1913g) .. . . . . 'i313
A working hypothesis for research on Leukemia (1914a) 314
On changes in the tissues arnd tumours after ray treatment:
Demonstration lecture before the Hufeland Society
19Ih March 1914 (1914b) . u I . t . II.. . . .I . . . . 314
On the cancer problem (1914d) 314
Cancer therapeutics in theory and practice (1914i) . . . . ? 315
The problem of cancer rmalignancy (1920a) . . . . . . . . . . 315