Sociolinguistics in English learning

　　1 An Introduction to Sociolinguistics
　　 1.1 What is Sociolinguistics?
　　 1.2 History of Sociolinguistics in the West
　　 1.3 Language and Society
　　 1.3.1 Language as Social Behavior
　　 1.3.2 Language as a Communicative Means
　　 1.3.3 Language as an Information System
　　 1.4 Sociolinguistics and English Learning
　　 1.5 Summary
　　2 Language Change
　　 2.1 Introduction
　　 2.1.1 Linguistic Item
　　 2.1.2 Variety
　　 2.1.3 Linguistic Variable
　　 2.1.4 Speech Community
　　 2.1.5 Networks and Repertoires
　　 2.2 Forms of Language Change
　　 2.2.1 Phonological Change
　　 2.2.2 Morphological Changes
　　 2.2.3 Lexical Semantic Change
　　 2.2.4 Grammatical Change
　　 2.3 Nature of Change
　　 2.3.1 Internal and External Change
　　 2.3.2 Family Tree
　　 2.3.3 Wave Diffusion
　　 2.4 Factors of Change
　　 2.4.1 Imitation of the Prestigious
　　 2.4.2 Slang and Dialects
　　 2.4.3 Simplification
　　 2.4.4 Politeness
　　 2.4.5 Stratum Terms
　　 2.5 General Conclusions
　　3 Language Variety Space
　　 3.1 Language and Dialect
　　 3.1.1 Dialecte and Patois
　　 3.1.2 Size and Prestige
　　 3.1.3 Social and Political Factors
　　 3.1.4 Dialect and Intelligibility
　　 3.2 Standard Languages
　　 3.2.1 Standardization
　　 3.2.2 Historicity and Vitality
　　 3.2.3 Autonomy and Acceptance
　　 3.2.4 Reduction and Mixture
　　 3.3 Pidgin and Creole
　　 3.3.1 Lingua Francas
　　 3.3.2 Pidgins
　　 3.3.3 Creoles
　　 3.3.4 Theories of Origin
　　 3.4 Language Loss and Revival
　　 3.5 General Conclusions
　　4 Language and Gender
　　 4.1 Male/Female Language
　　 4.1.1 Male/Female Lexical Forms
　　 4.1.2 Male/Female Language Differences
　　 4.2 Sexism in Languages
　　 4.2.1 Marked and Unmarked Terms
　　 4.2.2 Female Vocabulary
　　 4.2.3 Sexist Language
　　 4.3 Sex Differences and Possible Reasons
　　 4.3.1 Social Division of Labour
　　 4.3.2 Social Prejudice
　　 4.3.3 Power and Control
　　 4.3.4 Role Relations
　　 4.4 Language Bias in English
　　 4.5 General Conclusion
　　5 Varieties in the English World
　　 5.1 English and Social Class
　　 5.1.1 Class and Status
　　 5.1.2 Social Class and Language Variation
　　 5.1.3 Social Status and ' Prestige' Norms
　　 5.2 Black English in America
　　 5.2.1 Characteristics of Black English
　　 5.2.2 Three Views on Black English
　　 5.3 American English
　　 5.3.1 History of American English
　　 5.3.2 Characteristics of American English
　　 5.3.3 American English and British English
　　 5.4 Good English and Bad English
　　 5.5 Summary
　　6 Language and Context
　　 6.1 Context Views
　　 6.2 Linguistic Context
　　 6.2.1 Conceptual Meaning
　　 6.2.2 Grammatical Meaning
　　 6.2.3 Topic Meaning
　　 6.2.4 Collocative Meaning
　　 6.3 Non-linguistic Context
　　 6.3.1 Cultural Meaning
　　 6.3.2 Stylistic Meaning
　　 6.3.3 Status Meaning
　　 6.3.4 Temporal and Spatial Meaning
　　 6.4 Style of English in Application
　　 6.4.1 Style
　　 6.4.2 English in Advertisements
　　 6.4.3 Features in Political English
　　 6.5 Register
　　 6.5.1 Context and Register
　　 6.5.2 Features of Register
　　 6.6 Summary
　　7 Cultural Variety of Language
　　 7.1 Language and Culture
　　 7.2 Linguistic and Cultural Relativity
　　 7.2.1 The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
　　 7.2.2 Reaction to Linguistic and Cultural Relativity
　　 7.3 Address Forms and Culture
　　 7.3.1 Kinship Term and Kinship System
　　 7.3.2 Social Address
　　 7.4 Jargon, Taboo & Euphemism
　　 7.4.1 Jargon
　　 7.4.2 Taboo
　　 7.4.3 Euphemism
　　8 Language Contact
　　 8.1 Diglossia
　　 8.1.1 Definitions of Diglossia
　　 8.1.2 Features of Diglossia
　　 8.1.3 Extended Meanings of Diglossia
　　 8.2 Bilinguals & Bilingualism
　　 8.2.1 Descriptive Analysis of Bilingualism
　　 8.2.2 Bilingual Competence
　　 8.3 Code Choosing and Code Switching
　　 8.3.1 Code Switching
　　 8.3.2 Code-Mixing
　　 8.3.3 Attitudes to Code Switching and Code Mixing
　　 8.4 Concluding Remarks
　　9 Configurations of Language
　　 9.1 Spoken and Written Language
　　 9.2 Differences and Similarities Between the Two Modalities
　　 9.3 Continua from Written to Spoken
　　 9.4 Variation Across Speech and Writing
　　 9.5 Literacy and Literacies
　　 9.6 General Conclusions
　　10 Communicative Use of Language
　　 10.1 Ethnography of Speaking
　　 10.1.1 Descriptive Analysis of Speaking
　　 10.1.2 The Norms Governing Speech
　　 10.2 Speech Acts and the Cooperative Principle
　　 10.2.1 Properties of Speech Acts
　　 10.2.2 Indirect Speech Acts
　　 10.2.3 Conversational Maxims
　　 10.3 Conversational Structure and Strategies
　　 10.3.1 Adjacency Pairs
　　 10.3.2 Turn-taking
　　 10.3.3 Openings, Topics and Closings
　　 10.4 Face and Politeness
　　 10.4.1 The Face Theory
　　 10.4.2 Politeness Principle
　　 10.5 Concluding Remarks
　　Bibliography