Effective C++:55 specific ways to improve your programs and designs

译序 vii

中英简繁术语对照 ix

目录 xvii

序言 xxi

致谢 xxiii

导读 1

1. 让自己习惯c++ 11

accustoming yourself to c++ 11

条款01：视c++ 为一个语言联邦 11

view c++ as a federation of languages 11

条款02：尽量以const, enum, inline替换 #define 13

prefer consts,enums, and inlines to #defines. 13

条款03：尽可能使用const 17

use const whenever possible. 17

条款04：确定对象被使用前已先被初始化 26

make sure that objects are initialized before they're used. 26

2. 构造/析构/赋值运算 34

constructors, destructors, and assignment operators 34

条款05：了解c++ 默默编写并调用哪些函数 34

know what functions c++ silently writes and calls. 34

.条款06：若不想使用编译器自动生成的函数，就该明确拒绝 37

explicitly disallow the use of compiler-generated functions you do not want. 37

条款07：为多态基类声明virtual析构函数 40

declare destructors virtual in polymorphic base classes. 40

条款08：别让异常逃离析构函数 44

prevent exceptions from leaving destructors. 44

条款09：绝不在构造和析构过程中调用virtual函数 48

never call virtual functions during construction or destruction. 48

条款10：令operator= 返回一个reference to *this 52

have assignment operators return a reference to *this. 52

条款11：在operator= 中处理“自我赋值” 53

handle assignment to self in operator=. 53

条款12：复制对象时勿忘其每一个成分 57

copy all parts of an object. 57

3. 资源管理 61

resource management 61

条款13：以对象管理资源 61

use objects to manage resources. 61

条款14：在资源管理类中小心coping行为 66

think carefully about copying behavior in resource-managing classes. 66

条款15：在资源管理类中提供对原始资源的访问 69

provide access to raw resources in resource-managing classes. 69

条款16：成对使用new和delete时要采取相同形式 73

use the same form in corresponding uses of new and delete. 73

条款17：以独立语句将newed对象置入智能指针 75

store newed objects in smart pointers in standalone statements. 75

4. 设计与声明 78

designs and declarations 78

条款18：让接口容易被正确使用，不易被误用 78

make interfaces easy to use correctly and hard to use incorrectly. 78

条款19：设计class犹如设计type 84

treat class design as type design. 84

条款20：宁以pass-by-reference-to-const替换pass-by-value 86

prefer pass-by-reference-to-const to pass-by-value. 86

条款21：必须返回对象时，别妄想返回其reference 90

don't try to return a reference when you must return an object. 90

条款22：将成员变量声明为private 94

declare data members private. 94

条款23：宁以non-member、non-friend替换member函数 98

prefer non-member non-friend functions to member functions. 98

条款24：若所有参数皆需类型转换，请为此采用non-member函数 102

declare non-member functions when type conversions should apply to all parameters. 102

条款25：考虑写出一个不抛异常的swap函数 106

consider support for a non-throwing swap. 106

5. 实现 113

implementations 113

条款26：尽可能延后变量定义式的出现时间 113

postpone variable definitions as long as possible. 113

条款27：尽量少做转型动作 116

minimize casting. 116

条款28：避免返回handles指向对象内部成分 123

avoid returning "handles" to object internals. 123

条款29：为“异常安全”而努力是值得的 127

strive for exception-safe code. 127

条款30：透彻了解inlining的里里外外 134

understand the ins and outs of inlining. 134

条款31：将文件间的编译依存关系降至最低 140

minimize compilation dependencies between files. 140

6. 继承与面向对象设计 149

inheritance and object-oriented design 149

条款32：确定你的public继承塑模出is-a关系 150

make sure public inheritance models "is-a." 150

条款33：避免遮掩继承而来的名称 156

avoid hiding inherited names. 156

条款34：区分接口继承和实现继承 161

differentiate between inheritance of interface and inheritance of implementation. 161

条款35：考虑virtual函数以外的其他选择 169

consider alternatives to virtual functions. 169

条款36：绝不重新定义继承而来的non-virtual函数 178

never redefine an inherited non-virtual function. 178

条款37：绝不重新定义继承而来的缺省参数值 180

never redefine a function's inherited default parameter value. 180

条款38：通过复合塑模出has-a或"根据某物实现出" 184

model "has-a" or "is-implemented-in-terms-of" through composition. 184

条款39：明智而审慎地使用private继承 187

use private inheritance judiciously. 187

条款40：明智而审慎地使用多重继承 192

use multiple inheritance judiciously. 192

7. 模板与泛型编程 199

templates and generic programming 199

条款41：了解隐式接口和编译期多态 199

understand implicit interfaces and compile-time polymorphism. 199

条款42：了解typename的双重意义 203

understand the two meanings of typename. 203

条款43：学习处理模板化基类内的名称 207

know how to access names in templatized base classes. 207

条款44：将与参数无关的代码抽离templates 212

factor parameter-independent code out of templates. 212

条款45：运用成员函数模板接受所有兼容类型 218

use member function templates to accept "all compatible types." 218

条款46：需要类型转换时请为模板定义非成员函数 222

define non-member functions inside templates when type conversions are desired. 222

条款47：请使用traits classes表现类型信息 226

use traits classes for information about types. 226

条款48：认识template元编程 233

be aware of template metaprogramming. 233

8. 定制new和delete 239

customizing new and delete 239

条款49：了解new-handler的行为 240

understand the behavior of the new-handler. 240

条款50：了解new和delete的合理替换时机 247

understand when it makes sense to replace new and delete. 247

条款51：编写new和delete时需固守常规 252

adhere to convention when writing new and delete. 252

条款52：写了placement new也要写placement delete 256

write placement delete if you write placement new. 256

9. 杂项讨论 262

miscellany 262

条款53：不要轻忽编译器的警告 262

pay attention to compiler warnings. 262

条款54：让自己熟悉包括tr1在内的标准程序库 263

familiarize yourself with the standard library, including tr1. 263

条款55：让自己熟悉boost 269

familiarize yourself with boost. 269

a 本书之外 273

b 新旧版条款对映 277

索引 280