On the origin of species
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ISBN：9787511705259
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简介
《物种起源(英文修订版)》内容简介：Wited ON board H.M.S. Beagle, as naturalist, Lwas much struck with certainfacts in the distribution of the organic beings inhabiting South America. and in thegeological relations of the present to the past inhabitants of that continent. Thesefacts, as will be seen in the latter chapters of this volume, seemed to throw somelight on the origin of species——that mystery of mysteries, as it h~as been called byone of our greatest philosophers. On my return home. it occurred to me. in I837,that something might perhaps be made out on this question by pxatiently accumulating and reflecting on all sorts of facts which could possibly have anybearing on it. After five years' work 1 allowed myself to speculate on the subject.and drew up some short notes; these I enlarged in I844 into a sketch of theconclusions, which then seemed to me probable: from that period to the presentday I have steadily pursued the same object. I hope that I may be excused forentering on these personal details, as I give them to show that I have not beenhasty in coming to a decision.
目录
PREFACE
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER I VARIATION UNDER DOMESTICATION
Causes of variability
Effects of habit and of the use or disuse of parks; Correlated variation;Inheritance
Character of domestic varieties; Difficulty of distinguishing between varieties and species; Origin of domestic varieties from one or more species
Breeds of the domestic pigeon, Their differences and origin
Principles of selection anciently followed, and their effects
Unconscious selection
Circumstances favourable to man's power of selection
CHAPTER II VARIATION UNDER NATURE
Individual differences
Doubtful species
Wide-ranging, much diffused, and common species vary most
Species of the larger genera in each country vary more frequently than the species of the smaller genera
Many of the species included within the larger genera
resemble varieties in being very closely, but unequally,related to each other, and in having restricted ranges
Summary
CHAPTER III STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE
The term, struggle for existence, used in a large sense
Geometrical ratio of increase
Nature of the checks to increase
Complex relations of all animals and plants to each other in the struggle for existence
Struggle for life most severe between individuals and vareties of the same species
CHAPTER IV NATURAL SELECTION; OR THE SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST
Sexual selection
Illustrations of the action of natural selection, or the survival of the fittest
On the intercrossing of individuals
Circumstances favourable for the production of new forms through natural selection
Extinction caused by natural selection
Divergence of character
The probable effects of the action of natural selection through divergence of character and extinction, on the descendants of a common ancestor
On the degree to which organisation tends to advance
Convergence of character
Summary of chapter
CHAPTER V LAWS OF VARIATION
CHAPTER VI DIFFICULTIES OF THE THEORY
CHAFrER VIII INSTINCT
CHAPTER IX HYBRIDISM
CHAPTER X ON THE IMPERFECTION OF THE GEOLOGICAL RECORD
CHAPTER XI ON THE GEOLOGICAL
SUCCESSION OF ORGANIC BEINGS
CHAPTER XlI GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
CHAPTER XIII GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION——CONTINUED
CHAPTER XIV MUTUAL AFFINITIES OF
ORGANIC BEINGS MORPHOLOGY
EMBRYOLOGY——RUDIMENTARY ORGANS
CHAPTER XV RECAPITULATION
AND CONCLUSION
APPENDIX: GLOSSARY OF THE
PRINCIPAL SCIENTIFIC TERMS USED
IN THE PRESENT VOLUME
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER I VARIATION UNDER DOMESTICATION
Causes of variability
Effects of habit and of the use or disuse of parks; Correlated variation;Inheritance
Character of domestic varieties; Difficulty of distinguishing between varieties and species; Origin of domestic varieties from one or more species
Breeds of the domestic pigeon, Their differences and origin
Principles of selection anciently followed, and their effects
Unconscious selection
Circumstances favourable to man's power of selection
CHAPTER II VARIATION UNDER NATURE
Individual differences
Doubtful species
Wide-ranging, much diffused, and common species vary most
Species of the larger genera in each country vary more frequently than the species of the smaller genera
Many of the species included within the larger genera
resemble varieties in being very closely, but unequally,related to each other, and in having restricted ranges
Summary
CHAPTER III STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE
The term, struggle for existence, used in a large sense
Geometrical ratio of increase
Nature of the checks to increase
Complex relations of all animals and plants to each other in the struggle for existence
Struggle for life most severe between individuals and vareties of the same species
CHAPTER IV NATURAL SELECTION; OR THE SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST
Sexual selection
Illustrations of the action of natural selection, or the survival of the fittest
On the intercrossing of individuals
Circumstances favourable for the production of new forms through natural selection
Extinction caused by natural selection
Divergence of character
The probable effects of the action of natural selection through divergence of character and extinction, on the descendants of a common ancestor
On the degree to which organisation tends to advance
Convergence of character
Summary of chapter
CHAPTER V LAWS OF VARIATION
CHAPTER VI DIFFICULTIES OF THE THEORY
CHAFrER VIII INSTINCT
CHAPTER IX HYBRIDISM
CHAPTER X ON THE IMPERFECTION OF THE GEOLOGICAL RECORD
CHAPTER XI ON THE GEOLOGICAL
SUCCESSION OF ORGANIC BEINGS
CHAPTER XlI GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
CHAPTER XIII GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION——CONTINUED
CHAPTER XIV MUTUAL AFFINITIES OF
ORGANIC BEINGS MORPHOLOGY
EMBRYOLOGY——RUDIMENTARY ORGANS
CHAPTER XV RECAPITULATION
AND CONCLUSION
APPENDIX: GLOSSARY OF THE
PRINCIPAL SCIENTIFIC TERMS USED
IN THE PRESENT VOLUME
On the origin of species
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