Effective Java英文版（第2版）

1 Introduction

2 Creating and Destroying Objects

Item 1： Consider static factory methods instead of constructors

Item 2： Consider a builder when faced with many constructor parameters

Item 3： Enforce the singleton property with a private constructor or an enum type

Item 4： Enforce noninstantiability with a private constructor

Item 5： Avoid creating unnecessary objects

Item 6： Eliminate obsolete object references

Item 7： Avoid finalizers

3 Methods Common to All Objects

Item 8： Obey the general contract when overriding equals

Item 9： Always override hashCode when you override equals

Item 10： Always override toString

Item 11： Override clone judiciously

Item 12： Consider implementing Comparable

4 Classes and Interfaces

Item 13： Minimize the accessibility of classes and members

Item 14： In public classes， use accessor methods， not public fields

Item 15： Minimize mutability

Item 16： Favor composition over inheritance

Item 17： Design and document for inheritance or else prohibit it

Item 18： Prefer interfaces to abstract classes

Item 19： Use interfaces only to define types

Item 20： Prefer class hierarchies to tagged classes

Item 21： Use function objects to represent strategies

Item 22： Favor static member classes over nonstatic

5 Generics

Item 23： Don’t use raw types in new code

Item 24： Eliminate unchecked warnings

Item 25： Prefer lists to arrays

Item 26： Favor generic types

Item 27： Favor generic methods

Item 28： Use bounded wildcards to increase API flexibility

Item 29： Consider typesafe heterogeneous containers

6 Enums and Annotations

Item 30： Use enums instead of int constants

Item 31： Use instance fields instead of ordinals

Item 32： Use EnumSet instead of bit fields

Item 33： Use EnumMap instead of ordinal indexing

Item 34： Emulate extensible enums with interfaces

Item 35： Prefer annotations to naming patterns

Item 36： Consistently use the Override annotation

Item 37： Use marker interfaces to define types

7 Methods

Item 38： Check parameters for validity

Item 39： Make defensive copies when needed

Item 40： Design method signatures carefully

Item 41： Use overloading judiciously

Item 42： Use varargs judiciously

Item 43： Return empty arrays or collections， not nulls

Item 44： Write doc comments for all exposed API elements

8 General Programming

Item 45： Minimize the scope of local variables

Item 46： Prefer for-each loops to traditional for loops

Item 47： Know and use the libraries

Item 48： Avoid float and double if exact answers are required

Item 49： Prefer primitive types to boxed primitives

Item 50： Avoid strings where other types are more appropriate

Item 51： Beware the performance of string concatenation

Item 52： Refer to objects by their interfaces

Item 53： Prefer interfaces to reflection

Item 54： Use native methods judiciously

Item 55： Optimize judiciously

Item 56： Adhere to generally accepted naming conventions

9 Exceptions

Item 57： Use exceptions only for exceptional conditions

Item 58： Use checked exceptions for recoverable conditions and runtime exceptions for programming errors

Item 59： Avoid unnecessary use of checked exceptions

Item 60： Favor the use of standard exceptions

Item 61： Throw exceptions appropriate to the abstraction

Item 62： Document all exceptions thrown by each method

Item 63： Include failure-capture information in detail messages

Item 64： Strive for failure atomicity

Item 65： Don’t ignore exceptions

10 Concurrency

Item 66： Synchronize access to shared mutable data

Item 67： Avoid excessive synchronization

Item 68： Prefer executors and tasks to threads

Item 69： Prefer concurrency utilities to wait and notify

Item 70： Document thread safety

Item 71： Use lazy initialization judiciously

Item 72： Don’t depend on the thread scheduler

Item 73： Avoid thread groups

11 Serialization

Item 74： Implement Serializable judiciously

Item 75： Consider using a custom serialized form

Item 76： Write readObject methods defensively

Item 77： For instance control， prefer enum types to readResolve

Item 78： Consider serialization proxies instead of serialized instances

Appendix： Items Corresponding to First Edition

References

Index