Patterns in Language:Stylistics for Students of Language and Literature

preface by halliday

王宗炎序

导读

acknowledgements

1 introduction

1.1 about you...

1.2 what is stylistics?

1.3 some debates about the methods and

purpose of stylistics

1.4 the background to the study of language

and literature

1.5 the purpose of this book

1.6 the structure of this book

2 sound and metre in pootry

2.1 introduction

2.2 sound patterning

2.2.1 examples of sound patterning

2.2.2 sounds versus letters

2.2.3 syllable structure and sound patterning

2.2.4 different forms of sound patterning

.2.3 stress and metrical patterning

2.3.1 word stress

2.3.2 stress in longer units

2.3.3 analysing metre

2.3.4 different types of feet

2.3.5 different types of metre

2.4 conventional forms of metre and sound

2.5 the poetic functions of sound and metre

2.6 analysis of poetry:, checklist

suggestions for further reading

3 grammar and literary style

3.1 introduction

3.2 what is grammar?

3.3 attitudes to grammar: prescription and description

3.4 two levels of grammar: morphology and syntax

3.5 word classes

3.5.1 identifying word classes

3.5.2 open and closed class words

3.6 describing noun and verb phrases

3.6.1 the noun phrase

3.6.2 the verb phrase

3.6.3 non-finite verb phrases

3.7 describing sentences

3.7.1 simple and complex sentences

3.8 foregrounding and grammatical form

3.9 analysis of grammar: checklist

suggestions for further reading

4 moaning

4.1 introduction

4.2 semantics

4.2.1 gaps and overlaps

4.2.2 opposites

4.2.3 hyponyms and superordinates

4.3 context

4.3.1 deixis

4.3.2 homonyms

4.3.3 other similar texts / discourses

4.3.4 your prior knowledge

4.4 register

4.5 literal language and figurative language

4.5.1 similes

4.5.2 metaphor

4.5.3 simile versus metaphor

4.5.4 explicit and embedded metaphors

4.5.5 types of metaphor

4.5.6 metonymy

4.5.7 synecdoche

4.6 metaphor and language change

4.6.1 new ideas or areas of knowledge

4.6.2 abstract ideas made concrete

4.7 functions of figurative language use

4.8 analysis of meaning: checklist

suggestions for further reading

5 stylistic applications to drama

5.1 introduction

5.1.1 the significance of context

5.1.2 drama on film

5.2 how should we analyse drama?

5.2.1 drama as poetry

5.2.2 drama as fiction

5.2.3 drama as conversation

5.3 differences between speech and writing

5.3.1 pauses and pause fillers

5.3.2 unclear speech

5.3.3 repetition and recycling

5.3.4 turn-taking

5.3.5 back channel support

5.3.6 discourse markers

5.3.7 discourse cohesion

5.4 analysing dramatic language

5.4.1 turn quantity and length

5.4.2 exchange sequences

5.4.3 production errors

5.4.4 the cooperative principle

5.4.5 speech acts

5.4.6 presuppositions

5.4.7 status marked through language

5.4.8 register

5.4.9 speech and silence-female characters in plays

5.5 analysis of dramatic texts: checklist

suggestions for further reading

6 from classic realism to modernism

and postmodernism

6.1 introduction

6.2 literary perspectives on realist texts

6.3 the emergence of realism

6.4 stylistic characteristics of realist texts

6.4.1 the omniscient narrator

6.4.2 representation of place

6.4.3 representation of dialogue

6.4.4 representation of time

6.4.5 realism in other fictional genres

6.5 after classic realism

6.6 the origins of modernism

6.7 stylistic characteristics of modernist texts

6.7.1 language as a substance in its own fight

6.7.2 departure from conventional literary structures

6.7.3 collage and allusion

6.7.4 register

6.8 the origins of postmodernism

6.9 stylistic characteristics of postmodernist texts

6.9.1 language as a free-floating entity

6.9.2 loss of narrative closure

6.9.3 parody and pastiche

6.9.4 the end of cultural hierarchy

6.9.5 'all stories have been told before'

6.9.6 self-referentiality

6.9.7 irony and humour

6.10 the function of style in fiction

6.11 analysis of fiction: checklist

suggestions for further reading

7 style in popular texts

7.1 introduction

7.2 exploiting patterns in sound and meaning: headline

texts

7.3 lexical creativity

7.4 targeting the reader

7.4.1 direct address in media texts

7.4.2 addressing the listener

7.4.3 presupposition in advertising

7.5 reference and deixis

7.5.1 deixis in advertising

7.5.2 deixis in spoken media discourse

7.6 transferring meaning: metaphors in advertising

7.7 analysis of popular texts: checklist

suggestions for further reading

8 theory and style: next stops

8.1 overview

8.2 linguistics and literary criticism

8.3 texts and the reader

8.4 text as discourse

8.5 critical text analysis

8.6 theory and practice: some further questions

8.7 conclusions

suggested answers to activities

glossary

references

bibliography

index

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