Teaching language in context

　　导读
　　 Preface
　　 Acknowledgments
　　1 On Knowing a Language
　　 Introduction
　　 Defining Language Proficiency
　　 Proficiency and Language Acquisition Theory
　　 Some Research Findings about Oral Proficiency
　　 Issues in Language Proficiency Assessment: Caveats, Clarifications, and New Directions
　　 Defining the Content of Instruction: The Standards for Foreign Language Learning
　　 Summary: On Knowing a Language
　　 Activities for Review and Discussion
　　 References
　　2 On Learning a Language
　　 Introduction
　　 Exploring Theories of Language Learning
　　 The Role of Individual Learner Factors in Second-Language Learning
　　 Relating Theory to Practice: Some Considerations
　　 Summary: On Learning a Language
　　 Activities for Review and Discussion
　　 References
　　3 On Teaching a Language
　　 Orienting Instruction toward Proficiency
　　 The Proficiency Orientation of Existing Methodologies: A Preliminary Appraisal
　　 Three "Traditional" Methods
　　 Reactions to Audiolingualism: Two Mentalist Perspectives
　　 A Functional Approach: Communicative Language Teaching
　　 Modem Adaptations of the Direct Method
　　 Humanistic Approaches to Language Teaching
　　 Summary:. On Teaching a Language
　　 Activities for Review and Discussion
　　 References
　　4 The Role of Context in Comprehension and Learning
　　 The Importance of Context and Background Knowledge in the
　　 Comprehension Process: Some Theoretical Considerations
　　 Research on the Role of Context in Comprehension
　　 The Role of Computers in Providing Richer Contexts for Language Learning
　　 Integrating Language and Content: Immersion and Content-Based Instruction
　　 Summary: The Role of Context in Comprehension and Learning
　　 Activities for Review and Discussion
　　 References
　　5 A Proficiency-Oriented Approach to Listening and Reading
　　 A Rationale for Teaching Listening and Reading
　　 Similarities in Listening and Reading
　　 Differences between Spoken and Written Discourse
　　 Integrating Listening, Reading, and the Productive Skills: The Vision of
　　 the Standards for Foreign Language Learning
　　 Teaching Listening Comprehension
　　 Sample Formats for Listening Comprehension
　　 Teaching Reading Comprehension
　　 Sample Formats for Reading Comprehension
　　 Summary: A Proficiency-Oriented Approach to Listening and Reading
　　 Activities for Review and Discussion
　　 References
　　6 Developing Oral Proficiency
　　 The Nature of Interlanguage
　　 Planning Instruction for the Development of Oral Proficiency
　　 Responding to the Learner
　　 Summary: Developing Oral Proficiency
　　 Activities for Review and Discussion
　　 References
　　7 Becoming Proficient in Writing
　　 Approaches to Teaching Writing at the Lower Levels of Proficiency
　　 Expressive Writing at the Intermediate and Advanced Levels: Approaches to
　　 Teaching the Composing Process
　　 Summary: Becoming Proficient in Writing
　　 Activities for Review and Discussion
　　 References
　　8 Teaching for Cultural Understanding
　　 Introduction
　　 Problems in the Teaching of Culture
　　 Definitions, Models, Inventories, and Frameworks: Capturing the Essence of "Culture"
　　 Strategies for Teaching Culture
　　 Summary: Teaching for Cultural Understanding
　　 Activities for Review and Discussion
　　 References
　　9 Classroom Testing
　　 Introduction
　　 The Case for Hybrid Classroom Tests
　　 Characteristics of Test Items and Item Types
　　 Listening Comprehension Formats
　　 Reading Comprehension Formats
　　 Writing and Mixed-Skills Formats
　　 Guidelines for Creating Contextualized Paper-and-Pencil Tests
　　 Testing Oral Skills
　　 Summary: Classroom Testing
　　 Appendix
　　 Activities for Review and Discussion
　　 References
　　
　　Epilogue Planning Instruction for the Proficiency-Oriented Classroom
　　Setting Goals for a Proficiency-Oriented Program
　　Guidelines for Planning Lessons
　　Increasing Focus on Students' Interests
　　In Conclusion
　　Activities for Review and Discussion
　　References
　　Appendix A ACTFL Proficiency Guidelines--Speaking Revised 1999
　　Appendix B Sample Foreign Language Media Evaluation Criteria
　　Appendix C Samples of Error Coding Procedures for Written Work
　　Text Permissions
　　Index