管理创新

1. creativity in management 1

nature of creative thinking l

the importance of creativity in management 2

creahve problem solving 4

the background of creative problem solving 4

overview of the creative problem-solving process 5

an ideal model for problem solving 8

how creative thinking may be used in management 10

problem identification and definition 12

idea generation methods 13

evaluating ideas 15

implementing ideas 16

computer assisted creativity aids 16

references 17

2. coping with blocks to creative problem solving 2

information processing and problem solving 21

mind-set 23

other barriers to creative problem solving 26

blocks in an organizational setting 28

a dimate for creativity and innovation 3l

.references 35

3. theories of creativity 37

what is creative thinking? 37



what are ideas? 39

theories of creativity 40

the cognitive theory of creativity 44

the brain as a human information processing system 47

how knowledge is stored in memory 48

scripts, deltacts and mops 50

how we get ideas: the 'index metaphor' 51

references 54

4. identifying the problem 56

problem definition and redefinition 58

methods of problem definition or redefinition 58

redefinitional techniques 59

analytical techniques 67

references 75

5. morphological analysis and related techniiques 76

listing 76

checklists 78

clithes, proverbs and maxims 79

attribute listing 8l

morphological analysis 82

scimitar' 85

heuristic ideation technique 85

component detailing 87

the allen morphologizer 91

sequence--attribute modification matrix 93

references 96

6. brainstorming and its variants 97

classical brainstorming 98

main types of problem that can be tackled 100

composition of a brainstorming group 101

conducting a brainstorming session 10l

the process of brainstorming 102

brainwriting game 106

gordon--little variation 107

story boards 108

trigger method 11l

references 111

7. lateral thinking 112

vertical versus lateral thinking 112



dimensions of lateral thinking l13

analogies 124

references 126

8. synectics and related approaches 127

metaphors l27

synectics 128

nature of the psychological states 129

membership of a synectics group 130

features of synectics 132

operahonal mechanisms 133

synectics process 136

when to use synectics, and its limitations 143

references 143

9. miscellaneous idea-generating methods 144

visual metaphor 144

mind-mapping 147

value analysis 147

force field analysis 148

symbolic representations 149

attribute analogy chains l5l

bionics l52

free assoctation 153

story writing 154

crawford slip writing 156

lotus blossom l57

fishbone diagram 159

scenario writing 160

scenario day-dreaming 161

cross-impact analysis 164

references l65

10. evaluating ideas 166

collating and sorting ideas 166

evaluating ideas l68

culling, rating and scoring screens 169

the castle technique 170

creative evaluation l71

decision balance sheet l71

disjointed incrementalism 173

goalstorming l73

highlighting l74



reverse brainstorming 175

sticking dots 176

weighting systems 177

multifactor matrix 177

choosing an evaluahon method 181

references 181

11. implementing ideas 183

blocks to getting ideas adopted l83

putting ideas into practice 186

reducing resistance to change l88

coping with criticism 189

consensus mapping 189

potential prob1em analysis 191

research pianning diagrams 194

pert techniques 196

post implementation 199

references l99

l2. computer assisted creativity 20l

role of computers in creativity 202

computer assisted idea generation for individuals 203

restructuring thoughts 207

group creative problem-solving aids 211

evaluation of the alternatives 214

implementation of ideas 2l4

conclusion 2l5

references 216

further reading 218

index 219