Modern linguistics

Chapter1Introduction
1Whatislinguistics?
1、1Definition
Chapter2Phonology
Chapter3Morphology
Chapter4Syntax
Chapter5Semantics
Chapter6Pragmatics
Chapter7Historical〓
Chapter8Sociolinguistics
Chapter9Psycholinguistics
Chapter10LanguageAcquisition
1、2Thescopeoflinguistics
1、3Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics
1、3、1Prescriptivevs.descriptive
1、3、2Synchronicvs.diachronic
1、3、3Speechandwriting
1、3、4Langueandparole
1、3、5Competenceandperformance
2Whatislanguage?
2、1Definitionsoflanguage
2、2Designfeatures
Studyquestions
1Thephonicmediumoflanguage
2Phonetics
2、1Whatisphonetics?
2、2Organsofspeech
2、3Orthographicrepresentationofspeechsounds-broadandnarrowtranscriptions
2、4ClassificationofEnglishspeechsounds
2、4、1ClassificationofEnglishconsonants
2、4、2ClassificationofEnglishvowels
3Phonology
3、1Phonologyandphonetics
3、2Phone,phoneme,andallophone
3、3Phonemiccontrast,complementarydistribution,andminimalpair
3、4Somerulesinphonology
3、4、1Sequentialrules
3、4、2Assimilationrules
3、4、3Deletionrule
3、5Suprasegmentalfeatures-stress,tone,intonation
3、5、1Stress
3、5、2Tone
3、5、3Intonation
Studyquestions
1Definition
2Morpheme
2、1Morpheme:thesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage
2、2Typesofmorphemes
2、2、1Freemorphemes
2、2、2Boundmorphemes
2、2、3Morphologicalrules
3Compounding
3、1Typesofcompoundwords
3、2Featuresofcompounds
Studyquestions
1Syntaxassystemofrules
2Sentencestructure
2、1Thebasiccomponentsofasentence
2、2Typesofsentences
2、2、1Thesimplesentence
2、2、2Thecoordinatesentence
2、2、3Thecomplexsentence
2、3Thelinearandhierarchicalstructuresofsentences
2、3、1Thelinearwordorderofasentence
2、3、2Thehierarchicalstructureofasentence
2、3、3Treediagramsofsentencestructure
3Syntacticcategories
3、1Lexicalcategories
3、2Phrasalcategories
4Grammatlicalrelations
5Combinationalrules
5、1Phrasestructurerules
5、2Therecursivenessofphrasestructurerules
5、3X-bartheory
6Syntacticmovementandmovementrules
6、1NP-movementandWH-movement
6、2Othertypesofmovement
6、3D-structureandS-structure
6、4Movea-ageneralmovementrule
7TowardatheoryofuniversalGrammar
7、1GeneralprinciplesofUniversalGrammar
7、2TheparametersofUniversalGrammar
Studyquestions
1Whatissemantics?
2Someviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaning
2、1Thenamingtheory
2、2Theconceptualistview
2、3Contextualism
2、4Behaviorism
3Lexicalmeaning
3、1Senseandreference
3、2Majorsenserelationg
3、2、1Synonymy
3、2、2Polysemy
3、2、3Homonymy
3、2、4Hyponymy
3、2、5Antonymy
4Senserelationsbetweensentences
5Analysisofmeaning
5、1Componentialanalysis-awaytoanalyzelexicalmeaning
5、2Predicationanalysis-awaytoanalyesentencemeaning
Studyquestions
1Whatispragmatics?
1、1Definition
1、2Pragmaticsvs.semantics
1、3Context
1、4Sentencemeaningvsutterancemeaning
2Speechacttheory
3Principleofconversation
Studyquestions
1Thepurposeandsignificanceofthehistoricalstudyoflanguage
2Thenatureoflanguagechange
3ThehistoricaldevelopmentofEnglish
3、1MajorperiodsinthehistoryofEnglish
3、1、1OldEnglish
3、1、2MiddleEnglish
3、1、3ModernEnglish
3、2LinguisticchangeofEnglish
3、2、1Soundchange
3、2、2Morphologicalchange
3、2、3Syntacticchange
3、2、4Lexicalchange
3、2、5Semanticchange
4Languagefamily
4、1Classifyinggeneticallyrelatedlanguages
4、2Thelndo-Europeanlanguagefamily
5Thecausesoflanguagechange
5、1Soundassimilation
5、2Rulesimplificationandregularization
5、3Internalborrowing
5、4Elaboration
5、5Sociologicaltriggers
5、6Culturaltransmission
5、7Childrensapproximationtowardtheadultgrammar
Studyquestions
1Languagevariation
1、1Speechcommunity
1、2Speechvariety
1、3Regionalvaration
1、4Socialvariation
1、5Stylisticvariation
1、6ldiolectalvariation
2Standardandnonstandardlanguage
2、1Standardandnonstandardlanguage
2、2Linguafrancas
2、3Pidgins
2、4Creoles
3Diglossiaandbilingualism
3、1Diglossia
3、2Bilingualism
4Ethnicdialect
4、1BlackEnglish,acasestudyofethnicdialect
4、2ThesocialenvironmentofBlackEnglish
5Socialdialect
5、1Educationvarieties
5、2Agevarieties
5、3Gendervarieties
5、4Registervarieties
5、5Addressterms
5、6Slang
5、7Linguistictaboo
5、8Euphemlsm
Studyquestions
1Thebiologicalfoundationsoflanguage
1、1ThecaseofphineasGage
1、2Thehumanbrain
1、3Brainlateralization
2Linguisticlateralization
2、1Lefthemisphericdominanceforlanguage
2、2Dichoticlisteningresearch
3Thelanguagecenters
3、1Brocasarea
3、2Wernickesarea
3、3Theangulargyrus
3、4Languageperception,comprehensionandproduction
4Thecriticalperiodforlanguageacquisition
4、1Thecriticalperiodhypothesis
4、2ThecaseofGenieandthedegenerationoflanguagefacultywithage
5Languageandthought
5、1Earlyviewsonlanguageandthought
5、2TheSapir-Whorfhypothesis
5、3ArgumentsagainsttheSapir-Whorfhypothesis
5、3、1Wordsandmeaning
5、3、2Grammaticalstructure
5、3、3Translation
5、3、4Secondlanguageacquvisition
5、3、5Languageandworldviews
5、4Understandingtherelationoflanguageandthought
5、4、1Majorlunctionsoflanguage
5、4、2Thedevelopmentandblendiongoflanguageandthought
5、4、3Thinkingwithoutlanguage
5、4、4Languageasaconventionalcodingsystemtoeopressthought
5、4、5Thewaysinwhichlanguageaffectsthought
Studyquestions
1Firstlanguageacquisition
1、1Thebioiogicalbasisoflanguageacquisition
1、2Languageacquisitionastheacpuisitionofgrammaticalrules
1、3Theroleofinputandinteraction
1、4Theroleofinstruction
1、5Theroleofcorrectionandreinforcement
1、6Theroleofimitation
2Stagesoffirstlanguageacquisition
2、1Theprelinguisticstage
2、2Theone-wordstage
2、3Thetwo-wordstage
2、4Themultiwordstage
3Thedevelopmentofthegrammaticalsystem
3、1Thedevelopmentofphonology
3、2Thedevelopmentofsyntax
3、3Thedevelopmentofmorphology
3、4Thedevelopmentofvocabularyandsemantics
4Secondlanguageacquisition
4、1Acquisitionvs.learning
4、2Transferandinterference
4、3ErrorAnalysisandthenaturalrouteofSLAdevelopment
4、4Interlaguageandfossilization
4、5Theroleofinput
4、6Theroleofformalinstruction
4、7Individuallearnerfactors
4、7、1Theoptimumageforsecondlanguageacquisition
4、7、2Motivation
4、7、3Acculturation
4、7、4Personality
Studyquestions
SuggestedAnswerstoStudyQuestions
AnEnglish-ChineseGlossary
后记
现代语言学自学考试大纲
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