简介
Weisman, In Su Choi (both: chemical engineering, Technical U. of Berlin), and Eva Maria Dombrowski (biochemical and chemical engineering, U. of Applied Science, Berlin) set out the fundamental scientific and engineering aspects of biological waste-water treatment for graduate students, engineers, biologists, and chemists working in waste-water treatment. Their topics include determining stoichiometric equations for catabolism and anabolism, the biodegration of special organic compounds, modeling the activated sludge process, and membrane technology. Most chapters include problems. Annotation 漏2007 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)
目录
Preface p. XIII
List of Symbols and Abbreviations p. XVII
Historical Development of Wastewater Collection and Treatment p. 1
Water Supply and Wastewater Management in Antiquity p. 1
Water Supply and Wastewater Management in the Medieval Age p. 4
First Studies in Microbiology p. 7
Wastewater Management by Direct Discharge into Soil and Bodies of Water - The First Studies p. 11
Mineralization of Organics in Rivers, Soils or by Experiment - A Chemical or Biological Process? p. 12
Early Biological Wastewater Treatment Processes p. 14
The Cholera Epidemics - Were They Caused by Bacteria Living in the Soil or Water? p. 16
Early Experiments with the Activated Sludge Process p. 16
Taking Samples and Measuring Pollutants p. 18
Early Regulations for the Control of Wastewater Discharge p. 19
References p. 20
Wastewater Characterization and Regulations p. 25
Volumetric Wastewater Production and Daily Changes p. 25
Pollutants p. 27
Survey p. 27
Dissolved Substances p. 28
Organic Substances p. 28
Inorganic Substances p. 30
Colloids p. 32
Oil-In-Water Emulsions p. 32
Solid-In-Water Colloids p. 33
Suspended Solids p. 34
Methods for Measuring Dissolved Organic Substances as Total Parameters p. 34
Biochemical Oxygen Demand p. 34
Chemical Oxygen Demand p. 36
Total and Dissolved Organic Carbon p. 37
Legislation p. 38
Preface p. 38
German Legislation p. 38
Legislation Concerning Discharge into Public Sewers p. 38
Legislation Concerning Discharge into Waters p. 39
EU Guidelines p. 41
References p. 42
Microbial Metabolism p. 43
Some Remarks on the Composition and Morphology of Bacteria (Eubacteria) p. 43
Proteins and Nucleic Acids p. 45
Proteins p. 45
Amino Acids p. 45
Structure of Proteins p. 46
Proteins for Special Purposes p. 47
Enzymes p. 47
Nucleic Acids p. 50
Desoxyribonucleic Acid p. 50
Ribonucleic Acid p. 54
DNA Replication p. 57
Mutations p. 58
Catabolism and Anabolism p. 59
ADP and ATP p. 59
Transport of Protons p. 59
Catabolism of Using Glucose p. 60
Aerobic Conversion by Prokaryotic Cells p. 60
Anaerobic Conversion by Prokaryotic Cells p. 65
Anabolism p. 66
References p. 67
Determination of Stoichiometric Equations for Catabolism and Anabolism p. 69
Introduction p. 69
Aerobic Degradation of Organic Substances p. 70
Degradation of Hydrocarbons Without Bacterial Decay p. 70
Mineralization of 2,4-Dinitrophenol p. 71
Degradation of Hydrocarbons with Bacterial Decay p. 74
Measurement of O[subscript 2] Consumption Rate r[Characters not reproducible] and CO[subscript 2] Production
Rate r[Characters not reproducible] p. 76
Problems p. 78
References p. 81
Gas/Liquid Oxygen Transfer and Stripping p. 83
Transport by Diffusion p. 83
Mass Transfer Coefficients p. 86
Definition of Specific Mass Transfer Coefficients p. 86
Two Film Theory p. 87
Measurement of Specific Overall Mass Transfer Coefficients K[subscript L]a p. 90
Absorption of Oxygen During Aeration p. 90
Steady State Method p. 90
Non-steady State Method p. 91
Dynamic Method in Wastewater Mixed with Activated Sludge p. 92
Desorption of Volatile Components During Aeration p. 93
Oxygen Transfer Rate, Energy Consumption and Efficiency in Large-scale Plants p. 95
Surface Aeration p. 95
Oxygen Transfer Rate p. 95
Power Consumption and Efficiency p. 96
Deep Tank Aeration p. 98
Preliminary Remarks p. 98
The Simple Plug Flow Model p. 99
Proposed Model of the American Society of Civil Engineers p. 101
Further Models p. 103
Oxygen Transfer Rate p. 103
Power Consumption and Efficiency p. 106
Monitoring of Deep Tanks p. 106
Dimensional Analysis and Transfer of Models p. 108
Introduction p. 108
Power Consumption of a Stirred, Non-aerated Tank - A Simple Example p. 109
Description of Oxygen Transfer, Power Consumption and Efficiency by Surface Aerators Using Dimensionless Numbers p. 112
Application of Dimensionless Numbers for Surface Aeration p. 113
Problem p. 115
References p. 117
Aerobic Wastewater Treatment in Activated Sludge Systems p. 119
Introduction p. 119
Kinetic and Reaction Engineering Models With and Without Oxygen Limitation p. 119
Batch Reactors p. 119
With High Initial Concentration of Bacteria p. 119
With Low Initial Concentration of Bacteria p. 122
Chemostat p. 122
Completely Mixed Activated Sludge Reactor p. 125
Preliminary Remarks p. 125
Mean Retention Time, Recycle Ratio and Thickening Ratio as Process Parameters p. 126
Sludge Age as Parameter p. 128
Plug Flow Reactor p. 130
Completely Mixed Tank Cascades With Sludge Recycle p. 132
Flow Reactor With Axial Dispersion p. 134
Stoichiometric and Kinetic Coefficients p. 136
Comparison of Reactors p. 137
Retention Time Distribution in Activated Sludge Reactors p. 138
Retention Time Distribution p. 138
Completely Mixed Tank p. 140
Completely Mixed Tank Cascade p. 140
Tube Flow Reactor With Axial Dispersion p. 141
Comparison Between Tank Cascades and Tube Flow Reactors p. 142
Technical Scale Activated Sludge Systems for Carbon Removal p. 144
Problems p. 146
References p. 149
Aerobic Treatment with Biofilm Systems p. 151
Biofilms p. 151
Biofilm Reactors for Wastewater Treatment p. 152
Trickling Filters p. 152
Submerged and Aerated Fixed Bed Reactors p. 154
Rotating Disc Reactors p. 156
Mechanisms for Oxygen Mass Transfer in Biofilm Systems p. 158
Models for Oxygen Mass Transfer Rates in Biofilm Systems p. 159
Assumptions p. 159
Mass Transfer Gas/Liquid is Rate-limiting p. 159
Mass Transfer Liquid/Solid is Rate-limiting p. 160
Biological Reaction is Rate-limiting p. 160
Diffusion and Reaction Inside the Biofilm p. 160
Influence of Diffusion and Reaction Inside the Biofilm and of Mass Transfer Liquid/Solid p. 163
Influence of Mass Transfer Rates at Gas Bubble and Biofilm Surfaces p. 164
Problems p. 164
References p. 166
Anaerobic Degradation of Organics p. 169
Catabolic Reactions - Cooperation of Different Groups of Bacteria p. 169
Survey p. 169
Anaerobic Bacteria p. 169
Acidogenic Bacteria p. 169
Acetogenic Bacteria p. 171
Methanogenic Bacteria p. 171
Regulation of Acetogenics by Methanogenics p. 173
Sulfate and Nitrate Reduction p. 175
Kinetics - Models and Coefficients p. 176
Preface p. 176
Hydrolysis and Formation of Lower Fatty Acids by Acidogenic Bacteria p. 176
Transformation of Lower Fatty Acids by Acetogenic Bacteria p. 177
Transformation of Acetate and Hydrogen into Methane p. 179
Conclusions p. 180
Catabolism and Anabolism p. 182
High-rate Processes p. 184
Introduction p. 184
Contact Processes p. 185
Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket p. 187
Anaerobic Fixed Bed Reactor p. 188
Anaerobic Rotating Disc Reactor p. 190
Anaerobic Expanded and Fluidized Bed Reactors p. 191
Problem p. 192
References p. 193
Biodegradation of Special Organic Compounds p. 195
Introduction p. 195
Chlorinated Compounds p. 196
Chlorinated n-Alkanes, Particularly Dichloromethane and 1,2-Dichloroethane p. 196
Properties, Use, Environmental Problems and Kinetics p. 196
Treatment of Wastewater Containing DCM or DCA p. 198
Chlorobenzene p. 200
Properties, Use and Environmental Problems p. 200
Principles of Biological Degradation p. 200
Treatment of Wastewater Containing Chlorobenzenes p. 202
Chlorophenols p. 203
Nitroaromatics p. 204
Properties, Use, Environmental Problems and Kinetics p. 204
Treatment of Wastewater Containing 4-NP or 2,4-DNT p. 206
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Mineral Oils p. 206
Properties, Use and Environmental Problems p. 206
Mineral Oils p. 207
Biodegradation of PAHs p. 209
PAHs Dissolved in Water p. 209
PAHs Dissolved in n-Dodecane Standard Emulsion p. 211
Azo Reactive Dyes p. 211
Properties, Use and Environmental Problems p. 211
Production of Azo Dyes in the Chemical Industry - Biodegradability of Naphthalene Sulfonic Acids p. 213
Biodegradation of Azo Dyes p. 215
Direct Aerobic Degradation p. 215
Anaerobic Reduction of Azo Dyes p. 215
Aerobic Degradation of Metabolites p. 216
Treatment of Wastewater Containing the Azo Dye Reactive Black 5 p. 216
Final Remarks p. 217
References p. 218
Biological Nutrient Removal p. 223
Introduction p. 223
Biological Nitrogen Removal p. 227
The Nitrogen Cycle and the Technical Removal Process p. 227
Nitrification p. 228
Nitrifying Bacteria and Stoichiometry p. 228
Stoichiometry and Kinetics of Nitrification p. 231
Parameters Influencing Nitrification p. 235
Denitrification p. 237
Denitrifying Bacteria and Stoichiometry p. 237
Stoichiometry and Kinetics of Denitrification p. 239
Parameters Influencing Denitrification p. 240
Nitrite Accumulation During Nitrification p. 242
New Microbial Processes for Nitrogen Removal p. 243
Biological Phosphorus Removal p. 244
Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal p. 244
Kinetic Model for Biological Phosphorus Removal p. 245
Preliminary Remarks p. 245
Anaerobic Zone p. 246
Aerobic Zone p. 247
Results of a Batch Experiment p. 248
Parameters Affecting Biological Phosphorus Removal p. 249
Biological Nutrient Removal Processes p. 250
Preliminary Remarks p. 250
Nitrogen Removal Processes p. 250
Chemical and Biological Phosphorus Removal p. 252
Processes for Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal p. 253
Different Levels of Performance p. 253
WWTP Wabmannsdorf p. 255
Membrane Bioreactors (MBR) p. 257
Phosphorus and Nitrogen Recycle p. 257
Recycling of Phosphorus p. 257
Recycling of Nitrogen p. 258
Problems p. 259
References p. 262
Modelling of the Activated Sludge Process p. 267
Why We Need Mathematical Models p. 267
Models Describing Carbon and Nitrogen Removal p. 268
Carbon Removal p. 268
Carbon Removal and Bacterial Decay p. 269
Carbon Removal and Nitrification Without Bacterial Decay p. 270
Models for Optimizing the Activated Sludge Process p. 271
Preface p. 271
Modelling the Influence of Aeration on Carbon Removal p. 272
Activated Sludge Model 1 (ASM 1) p. 275
Application of ASM 1 p. 283
More Complicated Models and Conclusions p. 285
Problems p. 286
References p. 288
Membrane Technology in Biological Wastewater Treatment p. 291
Introduction p. 291
Mass Transport Mechanism p. 293
Membrane Characteristics and Definitions p. 293
Mass Transport Through Non-porous Membranes p. 296
Mass Transport Through Porous Membranes p. 300
Mass Transfer Resistance Mechanisms p. 301
Preface p. 301
Mass Transfer Resistances p. 302
Concentration Polarization Model p. 303
Solution-diffusion Model and Concentration Polarization p. 306
The Pore Model and Concentration Polarization p. 308
Performance and Module Design p. 308
Membrane Materials p. 308
Design and Configuration of Membrane Modules p. 309
Preliminary Remarks p. 309
Dead-end Configuration p. 313
Submerged Configuration p. 314
Cross-flow Configuration p. 314
Membrane Fouling and Cleaning Management p. 315
Types of Fouling Processes p. 315
Membrane Cleaning Strategies p. 316
Membrane Bioreactors p. 318
Final Treatment (Behind the Secondary Clarifier) p. 318
Membrane Bioreactors in Aerobic Wastewater Treatment p. 319
Membrane Bioreactors and Nutrient Removal p. 323
Problems p. 324
References p. 327
Production Integrated Water Management and Decentralized Effluent Treatment p. 331
Introduction p. 331
Production Integrated Water Management in the Chemical Industry p. 333
Sustainable Development and Process Optimization p. 333
Primary Points of View p. 333
Materia] Flow Management p. 334
Production of Naphthalenedisufonic Acid p. 336
Methodology of Process Improvement p. 338
Minimization of Fresh Water Use p. 339
Description of the Problem p. 339
The Concentration/Mass Flow Rate Diagram and the Graphical Solution p. 340
The Network Design Method p. 344
Decentralized Effluent Treatment p. 346
Minimization of Treated Wastewater p. 346
Description of the Problem p. 346
Representation of Treatment Processes in a Concentration/Mass Flow Rate Diagram p. 347
The Lowest Wastewater Flow Rate to Treat p. 349
Processes for Decentralized Effluent Treatment p. 349
Problems p. 350
References p. 354
Subject Index p. 355
List of Symbols and Abbreviations p. XVII
Historical Development of Wastewater Collection and Treatment p. 1
Water Supply and Wastewater Management in Antiquity p. 1
Water Supply and Wastewater Management in the Medieval Age p. 4
First Studies in Microbiology p. 7
Wastewater Management by Direct Discharge into Soil and Bodies of Water - The First Studies p. 11
Mineralization of Organics in Rivers, Soils or by Experiment - A Chemical or Biological Process? p. 12
Early Biological Wastewater Treatment Processes p. 14
The Cholera Epidemics - Were They Caused by Bacteria Living in the Soil or Water? p. 16
Early Experiments with the Activated Sludge Process p. 16
Taking Samples and Measuring Pollutants p. 18
Early Regulations for the Control of Wastewater Discharge p. 19
References p. 20
Wastewater Characterization and Regulations p. 25
Volumetric Wastewater Production and Daily Changes p. 25
Pollutants p. 27
Survey p. 27
Dissolved Substances p. 28
Organic Substances p. 28
Inorganic Substances p. 30
Colloids p. 32
Oil-In-Water Emulsions p. 32
Solid-In-Water Colloids p. 33
Suspended Solids p. 34
Methods for Measuring Dissolved Organic Substances as Total Parameters p. 34
Biochemical Oxygen Demand p. 34
Chemical Oxygen Demand p. 36
Total and Dissolved Organic Carbon p. 37
Legislation p. 38
Preface p. 38
German Legislation p. 38
Legislation Concerning Discharge into Public Sewers p. 38
Legislation Concerning Discharge into Waters p. 39
EU Guidelines p. 41
References p. 42
Microbial Metabolism p. 43
Some Remarks on the Composition and Morphology of Bacteria (Eubacteria) p. 43
Proteins and Nucleic Acids p. 45
Proteins p. 45
Amino Acids p. 45
Structure of Proteins p. 46
Proteins for Special Purposes p. 47
Enzymes p. 47
Nucleic Acids p. 50
Desoxyribonucleic Acid p. 50
Ribonucleic Acid p. 54
DNA Replication p. 57
Mutations p. 58
Catabolism and Anabolism p. 59
ADP and ATP p. 59
Transport of Protons p. 59
Catabolism of Using Glucose p. 60
Aerobic Conversion by Prokaryotic Cells p. 60
Anaerobic Conversion by Prokaryotic Cells p. 65
Anabolism p. 66
References p. 67
Determination of Stoichiometric Equations for Catabolism and Anabolism p. 69
Introduction p. 69
Aerobic Degradation of Organic Substances p. 70
Degradation of Hydrocarbons Without Bacterial Decay p. 70
Mineralization of 2,4-Dinitrophenol p. 71
Degradation of Hydrocarbons with Bacterial Decay p. 74
Measurement of O[subscript 2] Consumption Rate r[Characters not reproducible] and CO[subscript 2] Production
Rate r[Characters not reproducible] p. 76
Problems p. 78
References p. 81
Gas/Liquid Oxygen Transfer and Stripping p. 83
Transport by Diffusion p. 83
Mass Transfer Coefficients p. 86
Definition of Specific Mass Transfer Coefficients p. 86
Two Film Theory p. 87
Measurement of Specific Overall Mass Transfer Coefficients K[subscript L]a p. 90
Absorption of Oxygen During Aeration p. 90
Steady State Method p. 90
Non-steady State Method p. 91
Dynamic Method in Wastewater Mixed with Activated Sludge p. 92
Desorption of Volatile Components During Aeration p. 93
Oxygen Transfer Rate, Energy Consumption and Efficiency in Large-scale Plants p. 95
Surface Aeration p. 95
Oxygen Transfer Rate p. 95
Power Consumption and Efficiency p. 96
Deep Tank Aeration p. 98
Preliminary Remarks p. 98
The Simple Plug Flow Model p. 99
Proposed Model of the American Society of Civil Engineers p. 101
Further Models p. 103
Oxygen Transfer Rate p. 103
Power Consumption and Efficiency p. 106
Monitoring of Deep Tanks p. 106
Dimensional Analysis and Transfer of Models p. 108
Introduction p. 108
Power Consumption of a Stirred, Non-aerated Tank - A Simple Example p. 109
Description of Oxygen Transfer, Power Consumption and Efficiency by Surface Aerators Using Dimensionless Numbers p. 112
Application of Dimensionless Numbers for Surface Aeration p. 113
Problem p. 115
References p. 117
Aerobic Wastewater Treatment in Activated Sludge Systems p. 119
Introduction p. 119
Kinetic and Reaction Engineering Models With and Without Oxygen Limitation p. 119
Batch Reactors p. 119
With High Initial Concentration of Bacteria p. 119
With Low Initial Concentration of Bacteria p. 122
Chemostat p. 122
Completely Mixed Activated Sludge Reactor p. 125
Preliminary Remarks p. 125
Mean Retention Time, Recycle Ratio and Thickening Ratio as Process Parameters p. 126
Sludge Age as Parameter p. 128
Plug Flow Reactor p. 130
Completely Mixed Tank Cascades With Sludge Recycle p. 132
Flow Reactor With Axial Dispersion p. 134
Stoichiometric and Kinetic Coefficients p. 136
Comparison of Reactors p. 137
Retention Time Distribution in Activated Sludge Reactors p. 138
Retention Time Distribution p. 138
Completely Mixed Tank p. 140
Completely Mixed Tank Cascade p. 140
Tube Flow Reactor With Axial Dispersion p. 141
Comparison Between Tank Cascades and Tube Flow Reactors p. 142
Technical Scale Activated Sludge Systems for Carbon Removal p. 144
Problems p. 146
References p. 149
Aerobic Treatment with Biofilm Systems p. 151
Biofilms p. 151
Biofilm Reactors for Wastewater Treatment p. 152
Trickling Filters p. 152
Submerged and Aerated Fixed Bed Reactors p. 154
Rotating Disc Reactors p. 156
Mechanisms for Oxygen Mass Transfer in Biofilm Systems p. 158
Models for Oxygen Mass Transfer Rates in Biofilm Systems p. 159
Assumptions p. 159
Mass Transfer Gas/Liquid is Rate-limiting p. 159
Mass Transfer Liquid/Solid is Rate-limiting p. 160
Biological Reaction is Rate-limiting p. 160
Diffusion and Reaction Inside the Biofilm p. 160
Influence of Diffusion and Reaction Inside the Biofilm and of Mass Transfer Liquid/Solid p. 163
Influence of Mass Transfer Rates at Gas Bubble and Biofilm Surfaces p. 164
Problems p. 164
References p. 166
Anaerobic Degradation of Organics p. 169
Catabolic Reactions - Cooperation of Different Groups of Bacteria p. 169
Survey p. 169
Anaerobic Bacteria p. 169
Acidogenic Bacteria p. 169
Acetogenic Bacteria p. 171
Methanogenic Bacteria p. 171
Regulation of Acetogenics by Methanogenics p. 173
Sulfate and Nitrate Reduction p. 175
Kinetics - Models and Coefficients p. 176
Preface p. 176
Hydrolysis and Formation of Lower Fatty Acids by Acidogenic Bacteria p. 176
Transformation of Lower Fatty Acids by Acetogenic Bacteria p. 177
Transformation of Acetate and Hydrogen into Methane p. 179
Conclusions p. 180
Catabolism and Anabolism p. 182
High-rate Processes p. 184
Introduction p. 184
Contact Processes p. 185
Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket p. 187
Anaerobic Fixed Bed Reactor p. 188
Anaerobic Rotating Disc Reactor p. 190
Anaerobic Expanded and Fluidized Bed Reactors p. 191
Problem p. 192
References p. 193
Biodegradation of Special Organic Compounds p. 195
Introduction p. 195
Chlorinated Compounds p. 196
Chlorinated n-Alkanes, Particularly Dichloromethane and 1,2-Dichloroethane p. 196
Properties, Use, Environmental Problems and Kinetics p. 196
Treatment of Wastewater Containing DCM or DCA p. 198
Chlorobenzene p. 200
Properties, Use and Environmental Problems p. 200
Principles of Biological Degradation p. 200
Treatment of Wastewater Containing Chlorobenzenes p. 202
Chlorophenols p. 203
Nitroaromatics p. 204
Properties, Use, Environmental Problems and Kinetics p. 204
Treatment of Wastewater Containing 4-NP or 2,4-DNT p. 206
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Mineral Oils p. 206
Properties, Use and Environmental Problems p. 206
Mineral Oils p. 207
Biodegradation of PAHs p. 209
PAHs Dissolved in Water p. 209
PAHs Dissolved in n-Dodecane Standard Emulsion p. 211
Azo Reactive Dyes p. 211
Properties, Use and Environmental Problems p. 211
Production of Azo Dyes in the Chemical Industry - Biodegradability of Naphthalene Sulfonic Acids p. 213
Biodegradation of Azo Dyes p. 215
Direct Aerobic Degradation p. 215
Anaerobic Reduction of Azo Dyes p. 215
Aerobic Degradation of Metabolites p. 216
Treatment of Wastewater Containing the Azo Dye Reactive Black 5 p. 216
Final Remarks p. 217
References p. 218
Biological Nutrient Removal p. 223
Introduction p. 223
Biological Nitrogen Removal p. 227
The Nitrogen Cycle and the Technical Removal Process p. 227
Nitrification p. 228
Nitrifying Bacteria and Stoichiometry p. 228
Stoichiometry and Kinetics of Nitrification p. 231
Parameters Influencing Nitrification p. 235
Denitrification p. 237
Denitrifying Bacteria and Stoichiometry p. 237
Stoichiometry and Kinetics of Denitrification p. 239
Parameters Influencing Denitrification p. 240
Nitrite Accumulation During Nitrification p. 242
New Microbial Processes for Nitrogen Removal p. 243
Biological Phosphorus Removal p. 244
Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal p. 244
Kinetic Model for Biological Phosphorus Removal p. 245
Preliminary Remarks p. 245
Anaerobic Zone p. 246
Aerobic Zone p. 247
Results of a Batch Experiment p. 248
Parameters Affecting Biological Phosphorus Removal p. 249
Biological Nutrient Removal Processes p. 250
Preliminary Remarks p. 250
Nitrogen Removal Processes p. 250
Chemical and Biological Phosphorus Removal p. 252
Processes for Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal p. 253
Different Levels of Performance p. 253
WWTP Wabmannsdorf p. 255
Membrane Bioreactors (MBR) p. 257
Phosphorus and Nitrogen Recycle p. 257
Recycling of Phosphorus p. 257
Recycling of Nitrogen p. 258
Problems p. 259
References p. 262
Modelling of the Activated Sludge Process p. 267
Why We Need Mathematical Models p. 267
Models Describing Carbon and Nitrogen Removal p. 268
Carbon Removal p. 268
Carbon Removal and Bacterial Decay p. 269
Carbon Removal and Nitrification Without Bacterial Decay p. 270
Models for Optimizing the Activated Sludge Process p. 271
Preface p. 271
Modelling the Influence of Aeration on Carbon Removal p. 272
Activated Sludge Model 1 (ASM 1) p. 275
Application of ASM 1 p. 283
More Complicated Models and Conclusions p. 285
Problems p. 286
References p. 288
Membrane Technology in Biological Wastewater Treatment p. 291
Introduction p. 291
Mass Transport Mechanism p. 293
Membrane Characteristics and Definitions p. 293
Mass Transport Through Non-porous Membranes p. 296
Mass Transport Through Porous Membranes p. 300
Mass Transfer Resistance Mechanisms p. 301
Preface p. 301
Mass Transfer Resistances p. 302
Concentration Polarization Model p. 303
Solution-diffusion Model and Concentration Polarization p. 306
The Pore Model and Concentration Polarization p. 308
Performance and Module Design p. 308
Membrane Materials p. 308
Design and Configuration of Membrane Modules p. 309
Preliminary Remarks p. 309
Dead-end Configuration p. 313
Submerged Configuration p. 314
Cross-flow Configuration p. 314
Membrane Fouling and Cleaning Management p. 315
Types of Fouling Processes p. 315
Membrane Cleaning Strategies p. 316
Membrane Bioreactors p. 318
Final Treatment (Behind the Secondary Clarifier) p. 318
Membrane Bioreactors in Aerobic Wastewater Treatment p. 319
Membrane Bioreactors and Nutrient Removal p. 323
Problems p. 324
References p. 327
Production Integrated Water Management and Decentralized Effluent Treatment p. 331
Introduction p. 331
Production Integrated Water Management in the Chemical Industry p. 333
Sustainable Development and Process Optimization p. 333
Primary Points of View p. 333
Materia] Flow Management p. 334
Production of Naphthalenedisufonic Acid p. 336
Methodology of Process Improvement p. 338
Minimization of Fresh Water Use p. 339
Description of the Problem p. 339
The Concentration/Mass Flow Rate Diagram and the Graphical Solution p. 340
The Network Design Method p. 344
Decentralized Effluent Treatment p. 346
Minimization of Treated Wastewater p. 346
Description of the Problem p. 346
Representation of Treatment Processes in a Concentration/Mass Flow Rate Diagram p. 347
The Lowest Wastewater Flow Rate to Treat p. 349
Processes for Decentralized Effluent Treatment p. 349
Problems p. 350
References p. 354
Subject Index p. 355
- 名称
- 类型
- 大小
光盘服务联系方式: 020-38250260 客服QQ：4006604884
云图客服：
用户发送的提问，这种方式就需要有位在线客服来回答用户的问题，这种 就属于对话式的,问题是这种提问是否需要用户登录才能提问
Video Player
×
Audio Player
×
pdf Player
×
