简介
"While the human eye can practically cope only with two aspects of light, brightness and colour, for many animals polarization is a further source of visual information. This fascinating phenomenon of polarization sensitivity iscomprehensively treated by Horvath and Varju. Starting with a short introduction into imaging polarimetry - an efficient technique for measuring light polarization - various polarization patterns occurring in nature are presented. Among them are the polarizational characteristics of water surfaces, mirages and the underwater light field as well as the celestial polarization patterns affected by the illumination conditions of sunrise, sunset, clear or cloudy skies, moonshine and total solar eclipses."--BOOK JACKET
目录
Table Of Contents:
Part I: Imaging Polarimetry
1 Polarimetry: From Point-Source to Imaging Polarimeters 3(12)
1.1 Qualitative Demonstration of Linear Polarization in the Optical Environment 3(5)
1.2 Elements of the Stokes and Mueller Formalism of Polarization 8(1)
1.3 Polarimetry of Circularly Unpolarized Light by Means of Intensity Detectors 9(1)
1.4 Point-Source, Scanning and Imaging Polarimetry 10(1)
1.5 Sequential and Simultaneous Polarimetry 10(1)
1.6 Colour Coding and Visualization of Polarization Patterns 11(1)
1.7 Field of View of Imaging Polarimetry 11(1)
1.8 Polarizational Cameras 12(3)
Part II: Polarization Patterns in Nature
2 Space-Borne Measurement of Earthlight Polarization 15(3)
3 Skylight Polarization 18(5)
3.1 The Importance of Skylight Polarization in Atmospheric Science 18(1)
3.2 Celestial Polarization Measured by Video Polarimetry in the Tunisian Desert in the UV and Green Spectral Ranges 19(4)
4 Principal Neutral Points of Atmospheric Polarization 23(9)
4.1 Video Polarimetry of the Arago Neutral Point of Skylight Polarization 25(2)
4.2 First Observation of the Fourth Principal Neutral Point 27(5)
5 24-Hour Change of the Polarization Pattern of the Summer Sky North of the Arctic Circle 32(4)
6 Polarization Patterns of Cloudy Skies and Animal Orientation 36(5)
6.1. Polarization of Cloudy Skies 36(1)
6.2. Continuation of the Clear-Sky Angle of Polarization Pattern Underneath Clouds 37(1)
6.3. Proportion of the Celestial Polarization Pattern Useful for Compass Orientation Exemplified with Crickets 38(3)
7 Ground-Based Full-Sky Imaging Polarimetric Cloud Detection 41(6)
8 Polarization Pattern of the Moonlit Clear Night Sky at Full Moon: Comparison of Moonlit and Sunlit Skies 47(4)
9 Imaging Polarimetry of the Rainbow 51(2)
10 Which Part of the Spectrum is Optimal for Perception of Skylight Polarization? 53(21)
10.1 A Common Misbelief Concerning the Dependence of the Degree of Skylight Polarization on Wavelength 53(3)
10.2 Why do Many Insects Perceive Skylight Polarization in the UV? 56(12)
10.2.1 Is the Celestial Polarization Pattern More Stable in the UV? 56(1)
10.2.2 Was the UV Component of Skylight Stronger in the Past? 57(2)
10.2.3 Relatively Large Proportion of UV Radiation in Skylight? 59(1)
10.2.4 Mistaking Skylight for Ground-Reflected Light? 60(1)
10.2.5 Confusion of Motion and Form for Celestial Polarization? 60(1)
10.2.6 Were UV Receptors Originally Skylight Detectors and Only Later Incorporated Into the E-vector Detecting System? 61(1)
10.2.7 Maximizing "Signal-to-Noise Ratios" by UV Photopigments Under Low Degrees of Skylight Polarization? 61(1)
10.2.8 In the Spectral and Intensity Domain the Celestial Band of Maximum Polarization is Less Pronounced in the UV than in the Blue 62(1)
10.2.9 The Proportion of Celestial Polarization Pattern Useful for Animal Orientation is Higher in the Blue than in the Green or Red 62(2)
10.2.10 Perception of Skylight in the UV Maximizes the Extent of the Celestial Polarization Pattern Useful for Compass Orientation Under Cloudy Skies 64(4)
10.3 Resolution of the UV-Sky-Pol Paradox 68(1)
10.4 E-Vector Detection in the UV also Maximizes the Proportion of the Celestial Polarization Pattern Useful for Orientation Under Canopies 69(2)
10.5 Analogy Between Perception of Skylight Polarization and Polarotactic Water Detection Considering the Optimal Spectral Range 71(1)
10.6 Analogy of the UV-Sky-Pol Paradox in the Polarization Sensitivity of Aquatic Animals 71(1)
10.7 Why do Crickets Perceive Skylight Polarization in the Blue? 72(1)
10.8 Concluding Remark 73(1)
11 Polarization of the Sky and the Solar Corona During Total Solar Eclipses 74(14)
11.1 Structure of the Celestial Polarization Pattern and its Temporal Change During the Eclipse of 11 August 1999 75(3)
11.2 Origin of the E-vector Pattern During Totality 78(2)
11.3 Neutral Points of Skylight Polarization Observed During Totality 80(3)
11.4 Origin of the Zenith Neutral Point During Totality 83(1)
11.5 Origin of Other Neutral Points at Totality 83(2)
11.6 Imaging Polarimetry of the Solar Corona 85(3)
12 Reflection-Polarization Pattern of the Flat Water Surface Measured by 180掳 Field-of-View Imaging Polarimetry 88(4)
13 Polarization Pattern of a Fata Morgana: Why Aquatic Insects are not Attracted by Mirages? 92(3)
14 Polarizational Characteristics of the Underwater World 95(5)
15 Circularly Polarized Light in Nature 100(7)
15.1 Circulary/Elliptically Polarized Light Induced by Total Reflection from the Water-Air Interface 100(1)
15.2 Circulary Polarized Light Reflected from the Exoskeleton of Certain Arthropods 101(1)
15.3 Circulary Polarized Light Emitted by Firefly Larvae 102(5)
Part III: Polarized Light in Animal Vision
16 From Polarization Sensitivity to Polarization Vision 107(24)
16.1 Forerunners of the Study of Animal Polarization Sensitivity 107(1)
16.2 Polarization Sensitivity, Polarization Vision and Analysis of Polarization Patterns 108(3)
16.3 Functional Similarities Between Polarization Vision and Colour Vision 111(1)
16.4 How can Skylight Polarization be Used for Orientation? 112(3)
16.5 Possible Functions of Polarization Sensitivity 115(1)
16.6 How might Polarization Sensitivity Have Evolved? 116(1)
16.7 Polarization Sensitivity of Rhabdomeric Invertebrate Photoreceptors 117(11)
16.7.1 Hypothetical Polarizing Ability of the Dioptric Apparatus 118(1)
16.7.2 Rhabdomeric Polarization Sensitivity 118(3)
16.7.3 Origin of High Polarization Sensitivity 121(1)
16.7.4 Origin of Low Polarization Sensitivity 122(1)
16.7.5 Rhabdomeric Twist and Misalignment and their Functional Significance 123(1)
16.7.6 Ontogenetic Development of Photoreceptor Twist Outside the Dorsal Rim Area of the Insect Eye 124(1)
16.7.7 Characteristics of the Anatomically and Physiologically Specialized Polarization-Sensitive Dorsal Rim Area in Insect Eyes 125(3)
16.7.8 Polarization-Sensitive Interneurons in Invertebrates 128(1)
16.8 Polarization Sensitivity of Vertebrate Photoreceptors 128(2)
16.9 Polarization Sensitivity in Plants 130(1)
17 Polarization Sensitivity in Terrestrial Insects 131(47)
17.1 Honeybees 131(12)
17.2 Flies 143(4)
17.2.1 Muscid Flies 143(1)
17.2.2 Rhabdomeric Twist in the Retina of Flies 143(1)
17.2.3 Musca domestica, Calliphora erythrocephala, Calliphora stygia and Phaenicia sericata 144(2)
17.2.4 Drosophila melanogaster 146(1)
17.3 Ants 147(9)
17.4 Crickets 156(9)
17.4.1 Acheta domesticus 156(1)
17.4.2 Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa 156(1)
17.4.3 Gryllus bimaculatus 157(3)
17.4.4 Gryllus campestris 160(5)
17.5 Lepidoptera: Butterflies and Moths 165(4)
17.5.1 Papilio xuthus 166(1)
17.5.2 Polarization Induced False Colours Perceived by Papilio xuthus and Papilio aegeus 166(3)
17.5.3 Polarized Light Reflected from Butterfly Wings as a Possible Mating Signal in Heliconius cydno chioneus 169(1)
17.6 Locusts 169(3)
17.7 Cockroaches 172(1)
17.8 Scarab Beetles 173(3)
17.9 Response of Night-Flying Insects to Linearly Polarized Light 176(2)
18 Polarization Sensitivity in Insects Associated with Water 178(21)
18.1 Velia caprai 180(1)
18.2 Corixa punctata 180(1)
18.3 Non-Biting Midges (Chironomidae) 180(1)
18.4 Waterstrider Gerris lacustris 181(2)
18.5 Backswimmer Notonecta glauca 183(5)
18.6 Dragonflies Odonata 188(3)
18.7 Dolichopodids 191(1)
18.8 Mayflies Ephemeroptera 192(1)
18.9 Other Polarotactic Water Insects 193(2)
18.10 Insects Living on Moist Substrata or Dung 195(2)
18.11 Mosquitoes 197(2)
19 Multiple-Choice Experiments on Dragonfly Polarotaxis 199(7)
20 How can Dragonflies Discern Bright and Dark Waters from a Distance? The Degree of Linear Polarization of Reflected Light as a Possible Cue for Dragonfly Habitat Selection 206(9)
21 Oil Reservoirs and Plastic Sheets as Polarizing Insect Traps 215(14)
21.1 Oil Lakes in the Desert of Kuwait as Massive Insect Traps 215(4)
21.2 The Waste Oil Reservoir in Budapest as a Disastrous Insect Trap for Half a Century 219(4)
21.2.1 Surface Characteristics of Waste Oil Reservoirs 220(1)
21.2.2 Insects Trapped by the Waste Oil 221(1)
21.2.3 Behaviour of Dragonflies Above Oil Surfaces 222(1)
21.3 Dual-Choice Field Experiments Using Huge Plastic Sheets 223(4)
21.4 The Possible Large-Scale Hazard of "Shiny Black Anthropogenic Products" for Aquatic Insects 227(2)
22 Why do Mayflies Lay Eggs on Dry Asphalt Roads? Water-Imitating Horizontally Polarized Light Reflected from Asphalt Attracts Ephemeroptera 229(12)
22.1 Swarming Behaviour of Mayflies above Asphalt Roads 231(1)
22.2 Multiple-Choice Experiments with Swarming Mayflies 232(2)
22.3 Reflection-Polarizational Characteristics of the Swarming Sites of Mayflies 234(2)
22.4 Mayflies Detect Water by Polarotaxis 236(3)
22.5 Comparison of the Attractiveness of Asphalt Roads and Water Surfaces to Mayflies 239(2)
23 Reflection-Polarizational Characteristics of Car-Bodies: Why are Water-Seeking Insects Attracted to the Bodywork of Cars? 241(2)
24 Polarization Sensitivity in Spiders and Scorpions 243(4)
24.1 Spiders 243(3)
24.2 Scorpions 246(1)
25 Polarization Sensitivity in Crustaceans 247(2)
25. Mangrove Crab Goniopsis cruentata 249(18)
25.2 Fiddler Crabs 249(1)
25.3 Copepod Cyclops vernalis 250(1)
25.4 Larvae of the Crab Rhithropanopeus harrisi 251(1)
25.5 Larvae of the Mud Crab Panopeus herbstii 252(1)
25.6 Grapsid Crab Leptograpsus variegatus 253(1)
25.7 Crayfish 253(2)
25.8 Grass Shrimp Palaemonetes vulgaris 255(2)
25.9 Crab Dotilla wichmanni 257(2)
25.10 Water Flea Daphnia 259(4)
25.11 Mantis Shrimps 263(4)
26 Polarization Sensitivity in Cephalopods and Marine Snails 267(9)
26.1 Cephalopods 267(7)
26.1.1 Octopuses 267(2)
26.1.2 Squids 269(3)
26.1.3 European Cuttlefish Sepia officinalis 272(2)
26.2 Marine Snails 274(2)
27 Polarization-Sensitive Optomotor Reaction in Invertebrates 276(17)
27.1 Crabs 276(1)
27.2 Honeybees 277(1)
27.3 Flies 277(1)
27.4 Rose Chafers 278(1)
27.5 Optomotor Reaction to Over- and Underwater Brightness and Polarization Patterns in the Waterstrider Gerris lacustris 278(9)
27.6 Optomotor Response to Over- and Underwater Brightness and Polarization Patterns in the Backswimmer Notonecta glauca 287(6)
28 Polarization Sensitivity in Fish 293(24)
28.1 Fish in which Polarization-Sensitivity was Proposed 294(13)
28.1.1 Sockeye Salmon Oncorhynchus nerka 294(1)
28.1.2 Tropical Halfbeaks Zenarchopterus dispar and Zenarchopterus buffoni 295(1)
28.1.3 Halfbeak Fish Dermogenys pusilus 296(1)
28.1.4 Goldfish Carassius auratus 297(2)
28.1.5 African Cichlid Pseudotropheus macrophthalmus 299(1)
28.1.6 Anchovies Engraulis mordax and Anchoa mitchilli 300(1)
28.1.7 Rainbow Trout Oncorhyncus mykiss 301(5)
28.1.8 Juvenile Salmonid Fish Oncorhynchus mykiss, Oncorhynchus, Oncorhynchus nerka and Salvelinus fontinalis 306(1)
28.1.9 Damselfishes 306(1)
28.2 Fish with Debated Polarization Sensitivity and Fish in which Polarization Insensitivity was Proposed 307(2)
28.2.1 Green Sunfish Lepomis cyanellus 307(1)
28.2.2 Common White Sucker Catostomus commersoni 308(1)
28.2.3 Pacific Herring Clupea harengus pallasi 308(1)
28.3 Possible Biophysical Basis of Fish Polarization Sensitivity 309(8)
28.3.1 Axially Oriented Membrane Disks in the Photoreceptor Outer Segments as the Basis for Polarization Sensitivity in Anchovies 309(2)
28.3.2 Embryonic Fissures in Fish Eyes and their Possible Role in the Detection of Polarization 311(1)
28.3.3 Paired Cones as a Possible Basis for Polarization Sensitivity in Fish 312(18)
28.3.3.1 Orthogonal Double Cones with Graded Index of Refraction as a Possible Basis for Polarization Sensitivity in the Green Sunfish Lepomis cyanellus 312(2)
28.3.3.2 Proposed Basis for Polarization Sensitivity in Rainbow Trout due to Internal Reflection from the Membranous Partitions of Double Cones 314(3)
29 Polarization Sensitivity in Amphibians 317(7)
29.1 Tiger Salamander Ambystoma tigrinum 318(2)
29.2 Red-Spotted Newt Notophthalmus viridescens 320(1)
29.3 Larval Bullfrog Rana catesbeiana 321(1)
29.4 Proposed Mechanisms of Detection of Polarization in Amphibians 322(2)
30 Polarization Sensitivity in Reptiles 324(4)
30.1 Celestial Orientation in Reptiles and the Polarization-Sensitive Parietal Eye of Lizards 324(1)
30.2 Desert Lizard Uma notata 325(1)
30.3 Sleepy Lizard Tiliqua rugosa 326(2)
31 Polarization Sensitivity in Birds 328(27)
31.1 Crepuscularly and Nocturnally Migrating Birds 330(10)
31.1.1 White-Throated Sparrow Zonotrichia albicollis and American Tree row Spizella arborea 330(1)
31.1.2 Northern Waterthrush Seiurus noveboracensis and Kentucky Warbler Oporornis formosus 331(1)
31.1.3 Yellow-Rumped Warbler Dendroica coronata 332(2)
31.1.4 Blackcap Sylvia atricapilla 334(1)
31.1.5 Savannah Sparrow Passerculus sandwichensis 335(5)
31.2 Day-Migrating Birds 340(1)
31.3 Birds which Might be Polarization Insensitive or not Use Skylight Polarization in their Migratory Orientation . . 341(10)
31.3.1 Debated Polarization Sensitivity in the Homing Pigeon Columba livia 342(7)
31.3.1.1 The Position of the Sun Hidden by Clouds Could also be Determined on the Basis of the Colour Gradients of Skylight Under Partly Cloudy Conditions 348(1)
31.3.2 European robin Erithacus rubecula 349(1)
31.3.3 Pied Flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca 350(1)
31.4 Proposed Mechanisms of Avian Polarization Sensitivity 351(4)
31.4.1 Is the Foveal Depression in the Avian Retina Responsible for Polarization Sensitivity? 351(2)
31.4.2 A Model of Polarization Detection in the Avian Retina with Oil Droplets 353(2)
32 Human Polarization Sensitivity 355(7)
32.1 Haidinger Brushes 355(6)
32.2 Boehm Brushes 361(1)
32.3 Shurcliff Brushes 361(1)
33 Polarization-Induced False Colours 362(19)
33.1 Polarization-Dependent Colour Sensitivity and Colour-dependent Polarization Sensitivity 362(2)
33.2 Polarization False Colours Perceived by Papilio Butterflies 364(13)
33.2.1 Computation of the Spectral Loci of Colours Perceived by a Polarization- and Colour-Sensitive Retina 364(5)
33.2.2 Polarization-Induced False Colours Perceived by a Weakly Polarization-Sensitive Retina 369(5)
33.2.3 Reflection-Polarizational Characteristics of Plant Surfaces 374(2)
33.2.4 Polarization-Induced False Colours Influence the Weakly Polarization-Sensitive Colour Vision of Papilio Butterflies Under Natural Conditions? 376(1)
33.3 Polarizational False Colours Perceived by a Highly Polarization-Sensitive Retina Rotating in Front of Flowers and Leaves 377(1)
33.4 Camouflage Breaking via Polarization-Induced False Colours and Reflection Polarization 378(1)
33.5 Is Colour Perception or Polarization Sensitivity the More Ancient? 379(2)
34 A Common Methodological Error: Intensity Patterns Induced by Selective Reflection of Linearly Polarized Light from Black Surfaces 381(4)
Rerences 385(32)
Subject Index 417(8)
Colour Illustrations 425
Part I: Imaging Polarimetry
1 Polarimetry: From Point-Source to Imaging Polarimeters 3(12)
1.1 Qualitative Demonstration of Linear Polarization in the Optical Environment 3(5)
1.2 Elements of the Stokes and Mueller Formalism of Polarization 8(1)
1.3 Polarimetry of Circularly Unpolarized Light by Means of Intensity Detectors 9(1)
1.4 Point-Source, Scanning and Imaging Polarimetry 10(1)
1.5 Sequential and Simultaneous Polarimetry 10(1)
1.6 Colour Coding and Visualization of Polarization Patterns 11(1)
1.7 Field of View of Imaging Polarimetry 11(1)
1.8 Polarizational Cameras 12(3)
Part II: Polarization Patterns in Nature
2 Space-Borne Measurement of Earthlight Polarization 15(3)
3 Skylight Polarization 18(5)
3.1 The Importance of Skylight Polarization in Atmospheric Science 18(1)
3.2 Celestial Polarization Measured by Video Polarimetry in the Tunisian Desert in the UV and Green Spectral Ranges 19(4)
4 Principal Neutral Points of Atmospheric Polarization 23(9)
4.1 Video Polarimetry of the Arago Neutral Point of Skylight Polarization 25(2)
4.2 First Observation of the Fourth Principal Neutral Point 27(5)
5 24-Hour Change of the Polarization Pattern of the Summer Sky North of the Arctic Circle 32(4)
6 Polarization Patterns of Cloudy Skies and Animal Orientation 36(5)
6.1. Polarization of Cloudy Skies 36(1)
6.2. Continuation of the Clear-Sky Angle of Polarization Pattern Underneath Clouds 37(1)
6.3. Proportion of the Celestial Polarization Pattern Useful for Compass Orientation Exemplified with Crickets 38(3)
7 Ground-Based Full-Sky Imaging Polarimetric Cloud Detection 41(6)
8 Polarization Pattern of the Moonlit Clear Night Sky at Full Moon: Comparison of Moonlit and Sunlit Skies 47(4)
9 Imaging Polarimetry of the Rainbow 51(2)
10 Which Part of the Spectrum is Optimal for Perception of Skylight Polarization? 53(21)
10.1 A Common Misbelief Concerning the Dependence of the Degree of Skylight Polarization on Wavelength 53(3)
10.2 Why do Many Insects Perceive Skylight Polarization in the UV? 56(12)
10.2.1 Is the Celestial Polarization Pattern More Stable in the UV? 56(1)
10.2.2 Was the UV Component of Skylight Stronger in the Past? 57(2)
10.2.3 Relatively Large Proportion of UV Radiation in Skylight? 59(1)
10.2.4 Mistaking Skylight for Ground-Reflected Light? 60(1)
10.2.5 Confusion of Motion and Form for Celestial Polarization? 60(1)
10.2.6 Were UV Receptors Originally Skylight Detectors and Only Later Incorporated Into the E-vector Detecting System? 61(1)
10.2.7 Maximizing "Signal-to-Noise Ratios" by UV Photopigments Under Low Degrees of Skylight Polarization? 61(1)
10.2.8 In the Spectral and Intensity Domain the Celestial Band of Maximum Polarization is Less Pronounced in the UV than in the Blue 62(1)
10.2.9 The Proportion of Celestial Polarization Pattern Useful for Animal Orientation is Higher in the Blue than in the Green or Red 62(2)
10.2.10 Perception of Skylight in the UV Maximizes the Extent of the Celestial Polarization Pattern Useful for Compass Orientation Under Cloudy Skies 64(4)
10.3 Resolution of the UV-Sky-Pol Paradox 68(1)
10.4 E-Vector Detection in the UV also Maximizes the Proportion of the Celestial Polarization Pattern Useful for Orientation Under Canopies 69(2)
10.5 Analogy Between Perception of Skylight Polarization and Polarotactic Water Detection Considering the Optimal Spectral Range 71(1)
10.6 Analogy of the UV-Sky-Pol Paradox in the Polarization Sensitivity of Aquatic Animals 71(1)
10.7 Why do Crickets Perceive Skylight Polarization in the Blue? 72(1)
10.8 Concluding Remark 73(1)
11 Polarization of the Sky and the Solar Corona During Total Solar Eclipses 74(14)
11.1 Structure of the Celestial Polarization Pattern and its Temporal Change During the Eclipse of 11 August 1999 75(3)
11.2 Origin of the E-vector Pattern During Totality 78(2)
11.3 Neutral Points of Skylight Polarization Observed During Totality 80(3)
11.4 Origin of the Zenith Neutral Point During Totality 83(1)
11.5 Origin of Other Neutral Points at Totality 83(2)
11.6 Imaging Polarimetry of the Solar Corona 85(3)
12 Reflection-Polarization Pattern of the Flat Water Surface Measured by 180掳 Field-of-View Imaging Polarimetry 88(4)
13 Polarization Pattern of a Fata Morgana: Why Aquatic Insects are not Attracted by Mirages? 92(3)
14 Polarizational Characteristics of the Underwater World 95(5)
15 Circularly Polarized Light in Nature 100(7)
15.1 Circulary/Elliptically Polarized Light Induced by Total Reflection from the Water-Air Interface 100(1)
15.2 Circulary Polarized Light Reflected from the Exoskeleton of Certain Arthropods 101(1)
15.3 Circulary Polarized Light Emitted by Firefly Larvae 102(5)
Part III: Polarized Light in Animal Vision
16 From Polarization Sensitivity to Polarization Vision 107(24)
16.1 Forerunners of the Study of Animal Polarization Sensitivity 107(1)
16.2 Polarization Sensitivity, Polarization Vision and Analysis of Polarization Patterns 108(3)
16.3 Functional Similarities Between Polarization Vision and Colour Vision 111(1)
16.4 How can Skylight Polarization be Used for Orientation? 112(3)
16.5 Possible Functions of Polarization Sensitivity 115(1)
16.6 How might Polarization Sensitivity Have Evolved? 116(1)
16.7 Polarization Sensitivity of Rhabdomeric Invertebrate Photoreceptors 117(11)
16.7.1 Hypothetical Polarizing Ability of the Dioptric Apparatus 118(1)
16.7.2 Rhabdomeric Polarization Sensitivity 118(3)
16.7.3 Origin of High Polarization Sensitivity 121(1)
16.7.4 Origin of Low Polarization Sensitivity 122(1)
16.7.5 Rhabdomeric Twist and Misalignment and their Functional Significance 123(1)
16.7.6 Ontogenetic Development of Photoreceptor Twist Outside the Dorsal Rim Area of the Insect Eye 124(1)
16.7.7 Characteristics of the Anatomically and Physiologically Specialized Polarization-Sensitive Dorsal Rim Area in Insect Eyes 125(3)
16.7.8 Polarization-Sensitive Interneurons in Invertebrates 128(1)
16.8 Polarization Sensitivity of Vertebrate Photoreceptors 128(2)
16.9 Polarization Sensitivity in Plants 130(1)
17 Polarization Sensitivity in Terrestrial Insects 131(47)
17.1 Honeybees 131(12)
17.2 Flies 143(4)
17.2.1 Muscid Flies 143(1)
17.2.2 Rhabdomeric Twist in the Retina of Flies 143(1)
17.2.3 Musca domestica, Calliphora erythrocephala, Calliphora stygia and Phaenicia sericata 144(2)
17.2.4 Drosophila melanogaster 146(1)
17.3 Ants 147(9)
17.4 Crickets 156(9)
17.4.1 Acheta domesticus 156(1)
17.4.2 Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa 156(1)
17.4.3 Gryllus bimaculatus 157(3)
17.4.4 Gryllus campestris 160(5)
17.5 Lepidoptera: Butterflies and Moths 165(4)
17.5.1 Papilio xuthus 166(1)
17.5.2 Polarization Induced False Colours Perceived by Papilio xuthus and Papilio aegeus 166(3)
17.5.3 Polarized Light Reflected from Butterfly Wings as a Possible Mating Signal in Heliconius cydno chioneus 169(1)
17.6 Locusts 169(3)
17.7 Cockroaches 172(1)
17.8 Scarab Beetles 173(3)
17.9 Response of Night-Flying Insects to Linearly Polarized Light 176(2)
18 Polarization Sensitivity in Insects Associated with Water 178(21)
18.1 Velia caprai 180(1)
18.2 Corixa punctata 180(1)
18.3 Non-Biting Midges (Chironomidae) 180(1)
18.4 Waterstrider Gerris lacustris 181(2)
18.5 Backswimmer Notonecta glauca 183(5)
18.6 Dragonflies Odonata 188(3)
18.7 Dolichopodids 191(1)
18.8 Mayflies Ephemeroptera 192(1)
18.9 Other Polarotactic Water Insects 193(2)
18.10 Insects Living on Moist Substrata or Dung 195(2)
18.11 Mosquitoes 197(2)
19 Multiple-Choice Experiments on Dragonfly Polarotaxis 199(7)
20 How can Dragonflies Discern Bright and Dark Waters from a Distance? The Degree of Linear Polarization of Reflected Light as a Possible Cue for Dragonfly Habitat Selection 206(9)
21 Oil Reservoirs and Plastic Sheets as Polarizing Insect Traps 215(14)
21.1 Oil Lakes in the Desert of Kuwait as Massive Insect Traps 215(4)
21.2 The Waste Oil Reservoir in Budapest as a Disastrous Insect Trap for Half a Century 219(4)
21.2.1 Surface Characteristics of Waste Oil Reservoirs 220(1)
21.2.2 Insects Trapped by the Waste Oil 221(1)
21.2.3 Behaviour of Dragonflies Above Oil Surfaces 222(1)
21.3 Dual-Choice Field Experiments Using Huge Plastic Sheets 223(4)
21.4 The Possible Large-Scale Hazard of "Shiny Black Anthropogenic Products" for Aquatic Insects 227(2)
22 Why do Mayflies Lay Eggs on Dry Asphalt Roads? Water-Imitating Horizontally Polarized Light Reflected from Asphalt Attracts Ephemeroptera 229(12)
22.1 Swarming Behaviour of Mayflies above Asphalt Roads 231(1)
22.2 Multiple-Choice Experiments with Swarming Mayflies 232(2)
22.3 Reflection-Polarizational Characteristics of the Swarming Sites of Mayflies 234(2)
22.4 Mayflies Detect Water by Polarotaxis 236(3)
22.5 Comparison of the Attractiveness of Asphalt Roads and Water Surfaces to Mayflies 239(2)
23 Reflection-Polarizational Characteristics of Car-Bodies: Why are Water-Seeking Insects Attracted to the Bodywork of Cars? 241(2)
24 Polarization Sensitivity in Spiders and Scorpions 243(4)
24.1 Spiders 243(3)
24.2 Scorpions 246(1)
25 Polarization Sensitivity in Crustaceans 247(2)
25. Mangrove Crab Goniopsis cruentata 249(18)
25.2 Fiddler Crabs 249(1)
25.3 Copepod Cyclops vernalis 250(1)
25.4 Larvae of the Crab Rhithropanopeus harrisi 251(1)
25.5 Larvae of the Mud Crab Panopeus herbstii 252(1)
25.6 Grapsid Crab Leptograpsus variegatus 253(1)
25.7 Crayfish 253(2)
25.8 Grass Shrimp Palaemonetes vulgaris 255(2)
25.9 Crab Dotilla wichmanni 257(2)
25.10 Water Flea Daphnia 259(4)
25.11 Mantis Shrimps 263(4)
26 Polarization Sensitivity in Cephalopods and Marine Snails 267(9)
26.1 Cephalopods 267(7)
26.1.1 Octopuses 267(2)
26.1.2 Squids 269(3)
26.1.3 European Cuttlefish Sepia officinalis 272(2)
26.2 Marine Snails 274(2)
27 Polarization-Sensitive Optomotor Reaction in Invertebrates 276(17)
27.1 Crabs 276(1)
27.2 Honeybees 277(1)
27.3 Flies 277(1)
27.4 Rose Chafers 278(1)
27.5 Optomotor Reaction to Over- and Underwater Brightness and Polarization Patterns in the Waterstrider Gerris lacustris 278(9)
27.6 Optomotor Response to Over- and Underwater Brightness and Polarization Patterns in the Backswimmer Notonecta glauca 287(6)
28 Polarization Sensitivity in Fish 293(24)
28.1 Fish in which Polarization-Sensitivity was Proposed 294(13)
28.1.1 Sockeye Salmon Oncorhynchus nerka 294(1)
28.1.2 Tropical Halfbeaks Zenarchopterus dispar and Zenarchopterus buffoni 295(1)
28.1.3 Halfbeak Fish Dermogenys pusilus 296(1)
28.1.4 Goldfish Carassius auratus 297(2)
28.1.5 African Cichlid Pseudotropheus macrophthalmus 299(1)
28.1.6 Anchovies Engraulis mordax and Anchoa mitchilli 300(1)
28.1.7 Rainbow Trout Oncorhyncus mykiss 301(5)
28.1.8 Juvenile Salmonid Fish Oncorhynchus mykiss, Oncorhynchus, Oncorhynchus nerka and Salvelinus fontinalis 306(1)
28.1.9 Damselfishes 306(1)
28.2 Fish with Debated Polarization Sensitivity and Fish in which Polarization Insensitivity was Proposed 307(2)
28.2.1 Green Sunfish Lepomis cyanellus 307(1)
28.2.2 Common White Sucker Catostomus commersoni 308(1)
28.2.3 Pacific Herring Clupea harengus pallasi 308(1)
28.3 Possible Biophysical Basis of Fish Polarization Sensitivity 309(8)
28.3.1 Axially Oriented Membrane Disks in the Photoreceptor Outer Segments as the Basis for Polarization Sensitivity in Anchovies 309(2)
28.3.2 Embryonic Fissures in Fish Eyes and their Possible Role in the Detection of Polarization 311(1)
28.3.3 Paired Cones as a Possible Basis for Polarization Sensitivity in Fish 312(18)
28.3.3.1 Orthogonal Double Cones with Graded Index of Refraction as a Possible Basis for Polarization Sensitivity in the Green Sunfish Lepomis cyanellus 312(2)
28.3.3.2 Proposed Basis for Polarization Sensitivity in Rainbow Trout due to Internal Reflection from the Membranous Partitions of Double Cones 314(3)
29 Polarization Sensitivity in Amphibians 317(7)
29.1 Tiger Salamander Ambystoma tigrinum 318(2)
29.2 Red-Spotted Newt Notophthalmus viridescens 320(1)
29.3 Larval Bullfrog Rana catesbeiana 321(1)
29.4 Proposed Mechanisms of Detection of Polarization in Amphibians 322(2)
30 Polarization Sensitivity in Reptiles 324(4)
30.1 Celestial Orientation in Reptiles and the Polarization-Sensitive Parietal Eye of Lizards 324(1)
30.2 Desert Lizard Uma notata 325(1)
30.3 Sleepy Lizard Tiliqua rugosa 326(2)
31 Polarization Sensitivity in Birds 328(27)
31.1 Crepuscularly and Nocturnally Migrating Birds 330(10)
31.1.1 White-Throated Sparrow Zonotrichia albicollis and American Tree row Spizella arborea 330(1)
31.1.2 Northern Waterthrush Seiurus noveboracensis and Kentucky Warbler Oporornis formosus 331(1)
31.1.3 Yellow-Rumped Warbler Dendroica coronata 332(2)
31.1.4 Blackcap Sylvia atricapilla 334(1)
31.1.5 Savannah Sparrow Passerculus sandwichensis 335(5)
31.2 Day-Migrating Birds 340(1)
31.3 Birds which Might be Polarization Insensitive or not Use Skylight Polarization in their Migratory Orientation . . 341(10)
31.3.1 Debated Polarization Sensitivity in the Homing Pigeon Columba livia 342(7)
31.3.1.1 The Position of the Sun Hidden by Clouds Could also be Determined on the Basis of the Colour Gradients of Skylight Under Partly Cloudy Conditions 348(1)
31.3.2 European robin Erithacus rubecula 349(1)
31.3.3 Pied Flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca 350(1)
31.4 Proposed Mechanisms of Avian Polarization Sensitivity 351(4)
31.4.1 Is the Foveal Depression in the Avian Retina Responsible for Polarization Sensitivity? 351(2)
31.4.2 A Model of Polarization Detection in the Avian Retina with Oil Droplets 353(2)
32 Human Polarization Sensitivity 355(7)
32.1 Haidinger Brushes 355(6)
32.2 Boehm Brushes 361(1)
32.3 Shurcliff Brushes 361(1)
33 Polarization-Induced False Colours 362(19)
33.1 Polarization-Dependent Colour Sensitivity and Colour-dependent Polarization Sensitivity 362(2)
33.2 Polarization False Colours Perceived by Papilio Butterflies 364(13)
33.2.1 Computation of the Spectral Loci of Colours Perceived by a Polarization- and Colour-Sensitive Retina 364(5)
33.2.2 Polarization-Induced False Colours Perceived by a Weakly Polarization-Sensitive Retina 369(5)
33.2.3 Reflection-Polarizational Characteristics of Plant Surfaces 374(2)
33.2.4 Polarization-Induced False Colours Influence the Weakly Polarization-Sensitive Colour Vision of Papilio Butterflies Under Natural Conditions? 376(1)
33.3 Polarizational False Colours Perceived by a Highly Polarization-Sensitive Retina Rotating in Front of Flowers and Leaves 377(1)
33.4 Camouflage Breaking via Polarization-Induced False Colours and Reflection Polarization 378(1)
33.5 Is Colour Perception or Polarization Sensitivity the More Ancient? 379(2)
34 A Common Methodological Error: Intensity Patterns Induced by Selective Reflection of Linearly Polarized Light from Black Surfaces 381(4)
Rerences 385(32)
Subject Index 417(8)
Colour Illustrations 425
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