Environment and animal development : genes, life histories and plasticity /

S The nature of animal developmental ecology I
D. Atkinson and M. Thorndyke
Introduction 1
Types of developmental response to the environment 4
Proximate mechanisms in developmental ecology 8
Adaptive significance of developmental responses 19
integrating the 'how' and 'why' - synergy from synthesis 23
2 Molecular ecology and identification of marine invertebrate larvae 29
AD. Rogers
Introduction 29
Biochemical methods for iarval identification 3,
Molecular methods 37
Alternative methods for identifying marine larvae 61
Conclusions 62
3 Hormonal regulation of reproductive development in crustaceans 71
G. Wainwright and H.H. Rees
Introduction 71
Effects of temperature and photoperiod 72
The evestalk 73
Moulting hormones 73
Juvenile hormones 75
4 Rearing lobsters at different temperatures; effects on muscle phenotype 85
and molecular expression
J.M Holmes, A. Rubio, D. Lew;is, D.M. Neil and A.J. El Hal
Introduction 85
Muscles and moulting 87
Temperature effects on lobster growth, muscle phenotype and protein expression 91
Conclusion 95
5 Impact of temperature on the growth and differentiation of muscle in 99
herring larvae
LA. johnston, G.K. Temple and VL.A. Vieira
introduction 99
Larval morphology 99
Swimming behaviour and imuscle fibre types 101
Influence of rearing temperature on muscle phenotype 103
Post-embronic muscle growth characteristics 107
Embryonic temperature and larval phenotype 109
Muscle growth in a natural population of herring at sea 112
Conclusions 116
6 Lipid dietary effects on environmental stress tolerance 121
i .A Logue-
Essentil fatty acids in the marine system 121
"The biological role of LC-PUFA 121
Essential fatty acids and nervous system development 123
Mechanisms of dietary-induced stress resistance 125
Larval diet and programming of stress phenotype 128
Ecological relevance of dietary liid-determined stress phenotype 129
Overview 1 30
7 Influence of environmental factors on the ontogeny of the immune 135
system in turbot
C. LA . .F Thylor, W Melvin, M.E Tatner, TH. Birkbeck and C. Seconmbes
Introduction 135
Ontogeny of the lymphoid organs 135
Non-specific defences 137
Specific defences 142
8 Developmental ecology of immunity in crustaceans 153
'Vj Sm ith J.R.S. Chisholm and/ H. Brown
fintroduction 153
immunitv in crustaceans 154
Environmental and developmental aspects of immunity in crustaceans 156
Markers of inmune capability in crustaceans 157
Experimental approaches 158
Antibacterial peptides 158
Haemopoiesis 161
Developmental ecology of antibacterial defence in crustaceans 163
Methods for assessing larvae and post-larvae 163
Future directions 164
Summary and conclusions 165
9 Contaminant-mediated pro-/antioxidant processes and oxidative 173
damage in early life stages of fish
D.R. Livingstone, S. C.M. O'Hara, E Frettsore and J. Rundle
introduction 173
Pro-oxidant and antioxidant processes in biological systems, including adult fish 174
Pro-oxidant and antioxidant processes in early life stages of fish 178
Laboratory studies: the effects of short-term exposure of free feeding larvae to pro-oxidant 18
chemicals on pro-oxidant/antioxidant processes, oxidative damage and subsequent growth
in turbot (S. maxim s 181
SumPmary and overview 188
10 Endocrine disrupters, critical windows and developmental success in 203
oster larvae
H.E. Nice, M. Crane, D. Merritt and M. Thorndyke
Introduction 203
Lar al responses to 4-nonylphenol 205
Settlement 208
Data analysis 213
i Interrupted development in aquatic organisms: ecological context and 219
physiological mechanisms
S C. Hand, J.E. Podrdabsky, B.D. Eads and E van Breukelen
Introduction 219
Diapause in an annual killifish 220
Anoia-induced quiescence inArtemia embryos 224
unmmrary 229
12 Interrupted development: the impact of temperature on insect diapause 235
D,L. Denlinger
Introduction 235
Contribuiio, of temperature to diapause induction, maintenance and termination 236
Relationship between diapause and cold-hardiness 239
Phvsiological responses to low temperature during diapause 240
Diapause-related genes 242
Role of low temperature in elevating the expression of select genes during diapause 245
Conclusion 246
13 Development and hatching in cephalopod eggs: a model system for 251
partitioning environmental and genetic effects on development
PR. Boye, L. Noble, AM. Emery, S. Craig, K.D. Black and . Overnell
Introduction 251
Cephalopod reproduction 252
Rationiale 255
Material sources 255
The developmental environment 256
Fia tcbing quality 258
f-fatchling genotype 259
The potential of cephalopod developmental studies 264
14 Offspring size responses to maternal temperature in ectotherms
D. Atkinson, S.A. Morley, D, Weetman and R.N. Hughes
ntroduction 269
Quality of data 270
A general response to maternal temperature? 271
Potential mechanisms 274
Adaptive explanations 277
Conclusion 281
15 Growth strategies of ectothermic animals in temperate environments 287
K Gotthard
Empiricial inudings 293
Conclusions 299
16 Mechanisms and patterns of selection on performance curves: thermal 305
sensitivity of caterpillar growth
J. G, ingsolver
introduction 305
Thermal sensitivity of caterpillar growth rate 307
Variation in thermal performance curves 309
Selection on TPC variation 313
Summary and prospects 316
17 Fitness consequences of seasonal reproduction: experiments on the 321
polychaete Nereis virens Sars
P. .W Olive, C. Lewis, V Beardall, K Last and M.G. Bentley
Introduction 321
Materials and methods 326
Results 328
Discussion 3 35
18 Overwintering biology as a guide to the establishment potential of 343
non-native arthropods in the UK
j.S. Bale and K.EA. Walters
Introduction 343
Risks associated with alien introductions 344
Theoretical relationships affecting establishment 344
Establishment of alien phytophagous insects - a comparative experimental approach 348
Comparisons between different taxonomic groups 351
Discussion 352
Wider application of the risk assessment orotocol 352