Fish respiration and environment /

Preface 6
Contents 8
List of Contributors 12
1. Adaptation of Gas Exchange Systems in Fish Living in Different Environments 18
Introduction 18
Accessory Respiratory Organs 21
Other Accessory Respiratory Organs 25
Conclusion 27
References 27
2. Morpho-physiological Divergence Across Aquatic Oxygen Gradients in Fishes 30
Introduction 30
Interdemic Variation in Gill Morphometrics 32
Respiratory Performance Across Oxygen Gradients 43
Developmental Plasticity in Fish Gills in Response to Divergent Oxygen Environments 44
Interactions between Respiratory and Trophic Morphology 46
Summary 50
References 51
3. Swimbladder-Lung Homology in Basal Osteichthyes Revisited 58
Introduction 58
Historical Background 60
Re-Evaluation 61
Homology Criteria 61
Lung Homology 62
Homology of the Swimbladder 64
Extant Phylogenetic Bracketing (EPB) and Functional Morphological Approximation (FMA) 66
A Plausible Alternative 67
Conclusion 68
References 69
4. The Effects of Temperature on Respiratory and Cardiac Function of Teleost Fish 72
Introduction 72
Oxygen Uptake, Gill Ventilation and Respiratory 73
Cardiac Function 80
Cardiac Output 81
General Conclusion 91
References 92
5. Oxygen Consumption during Embryonic Development of the Mudskipper (Periophthalmus modestus): Implication for the Aerial Development in Burrows 100
Introduction 100
Materials and Methods 101
Preparation of the Eggs 101
Developmental Changes in Oxygen Consumption 103
Hypoxic Tolerance of Eggs and Larvae 103
Results 104
Developmental Changes in Oxygen Consumption 104
Effect of Aerial Hypoxia on Egg Oxygen Consumption 105
Hypoxic Tolerance of Eggs and Larvae 105
Discussion 106
References 107
6. Gill Morphological Adjustments to Environment and the Gas Exchange Function 110
Introduction 110
General Morphology of Teleost Gills 111
Gill Epithelia 114
Filament Epithelium 115
Lamellar Epithelium 119
Gill Morphometry and Respiratory Function 121
Gill Chloride Cells and Respiration 124
Conclusions and Perspectives 130
References 131
7. Behavior and Adaptation of Air-breathing Fishes 138
Introduction 138
Distribution of Air-breathing Fishes 139
Evolution of Air-breathing Activity in Fish 141
Behavioral and Physiological Adaptations 146
The Impact of Environmental Pollution: Changes in Air-breathing Behavior 152
Conclusion 157
References 158
8. The Osmo-respiratory Compromise in Fish: The Effects of Physiological State and the Environment 164
Overview and Background 164
The Compromise Between Osmoregulation and Respiration at the GIll 166
Quantification of the Osmo-respiratory Compromise 167
Effect of Short Term Challenges on the Osmo-respiratory Compromise 169
Changes in Gill Morphology that Alter the Osmo-respiratory Compromise 174
Conclusion 178
References 180
9. Dissolved Oxygen and Gill Morphometry 184
Introduction 184
Several Reasons for Measuring RSA and GDD 186
Other Factors Affecting Gills Morphometry 187
Methods for Gill Morphometry 188
Effect of Dissolved Oxygen on Gill Morphometry 201
References 205
10. Environmental Influences on the Respiratory Physiology and Gut Chemistry of a Facultatively Air-breathing, Tropical Herbivorous Fish Hypostomus regani (Ihering, 1905) 208
Introduction 208
Materials and Methods 210
Experimental Animals 210
Animal Preparation 211
Exposure to Hypoxia 212
Temperature Experiment 213
Blood and Gut Chemistry 213
Physiological Measurements 215
Statistical Analysis 217
Results 217
Dietary Experiment 217
Physiological Responses to hypoxia 219
Discussion 227
Individual Analysis 227
Chemistry of Hypoxia Exposure 230
Physiology of Hypoxia Exposure 230
References 233
11. Osmoregulatory and Respiratory Adaptations of Lake Magadi Fish (Alcolapia grahami) 236
Introduction 236
Osmoregulation 237
Urea Excretion 238
Ionic Regulation 239
Respiration 240
Gaseous Exchange 240
Tissue Respiration 241
References 241
12. Respiratory Function of the Carp, Cyprinus carpio (L.): Portrait of a Hypoxia-tolerant Species 244
Introduction 244
Gill Ventilation and Its Control 245
Gill Ventilation and Cardiac Function 251
Blood Gas Transport and Acid-base Status 253
Comparison of Carp to a Fast Swimming Species 255
References 256
13. Blood Gases of the South American Lungfish, Lepidosiren paradoxa: A Comparison to Other Air-breathing Fish and to Amphibians 260
Introduction 260
Materials and Methods 261
Animals 261
Statistics 263
Results and Discussion 263
References 268
14. Transition from Water to Land in an Extant Group of Fishes: Air Breathing and the Acquisiton Sequence of Adaptations for Amphibious Life in Oxudercine Gobies 272
Introduction 272
Materials and Methods 274
Specimens 274
Gill Structure and Surface Area 275
Buccal-chamber Volume 276
Eye-lens Axis Ratios 276
Data Analysis and Statistics 277
Results 277
Gill Structure 277
Buccal-chamber Volume 286
Lens-axis Ratios 287
Discussion 288
Gill Structure 290
Gill Surface Area 292
Buccal-chamber Volume 293
Oval Eye Lens 294
Recent Finding on the Respiratory and Amphibious Adaptations of the Oxudercinae 295
Skin Structure and Respiration 295
Post-exercise Aquatic VO2 296
Burrowing 296
Summary 298
Conclusions 301
References 302
15. Respiratory Function in the South Americal Lungfish, Lepidosiren paradoxa 306
The Lungfish 306
The Advangage of a Lung or, Alternatively, an Air-breathing Organ 307
Oxygen-hemoglobin Dissociation Curves (ODCs) 310
Pulmonary Mechanics 310
Control of Pulmonary Ventilation 311
Regulation of Acid-base Status 314
Effects of Bimodal Respiration and Temperature-dependent Acid-base Status 315
Aestivation 317
Comparison to Protopterus sp. 318
Comparrison to Neoceratodus 320
Comparison to Amphibians and Reptiles 321
Summary 323
References 325
16. Respiration in Infectious and Non-infectious Gill Diseases 334
Introduction 334
Factors Affecting Respiration 335
Classification of Diseases 336
Proliferative Gill Diseases 337
Other Cell Type Proliferation 343
Other Types of Changes in Gill Morphology 345
References 351
17, Control of the Heart in Fish 358
Introduction 358
Parasympathetic Innervation of the Heart 359
Sympathetic Innervation of the Heart 363
Calculation of Autonomic Tones 365
Reflex Control of the Heart 368
Central Control of Cardiorsepiratory Interactions 373
References 385
Index 394