Environmental sampling and analysis for metals /

Chapter 1 Introduction to Metals
1.1 Introduction to Elements p. 1
1.2 Periodic Table of Elements p. 4
1.3 Properties of Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids p. 9
1.4 Early History of Metal Use p. 11
1.5 Sources of Metals and Their Compounds p. 11
1.6 Sources of Metal Pollution p. 11
Chapter 2 Discussion of Metallic Elements
2.1 Representative Elements p. 13
2.2 Transition Metals p. 20
2.3 Metalloids p. 31
2.4 Heavy Metals p. 31
2.5 Metallic Substances Essential to Life p. 32
Chapter 3 Toxicity of Metals
3.1 General Discussion of Toxicity p. 39
3.2 Metal Toxicity p. 44
3.3 Toxic Effects of Selected Representative Metals p. 46
3.4 Toxicity of Selected Transition Metals p. 50
3.5 Toxicity of Selected Metalloids p. 55
Chapter 4 Standards Related to Metallic Pollutants
4.1 Environmental Law p. 59
4.2 Drinking Water Standards p. 61
4.3 Surfacewater Standards p. 67
4.4 Agriculturally Used Waters p. 69
4.5 Industrial Waters p. 71
4.6 Waste Characterization p. 72
4.7 Hazardous Waste Characterization p. 73
4.8 Air Pollution and Control p. 74
4.9 ISO 14001 and Environmental Law p. 77
Chapter 5 Fundamentals of Spectroscopy
5.1 Early History of the Nature of Light p. 79
5.2 Electromagnetic Radiation p. 80
5.3 Continuous and Line Spectra p. 82
5.4 Absorption and Emission p. 83
5.5 Beer's Law p. 85
5.6 Atomic Spectroscopy Techniques p. 86
Chapter 6 Molecular Spectrophotometry
6.1 Molecular Absorption and Color p. 89
6.2 Molecular Absorption Spectrophotometry p. 89
6.3 Single-Beam and Double-Beam Spectrophotometers p. 93
6.4 Type of Spectrophotometers p. 94
6.5 Summary of Molecular Spectrophotometry p. 97
6.6 Spectrophotometer Calibration p. 97
6.7 Performance Check of UV/Vis and IR Spectrophotometer p. 100
6.8 Maintenance of the UV/Vis and IR Spectrophotometers p. 101
Chapter 7 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
7.1 Introduction p. 103
7.2 Steps in the Atomic Absorption Process p. 104
7.3 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer Components p. 105
7.4 Single- and Double-Beam Instruments p. 109
7.5 Atomic Absorption Measurement Terms p. 109
7.6 Techniques in AAS Measurement p. 112
7.7 Interference in AAS Techniques p. 113
7.8 Safety in AAS Work p. 118
7.9 Quality Control p. 118
7.10 Maintenance of AA Spectrophotometers p. 118
7.11 AAS Performance Checks p. 119
7.12 Sample Collection and Sample Preparation p. 119
Chapter 8 Direct Aspiration or Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS)
8.1 Principle p. 121
8.2 Direct Air-Acetylene Flame Method p. 121
8.3 Direct Nitrous Oxide-Acetylene Flame Method p. 124
8.4 Interferences, Safety, and Quality Control Requirements in FAAS p. 126
8.5 Maintenance of FAA Spectrophotometer p. 126
8.6 Performance Check of FAA Spectrophotometer p. 126
Chapter 9 Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
9.1 General Discussion p. 129
9.2 Apparatus p. 130
9.3 Analysis by Graphite Furnace Spectrophotometer p. 132
9.4 Interferences and the Graphite Furnace p. 135
9.5 Stabilized Temperature Platform Furnace (STPF) p. 139
9.6 Quality Control Requirements p. 140
9.7 Maintenance of Graphite Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer p. 140
9.8 Performance Check of Graphite Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer p. 140
Chapter 10 Cold-Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
10.1 General Discussion p. 143
10.2 Apparatus p. 144
10.3 Procedure p. 145
10.4 Interference p. 149
10.5 Quality Control Requirements p. 150
10.6 Calculations and Reporting p. 150
10.7 Safety p. 151
Chapter 11 Hydride-Generation Atomic Absorption Technique
11.1 Principle p. 153
11.2 Application p. 153
11.3 Apparatuses and Materials p. 154
11.4 Interferences p. 157
11.5 Sample Collection, Preservation, and Handling p. 158
11.6 Preparation of Samples and Standards for Total Arsenic and Selenium p. 158
11.7 Procedure p. 158
11.8 Quality Control Requirements p. 159
Chapter 12 Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
12.1 Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (AES) p. 161
12.2 General Characteristics of ICP-AES p. 162
12.3 ICP-AES Instrumentation p. 166
12.4 Interferences in ICP-AES p. 172
12.5 Reagents and Standards p. 174
12.6 Procedure p. 175
12.7 Quality Control p. 178
Chapter 13 Quality Control in Metals Analysis
13.1 General Discussion p. 179
13.2 Glassware Used in Metals Analysis p. 179
13.3 Chemicals p. 180
13.4 Laboratory-Pure Water p. 180
13.5 Field Quality Control p. 181
13.6 Instrument Calibration p. 184
13.7 Instrument Performance Check p. 190
13.8 Laboratory QC Checks p. 192
13.9 Detection Limits p. 194
13.10 Accuracy and Precision p. 196
Chapter 14 Sample Collection for Metals Analysis
14.1 General Considerations in Sampling p. 203
14.2 Automatic Samplers p. 205
14.3 Sample Containers p. 206
14.4 Sample Preservation p. 207
14.5 Special Sampling Procedures p. 207
14.6 Holding Time p. 208
14.7 Field Records p. 208
14.8 Field Quality Control p. 214
14.9 Sample Collection from Different Matrices p. 216
Chapter 15 Sample Preparation for Metals Analysis
15.1 General Discussion p. 227
15.2 Digestion Procedures for Metals p. 228
15.3 Acid Digestion for Total and Dissolved Metals p. 233
15.4 Acid Digestion of Aqueous Samples and Extracts for Total Metals by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS) and Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) Analyzer p. 234
15.5 Acid Digestion of Aqueous Samples and Extracts for Total Metals by Graphite Furnace Spectroscopy (GrAAS) p. 234
15.6 Sample Preparation for Arsenic and Selenium Determination by Graphite Furnace Spectroscopy (GrAAS) p. 235
15.7 Sample Preparation for Silver Determination p. 236
15.8 Sample Preparation for Antimony Determination p. 236
15.9 Sample Preparation for Mercury Determination (Cold-Vapor Technique) p. 236
15.10 Acid Digestion of Sediments, Sludges, and Soils for Total Metals Analysis p. 237
15.11 Dissolution Procedure for Oils, Greases, and Waxes p. 239
15.12 Sample Preparation for Hexavalent Chromium (Chelation/Extraction) p. 239
15.13 Extraction Procedure (EP) Toxicity p. 241
15.14 Extraction Procedure for Oily Wastes p. 244
15.15 Documentation during Sample Preparation p. 246
15.16 Disposal of Samples, Digestates, Extracts, and Other Wastes p. 246
Chapter 16 Converting Raw Data Into Reportable Form
16.1 Responsibilities of the Analyst p. 249
16.2 Calculations for Final Values p. 250
16.3 Records for Raw and Calculated Data p. 256
16.4 Evaluation and Approval of Analytical Data p. 260
Chapter 17 Reporting Analytical Data
17.1 Required Documentation p. 265
17.2 Significant Figures in Analytical Reports p. 266
17.3 Units Used To Express Analytical Results p. 266
17.4 Confidence Interval p. 267
17.5 Report Format p. 267
Chapter 18 Selected Methods for Determination of Metals in Environmental Samples
18.1 Methodology p. 269
18.2 Aluminum p. 271
18.3 Antimony p. 273
18.4 Arsenic p. 274
18.5 Barium p. 276
18.6 Beryllium p. 277
18.7 Bismuth p. 279
18.8 Cadmium p. 279
18.9 Calcium p. 280
18.10 Chromium p. 285
18.11 Hexavalent Chromium p. 286
18.12 Cobalt p. 289
18.13 Copper p. 290
18.14 Iron p. 291
18.15 Lead p. 292
18.16 Lithium p. 293
18.17 Magnesium p. 293
18.18 Manganese p. 293
18.19 Mercury p. 294
18.20 Molybdenum p. 294
18.21 Nickel p. 296
18.22 Potassium p. 296
18.23 Selenium p. 297
18.24 Silver p. 299
18.25 Sodium p. 300
18.26 Thallium p. 300
18.27 Tin p. 301
18.28 Vanadium p. 302
18.29 Zinc p. 303
Chapter 19 Laboratory Safety Rules
19.1 Laboratory Hazards p. 305
19.2 Safe Handling of Compressed Gases p. 309
19.3 Stockroom Safety Rules p. 310
19.4 Summary of Laboratory Safety Rules p. 311
Appendices
Appendix A Operation of Mass Spectrophotometer p. 313
Appendix B Silicon Chips p. 317
Appendix C Lasers p. 321
Appendix D Metals and Plants p. 323
Appendix E Toxicity of Cyanide p. 333
Appendix F Components of Nucleic Acid p. 335
Appendix G Polarized Light p. 339
Appendix H Stock Metal Solutions p. 341
Appendix I Calculation for Solid Matrices p. 345
Appendix J Plasma p. 347
Appendix K Soxhlet Extraction p. 349
Appendix L SI Units and Conversion Factors p. 351
References p. 353
Index p. 355