简介
Successfully appealing Evelyn Dick's sensational murder conviction. Defending three men charged with espionage in the wake of Igor Gouzenko's defection. Financing law school on the professional football fields. These are a few examples of the experiences described in Learned Friends, a book that looks at the lives and careers of fifty distinguished Ontario advocates who practised between 1950 and 2000. All were singularly devoted to their calling and shared the characteristics of integrity, diligence, and civility. All proved themselves to be leaders of the bar in their respective communities, and their legacies have shaped the practice of litigation in Ontario. This beautifully illustrated book has been published as part of The Advocates' Society's Fortieth Anniversary celebrations, as a permanent tribute to talented advocates who, in pleading cases in courtrooms across our province, set the standards of excellence to which the current generation of advocates aspires.
目录
Table of Contents 8
Preface and Acknowledgments 18
Chapter 1 Introduction 22
A. Government by the People 22
B. Democracy and Limited Government 24
C. Democracy and Accountability 24
D. About This Book: Accountability and Law 26
Chapter 2 Constitutional Basis for Canadian Democracy: An Overview 30
A. Democracy in Canada's Written Constitution 31
B. Democracy in Canada's Unwritten Constitution 33
1. Overview 33
2. The \ 34
3. Implications of the Unwritten Democracy Principle 37
C. Parliamentary Supremacy and the Separation of Powers 41
1. Separation of Powers Between the Executive and Parliament 42
2. Separation of Powers Between the Judiciary and Parliament 58
D. Conclusion 95
Chapter 3 Voting, Elections and the Selection of Members of Parliament 96
A. Voting and Electoral Rights 97
1. Constitutional Voting Rights 97
2. Statutory Voting Rights 101
B. The Key Actors in Elections 107
1. Electoral Officials 107
2. Parties and Candidates 110
C. How Elections Are Run 118
1. How Elections Are Triggered 118
2. Electoral Financing 121
3. Election Advertising 139
4. Voter's List 153
D. After the Vote 153
1. Reporting on Election Results 154
2. Judicial Recounts and Contested Elections 155
3. Enforcement and Penalties 156
E. Emerging Issues in Canada's Election Law and Policy 157
1. Voter Participation 157
2. Fixed Election Dates 160
3. Leaders' Debates 161
4. Proportional Representation 162
5. Toward a More Diverse Parliament 172
6. Recall 175
7. Referendums 177
F. Conclusion 183
Chapter 4 The Selection, Tenure and Dismissal of Unelected Officials 186
A. Legislative Branch Unelected Officials 189
1. Monarch and Governor General 189
2. The Senate 199
3. Employees of Parliament and Parliamentarian Political Staff 220
B. Executive Branch Unelected Officials 221
1. Members of the Ministry and Cabinet 221
2. Ministerial Political Staff 236
3. Professional Public Service 237
4. Nonjudicial Governor-in-Council Appointees 254
5. Officers of Parliament 267
C. Judicial Branch 278
1. Appointment 279
2. Financial and Administrative Independence 311
3. Removing Judges: Security of Tenure and Judicial Independence 312
D. Conclusion 315
Chapter 5 Parliament, Democracy and the Legislative Process 318
A. The Parliamentary Legislative Enterprise 319
1. Overview of the Parliament of Canada 319
2. Parliament's Legislative Function 346
B. Executive Law-Making 358
1. Types of Executive Laws 359
2. Executive Branch Regulation-Making 361
3. Nonregulatory Orders-in-Council 364
4. Executive Law-Making Jurisdiction and the Role of the Courts 366
C. Conclusion 370
Chapter 6 Parliament, Cabinet, Democracy and Responsible Government 373
A. Cabinet's Role in Executive Governance 374
1. Cabinet Procedure and Structure 374
2. Structure of Executive Government 376
3. Executive Branch Accountability Mechanisms 380
4. Conclusion 390
B. Responsibility to Parliament 391
1. The Collective Responsibility of Cabinet 391
2. The Individual Responsibility of Ministers 405
3. Officers of Parliament 425
C. Conclusion 430
Chapter 7 Democracy, Ethics and Governance in the Public Interest 431
A. Core Principles of Canadian Ethics Rules 432
1. Regulating the Private Interest 432
2. Ethics and the Allure of Public Service 433
B. Legal Standards 434
1. Criminal Code Provisions 434
2. Parliament of Canada Act Provisions 436
3. Civil Law Standards 437
C. Ethical Codes of Conduct for the Ministry and Parliamentarians 438
1. Ethics Commissioner and Senate Ethics Officer 438
2. MP Code 442
3. Public Office Holders Code 447
4. When the Public Office Holders Code and the MP Code Apply 458
5. Standard of Judicial Review for Ethics Matters: MPs, Senators and Public Office Holders 463
6. Professional Responsibility Obligations 470
D. Public Servants Code 471
1. Values and General Principles 471
2. Disclosure 473
3. Specific Duties in the Course of Employment 473
4. Post-employment 475
5. Enforcement and Oversight 476
E. Ethics Rules for Judges 477
F. Conclusion 478
Chapter 8 Lobbying, Democracy and Governance in the Public Interest 479
A. Lobbying: An Overview 480
B. The Lobbying Industry 481
C. The Law of Lobbyist Regulation 482
1. The Lobbyists Registration Act 483
2. The Lobbyists' Code of Conduct 492
3. Important Regulatory Issues Not Addressed in the LRA 496
D. Conclusion: An Alternative to Lobbying? 499
Chapter 9 Information and the Currency of Democracy 502
A. Information Disclosure 503
1. Information Disclosure and Democracy 503
2. International Context 505
3. Canada's Federal \ 508
B. Protecting Privacy 546
1. Privacy and Democracy 546
2. International Standards 548
3. Federal Privacy Laws 549
C. The National Security Challenge to Access and to Privacy 561
1. Legitimate National Security Constraints on Access to Information 561
2. Canadian Government Secrecy Laws 564
D. Conclusion 594
Chapter 10 Democratic Governance in Times of Emergency 597
A. Emergency Powers and International Law 600
B. Emergency Powers and the Constitution 601
1. Canadian Bill of Rights 601
2. Charter of Rights and Freedoms 602
C. Emergency Powers in Statutory Law 605
1. Emergencies Act 606
2. National Defence Act 617
3. Emergency Preparedness Act 619
4. Public Safety Act 620
D. Conclusion 620
Chapter 11 Democratic Accountability in a Globalized Confederation 622
A. The Internationalization of Public Policy 622
1. The Democratic Deficit and Intergovernmental Organizations 623
2. The Democratic Deficit and the Separation of Powers 624
3. Responses 628
B. Other Levels of Government Within Canada 630
1. Law and Democracy at the Provincial and Municipal Level 630
2. Law and Democracy in Canada's First Nations 631
3. The Challenges of Diffuse Government 634
C. Conclusion 636
Chapter 12 Concluding Thoughts on the Law of Canadian Democracy 637
A. The Democratic Selection of Officials 637
B. The Accountability of Unelected Officials 638
1. Selection, Dismissal and Ethics 638
2. Parliamentary Oversight 639
3. Transparency 639
C. How Much Law Is Enough? 640
Appendix 1 The Public Administration of Canada 642
Appendix 2 Statistical Trends in Law-Making 658
Glossary 666
A 666
C 666
D 667
E 668
G 668
I 668
J 669
L 669
M 669
O 669
P 669
Q 671
R 671
S 672
T 672
W 673
Table of Cases 674
A 674
B 674
C 675
D 677
E 678
F 678
G 678
H 678
I 679
J 679
K 679
L 680
M 680
N 681
O 681
P 682
Q 682
R 682
S 684
T 685
U 686
V 686
W 686
X 687
Y 687
Z 687
Index 688
A 688
B 689
C 690
D 692
E 693
F 695
G 696
H 696
I 696
J 697
L 698
M 699
N 699
O 700
P 700
Q 705
R 705
S 705
T 706
U 707
V 707
W 708
About the Authors 710
Preface and Acknowledgments 18
Chapter 1 Introduction 22
A. Government by the People 22
B. Democracy and Limited Government 24
C. Democracy and Accountability 24
D. About This Book: Accountability and Law 26
Chapter 2 Constitutional Basis for Canadian Democracy: An Overview 30
A. Democracy in Canada's Written Constitution 31
B. Democracy in Canada's Unwritten Constitution 33
1. Overview 33
2. The \ 34
3. Implications of the Unwritten Democracy Principle 37
C. Parliamentary Supremacy and the Separation of Powers 41
1. Separation of Powers Between the Executive and Parliament 42
2. Separation of Powers Between the Judiciary and Parliament 58
D. Conclusion 95
Chapter 3 Voting, Elections and the Selection of Members of Parliament 96
A. Voting and Electoral Rights 97
1. Constitutional Voting Rights 97
2. Statutory Voting Rights 101
B. The Key Actors in Elections 107
1. Electoral Officials 107
2. Parties and Candidates 110
C. How Elections Are Run 118
1. How Elections Are Triggered 118
2. Electoral Financing 121
3. Election Advertising 139
4. Voter's List 153
D. After the Vote 153
1. Reporting on Election Results 154
2. Judicial Recounts and Contested Elections 155
3. Enforcement and Penalties 156
E. Emerging Issues in Canada's Election Law and Policy 157
1. Voter Participation 157
2. Fixed Election Dates 160
3. Leaders' Debates 161
4. Proportional Representation 162
5. Toward a More Diverse Parliament 172
6. Recall 175
7. Referendums 177
F. Conclusion 183
Chapter 4 The Selection, Tenure and Dismissal of Unelected Officials 186
A. Legislative Branch Unelected Officials 189
1. Monarch and Governor General 189
2. The Senate 199
3. Employees of Parliament and Parliamentarian Political Staff 220
B. Executive Branch Unelected Officials 221
1. Members of the Ministry and Cabinet 221
2. Ministerial Political Staff 236
3. Professional Public Service 237
4. Nonjudicial Governor-in-Council Appointees 254
5. Officers of Parliament 267
C. Judicial Branch 278
1. Appointment 279
2. Financial and Administrative Independence 311
3. Removing Judges: Security of Tenure and Judicial Independence 312
D. Conclusion 315
Chapter 5 Parliament, Democracy and the Legislative Process 318
A. The Parliamentary Legislative Enterprise 319
1. Overview of the Parliament of Canada 319
2. Parliament's Legislative Function 346
B. Executive Law-Making 358
1. Types of Executive Laws 359
2. Executive Branch Regulation-Making 361
3. Nonregulatory Orders-in-Council 364
4. Executive Law-Making Jurisdiction and the Role of the Courts 366
C. Conclusion 370
Chapter 6 Parliament, Cabinet, Democracy and Responsible Government 373
A. Cabinet's Role in Executive Governance 374
1. Cabinet Procedure and Structure 374
2. Structure of Executive Government 376
3. Executive Branch Accountability Mechanisms 380
4. Conclusion 390
B. Responsibility to Parliament 391
1. The Collective Responsibility of Cabinet 391
2. The Individual Responsibility of Ministers 405
3. Officers of Parliament 425
C. Conclusion 430
Chapter 7 Democracy, Ethics and Governance in the Public Interest 431
A. Core Principles of Canadian Ethics Rules 432
1. Regulating the Private Interest 432
2. Ethics and the Allure of Public Service 433
B. Legal Standards 434
1. Criminal Code Provisions 434
2. Parliament of Canada Act Provisions 436
3. Civil Law Standards 437
C. Ethical Codes of Conduct for the Ministry and Parliamentarians 438
1. Ethics Commissioner and Senate Ethics Officer 438
2. MP Code 442
3. Public Office Holders Code 447
4. When the Public Office Holders Code and the MP Code Apply 458
5. Standard of Judicial Review for Ethics Matters: MPs, Senators and Public Office Holders 463
6. Professional Responsibility Obligations 470
D. Public Servants Code 471
1. Values and General Principles 471
2. Disclosure 473
3. Specific Duties in the Course of Employment 473
4. Post-employment 475
5. Enforcement and Oversight 476
E. Ethics Rules for Judges 477
F. Conclusion 478
Chapter 8 Lobbying, Democracy and Governance in the Public Interest 479
A. Lobbying: An Overview 480
B. The Lobbying Industry 481
C. The Law of Lobbyist Regulation 482
1. The Lobbyists Registration Act 483
2. The Lobbyists' Code of Conduct 492
3. Important Regulatory Issues Not Addressed in the LRA 496
D. Conclusion: An Alternative to Lobbying? 499
Chapter 9 Information and the Currency of Democracy 502
A. Information Disclosure 503
1. Information Disclosure and Democracy 503
2. International Context 505
3. Canada's Federal \ 508
B. Protecting Privacy 546
1. Privacy and Democracy 546
2. International Standards 548
3. Federal Privacy Laws 549
C. The National Security Challenge to Access and to Privacy 561
1. Legitimate National Security Constraints on Access to Information 561
2. Canadian Government Secrecy Laws 564
D. Conclusion 594
Chapter 10 Democratic Governance in Times of Emergency 597
A. Emergency Powers and International Law 600
B. Emergency Powers and the Constitution 601
1. Canadian Bill of Rights 601
2. Charter of Rights and Freedoms 602
C. Emergency Powers in Statutory Law 605
1. Emergencies Act 606
2. National Defence Act 617
3. Emergency Preparedness Act 619
4. Public Safety Act 620
D. Conclusion 620
Chapter 11 Democratic Accountability in a Globalized Confederation 622
A. The Internationalization of Public Policy 622
1. The Democratic Deficit and Intergovernmental Organizations 623
2. The Democratic Deficit and the Separation of Powers 624
3. Responses 628
B. Other Levels of Government Within Canada 630
1. Law and Democracy at the Provincial and Municipal Level 630
2. Law and Democracy in Canada's First Nations 631
3. The Challenges of Diffuse Government 634
C. Conclusion 636
Chapter 12 Concluding Thoughts on the Law of Canadian Democracy 637
A. The Democratic Selection of Officials 637
B. The Accountability of Unelected Officials 638
1. Selection, Dismissal and Ethics 638
2. Parliamentary Oversight 639
3. Transparency 639
C. How Much Law Is Enough? 640
Appendix 1 The Public Administration of Canada 642
Appendix 2 Statistical Trends in Law-Making 658
Glossary 666
A 666
C 666
D 667
E 668
G 668
I 668
J 669
L 669
M 669
O 669
P 669
Q 671
R 671
S 672
T 672
W 673
Table of Cases 674
A 674
B 674
C 675
D 677
E 678
F 678
G 678
H 678
I 679
J 679
K 679
L 680
M 680
N 681
O 681
P 682
Q 682
R 682
S 684
T 685
U 686
V 686
W 686
X 687
Y 687
Z 687
Index 688
A 688
B 689
C 690
D 692
E 693
F 695
G 696
H 696
I 696
J 697
L 698
M 699
N 699
O 700
P 700
Q 705
R 705
S 705
T 706
U 707
V 707
W 708
About the Authors 710
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