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ISBN:9787810468121

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简介

Since the 1971s the cognitive sciences have offered multidisciplinary ways of understanding the mind and cognition. The MIT Encyclopedia of the represents Sciences(MITECS)is a landmark,comprehensive reference work that represents the methodological and theoretical diversity of this changing field. For both students and researchers,MITCS will be an indispensable guide to the current state of the cognitive sciences. “The cognitive sciences emerged in recognition of the fact that scholars and scientists in many different fields shared common problems and needed to collaborate. Now at last The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences has provided a forum large enough for that interaction to occur——a forum that will not only facilitate cooperation but will educate a new generation of cognitive scientists.”——George Miller,Professor of Psychology Emeritus,Princeton University “At last,a thorough,authoritative source for work in the cognitive sciences. Take the most important topics in the study of cognition,ask the worlds top authorities to summarize the state of the art,and you have it:The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences. I have already used it to learn,to browse,to inform,to teach,and to update my own understanding.It doesnt matter which end you seek:the book will frequently be in use.” ——Donald A. Norman. The Nielsen Norman Group;Professor Emeritus,Department of Cognitive Science,University of California,San Diego;and author The Invisible Computer “Among the human minds proudest accomplishments is the invention of a science dedicated to understanding itself:cognitive science. In less than fifty years,deep mysteries of antiquity have been brought into the lab and captured in rigorous theories. This volume is an authoritative guide to this exhilarating new body of knowledge,written by the experts,edited with skill and good judgment.If we were to leave a time capsule for the next millennium with records of the great achievements of civilization,this volume would have to be in it.” ——Steven Pinker,Professor of Psychology,Massachusetts Institute of Technology;and author of How the Mind Works and The Language Instinct.

目录

目录
The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences
Computational Neuroscience
Computational Psycholinguistics
Computational Theory Of Mind
Computational Vision
Computing in Single Neurons
Concepts
Conceptusl Change
Conditioning
Conditioning and the Brain
Connectionism,Philosophical Issues
List of Contributors
Connectionist Approaches to Language
Consciousness
Consciousness,Neurobiology of
Constraint Satisfaction
Contest and Point of View
Control Theory
Cooperation and Competition
Cortical Localization,History of
Creativity
Creoles
Name Index
Cultural Consensus Theory
Cultural Evolution
Cultural Psychology
Cultural Relativism
Cultural Symbolism
Cultural Variation
Darwin,Charles
Decision Making
Decision Trees
Deductive Reasoning
Subject Index
Depth Perception
Descartes,Rene
Discourse
Dissonance
Distinctive Features
Distributed vs.Local Representation
Domain-Specificity
Dominance in Animal Social Groups
Dreaming
Dynamic Approaches to Cognition
Acquisition,Formal Theories of
Dynamic Programming
Dynamic Semantics
Dyslexia
Ebbinghaus,Herrnann
Echolocation
Ecological Psychology
Ecological Validity
Economics and Cognitive Science
Education
Electrophysiology,Electric and Magnetic Evoked Fields
Adaptation and Adaptationism
Eliminative Materialism
Emergentism
Emotion and the Animal Brain
Emotion and the Human Brain
Emotions
Epiphenomenalism
Episodic vs.Semantic Memory
Epistemology and Cognition
Essentialism
Ethics and Evolution
Affordances
Ethnopsychology
Ethology
Evolution
Evolution of Language
Evolutionary Computation
Evolutionary Psychology
Expertise
Explanation
Explanation-Based Learning
Explanatory Gap
Aging and Cognition
Extensionality,Thesis of
Eye Movements and Visual Attention
Face Recognition
Feature Detectors
Figurative Language
Focus
Folk Biology
Folk Psychology
Formal Grammars
Formal Systems,Properties of
Aging,Mernory,and the Brain
Frame-Based Systems
Frame Problem
Frege,Gottlob
Freud,Sigmund
Functional Decomposition
Functional Role Semantics
Functionalism
Fuzzy Logic
Game-Playing Systems
Game Theory
Al and Education
Generative Grammar
Geschwind,Norman
Gestalt Perception
Gestalt Psychology
Gibson,James Jerome
Godel's Theorems
Golgi,Camillo
Grammar,Neural Basis of
Grammatical Relations
Greedy Local Search
List of Entries
Algorithm
Grice,H.Paul
Haptic Perception
Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar
Head Movement
Hebb,Donald O.
Helmholtz,Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von
Hemispheric Specialization
Heuristic Search
Hidden Markov Models
High-Level Vision
Altruism
Hippocampus
Human-Computer Interaction
Human Navigation
Human Universals
Hume,David
Illusions
Imagery
Imitation
Implicature
Implicit vs.Explicit Memory
Ambiguity
Indexicals and Demonstratives
Individualism
Induction
Inductive Logic Programming
Infant Cognition
Information Theory
Informational Semantics
Innateness of Language
Intelligence
Intelligent Agent Architecture
Amygdala,Primate
Intentional Stance
Intentionality
Intersubjectivity
Introspection
Jakobson,Roman
James,William
Judgment Heuristics
Justification
Kant,Immanuel
Knowledge Acquisition
Analogy
Knowledge-Based Systems
Knowledge Representation
Language Acquisition
Language and Communication
Language and Culture
Language and Gender
Language and Thought
Language Impairment,Developmental
Language,Neural Basis of
Language of Thought
Anaphora
Language Production
Language Variation and Change
Lashley,Karl S.
Learning
Learning Systems
Levi-Strauss,Claude
Lexical Functional Grammar
Lexicon
Lexicon,Neural Basis
Lightness Perception
Animal Communication
Limbic System
Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis
Linguistic Universals and Universal Grammar
Linguistics,Philosophical Issues
Literacy
Logic
Logic Programming
Logical Form in Linguistics
Logical Form,Origins of
Logical Omniscience,Problem of
Animal Navigation
Logical Reasoning Systems
Long-Term Potentiation
Luria,Alexander Romanovich
Machiavellian Intelligence Hypothesis
Machine Learning
Machine Translation
Machine Vision
Magic and Superstition
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Malinowski,Bronislaw
Animal Navigation,Neural Networks
Manipulation and Grasping
Marr,David
McCulloch,Warren S.
Meaning
Memory
Memory,Animal Studies
Memory,Human Neuropsychology
Memory Storage,Modulation of
Mental Causation
Mental Models
Animism
Mental Representation
Mental Retardation
Mental Rotation
Metacognition
Metaphor
Metaphor and Culture
Metareasoning
Metarepresentation
Meter and Poetry
Mid-Level Vision
Preface
Anomalous Monism
Mind-Body Problem
Minimalism
Minimum Description Length
Mobile Robots
Modal Logic
Modeling Neuropsychological Deficits
Modularity and Language
Modularity of Mind
Moral Psychology
Morphology
Aphasia
Motion,Perception of
Motivation
Motivation and Culture
Motor Control
Motor Learning
Multiagent Systems
Multisensory Integration
Naive Mathematics
Naive Physics
Naive Sociology
Articulation
Narrow Content
Nativism
Nativism,History of
Natural Kinds
Natural Language Generation
Natural Language Processing
Neural Development
Neural Networks
Neural Plasticity
Neuroendocrinology
Artifacts and Civilization
Neuron
Neurotransmitters
Newell,Allen
Nonmonotonic Logics
Numeracy and Culture
Object Recognition,Animal Studies
Object Recognition,Human Neuropsychology
Oculomotor Control
Optimality Theory
Pain
Artificial Life
Parameter-Setting Approaches to Acquisition.Creolization, and Diachrony
Parsimony and Simplicity
Pattern Recognition and Feed-Forward Networks
Penfield,Wilder
Perceptual Development
Phantom Limb
Phonetics
Phonological Rules and Processes
Phonology
Phonology,Acquisition of
Attention
Phonology,Neural Basis of
Physicalism
Piaget,Jean
Pictorial Art and Vision
Pitts,Walter
Planning
Polysynthetic Languages
Positron Emission Tomography
Possible Worlds Semantics
Poverty of the Stimulus Arguments
Attention in the Animal Brain
Pragmatics
Presupposition
Primate Cognition
Primate Language
Probabilistic Reasoning
Probability,Foundations of
Problem Solving
Production Systems
Propositionan Attitudes
Prosody and Intonation
Attention in the Human Brain
Prosody and Intonation,Processing Issues
Psychoanalysis,Contemporary Views
Psychoanalysis,History of
Psycholinguistics
Psychological Laws
Psychophysics
Qualia
Quantifiers
Radical Interpretation
Rational Agency
Attribution Theory
Rational Choice Theory
Rational Decision Making
Rationalism vs.Empiricism
Reading
Realism and Anti-Realism
Recurrent Networks
Reductionism
Reference,Theories of
Reinforcement Learning
Relational Grammar
Audition
Relevance and Relevance Theory
Religious Ideas and Practices
Retina
Robotics and Learning
Rules and Representations
Sapir,Edward
Saussure,Ferdinand de
Schemata
Scientific Thinking and Its Development
Self
Philosophy,RobertA.Wilson
Auditory Attention
Self-Knowledge
Self-Organizing Systems
Semantics
Semantics,Acquisition of
Semiotics and Cognition
Sensations
Sense and Reference
Sentence Processing
Sexual Attraction,Evolutionary Psychology of
Shape Perception
Auditory Physiology
Sign Language and the Brain
Sign Languages
Signal Detection Theory
Similarity
Simulation vs.Theory-Theory
Single-Neuron Recording
Situated Cognition and Learning
Situatedness/Embeddedness
Situation Calculus
Sleep
Auditory Plasticity
Smell
Social Cognition
Social Cognition in Animals
Social Play Behavior
Sociobiology
Spatial Perception
Speech Perception
Speech Recognition in Machines
Speech Synthesis
Sperry,Roger Wolcott
Autism
Spoken Word Recognition
Statistical Learning Theory
Statistical Techniques in Natural Language Processing
Stereo and Motion Perception
Stereotyping
Stress
Stress,Linguistic
Structure from Visual Information Sources
Supervenience
Supervised Learning in Multilayer Neural Networks
Automata
Surface Perception
Syntax
Syntax,Acquisition of
Syntax-Semantics Interface
Taste
Technology and Human Evolution
Temporal Reasoning
Tense and Aspect
Teuber,Hans-Lukas
Texture
Automaticity
Thalamus
Thematic Roles
Theory of Mind
Time in the Mind
Tone
Top-Down Processing in Vision
Transparency
Turing,Alan Mathison
Tversky,Amos
Twin Earth
Autonomy of Psychology
Typology
Uncertainty
Unity of Science
Unsupervised Learning
Utility Theory
Vagueness
Vision and Learning
Visual Anatomy and Physiology
Visual Cortex,Cell Types and Connections in
Visual Neglect
Bartlett,Frederic Charles
Visual Object Recognition,AI
Visual Processing Streams
Visual Word Recognition
Von Neumann,John
Vygotsky,Lev Semenovich
Walking and Running Machines
Wh-Movement
What-It's-Like
Wiener,Norbert
Word Meaning,Acquisition of
Basal Ganglia
Working Memory
Working Memory,Neural Basis of
Writing Systems
Wundt,Wilhelm
X-Bar Theory
Bayesian Learning
Psychology,Keith J.Holyoak
Bayesian Networks
Behavior-Based Robotics
Behaviorism
Bilingualism and the Brain
Binding by Neural Synchrony
Binding Problem
Binding Theory
Blindsight
Bloomfield,Leonard
Boas,Franz
Neurosciences,Thomas D.Albrinht and Helen J.Neville
Bounded Rationality
Brentano,Franz
Broadbent,Donald E.
Broca,Paul
Cajal,Santiago Ramon y
Case-Based Reasoning and Analogy
Categorial Grammar
Categorization
Causal Reasoning
Causation
Computational Intelligence,Michael I.Jordan and Stuart Russell
Cerebellum
Cerebral Cortex
Chess,Psychology of
Chinese Room Argument
Church-Turing Thesis
Codeswitching
Cognitive Anthropology
Cognitive Archaeology
Cognitive Architecture
Cognitive Artifacts
Linguistics and Language,Gennaro Chierchia
Cognitive Development
Cognitive Ergonomics
Cognitive Ethology
Cognitive Linguistics
Cognitive Maps
Cognitive Modeling,Connectionist
Cognitive Modeling,Symbolic
Color Categorization
Color,Neurophysiology of
Color Vision
Culture,Cognition,and Evolution,Dan Sperber and Lawrence Hirschfeld
Columns and Modules
Comparative Psychology
Compositionality
Computation
Computation and the Brain
Computational Complexity
Computational Learning Theory
Computational Lexicons
Computational Linguistics
Computational Neuroanatomy

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