Agroecosystems in a changing climate /

Table Of Contents:
Chapter 1 Introduction 1(10)

Paul C.D. Newton, R. Andrew Carran, Grant R. Edwards, and Pascal A. Niklaus

1.1 The Context 1(1)

1.2 The Environmental Changes 1(4)

1.2.1 Atmospheric CO2 Concentration 2(2)

1.2.2 Temperature and Precipitation 4(1)

1.3 The Structure of This Book 5(1)

References 6(5)
PART I Resource Supply and Demand

Chapter 2 Climate Change Effects on Biogeochemical Cycles, Nutrients, and Water Supply 11(42)

Pascal A. Niklaus

2.1 Introduction 12(5)

2.1.1 Essential Elements 12(2)

2.1.2 Mechanisms and Key Processes 14(1)

2.1.2.1 Nutrient Balance of the Whole Ecosystem 15(1)

2.1.2.2 Mineralisation of Soil Organic Matter 16(1)

2.1.2.3 Immobilisation in Soil Microbial Biomass 16(1)

2.1.2.4 Leaching and Volatilisation of Nutrients 17(1)

2.2 Effects of Elevated CO2 on Nutrient Cycling 17(11)

2.2.1 Evidence for Changes in Soil Carbon Fluxes 17(1)

2.2.2 Nutrient Immobilisation and Mineralisation Responses to Elevated CO2 18(4)

2.2.3 Plant Tissue Quality 22(5)

2.2.4 Leaching and Volatilisation 27(1)

2.3 Effects of Elevated Temperature and Precipitation on Nutrient Cycling 28(9)

2.3.1 Net Primary Production, Decomposition, and the Carbon and Nitrogen Balance of Ecosystems 30(3)

2.3.2 Nutrient Immobilisation and Mineralisation 33(2)

2.3.3 Plant Tissue and Litter Quality 35(1)

2.3.4 Leaching and Erosion 36(1)

2.4 The Hydrological Cycle and Scaling Issues 37(3)

2.5 Conclusions 40(2)

2.5.1 Multiple Element Interactions 40(1)

2.5.2 Soil Types 41(1)

2.5.3 Controls of Crops and Forage Nutrient Contents 41(1)

2.5.4 Integrated Studies along Food Chains 41(1)

2.5.5 Multiyear Ecosystem-Level Studies 42(1)

2.5.6 Hydrological Feedback 42(1)

Acknowledgments 42(1)

References 42(11)

Chapter 3 Nutrient and Water Demands of Plants under Global Climate Change 53(32)

Oula Ghannoum, Matthew J. Searson, and Jann P. Conroy

Abbreviations 54(1)

3.1 Introduction 54(1)

3.2 Overview of the Growth Response of Plants to Global Climate Change 55(3)

3.2.1 The Growth Response of C3 and C4 Plants to Elevated [CO2] 55(2)

3.2.2 Interaction of Water Availability with the Growth Response to Elevated [CO2] 57(1)

3.2.3 Interaction of Temperature with the Growth Response to [CO2] 57(1)

3.3 Nutrient Demand of Plants under Global Climate Change 58(10)

3.3.1 Overview of Mineral Nutrient Demands under Climate Change 58(1)

3.3.2 Demand for Nutrients The Critical Leaf Nutrient Concentration 59(1)

3.3.2.1 Determination of Critical Concentration 59(1)

3.3.2.2 Influence of High [CO2] on Critical Nutrient Concentration 59(1)

3.3.2.3 Physiological Basis for Changes in Critical Concentrations at High [CO2] 61(2)

3.3.3 The Lower End of the Scale Nutrient Deficiency and Elevated [CO3] 63(2)

3.3.4 Climate, Rising [CO2], and Plant Nutrition 65(1)

3.3.5 Implications of Rising [CO2] and Climate Change for Mineral Nutrition in C3 and C4 Plants 66(2)

3.4 eater Demand of Plants under Global Climate Change 68(8)

3.4.1 Stomatal Conductance at Elevated [CO2] 68(2)

3.4.2 Leaf Transpiration at Elevated [CO2] 70(1)

3.4.2.1 Interaction of Water Availability and Temperature with Elevated [CO2]-Induced Changes in Leaf Transpiration 72(1)

3.4.3 Plant Transpiration and Water Use at Elevated [CO2] 72(1)

3.4.3.1 Interaction of Water Availability and Temperature with Elevated [CO2]-Induced Changes in Plant Transpiration and Water Use 74(1)

3.4.4 Canopy Transpiration and Water Use under Global Climate Change 74(2)

3.4.5 Implications of Climate Change for Plant Water Demands 76(1)

References 76(9)

Chapter 4 Climate Change and Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation in Agroecosystems 85(32)

Richard B. Thomas, Skip J. Van Bloem, and William H. Schlesinger

4.1 Introduction 85(2)

4.2 N Fluxes by N2 Fixation into Terrestrial Ecosystems 87(3)

4.3 Regulation of Biological N2 Fixation 90(1)

4.4 Effects of Increased CO2 on Symbiotic N2-Fixing Systems 91(2)

4.5 Environmental Factors Influencing CO2 Effects 93(6)

4.5.1 Soil N Availability 93(1)

4.5.2 Soil Phosphorus Availability 94(1)

4.5.3 Increased Temperature 95(1)

4.5.4 Water Stress 96(1)

4.5.5 Elevated Tropospheric Ozone 97(2)

4.6 Expected Effects on Ecosystem N Availability 99(3)

4.7 Summary 102(1)

References 103(14)

Chapter 5 Belowground Food Webs in a Changing Climate 117(34)

Joseph C. Blankinship and Bruce A. Hungate

5.1 Introduction 117(1)

5.2 Current Participants and Mechanisms 118(6)

5.3 Effects of Climatic Change 124(15)

5.3.1 Direct vs. Indirect Effects of Climatic Change on Belowground Food Webs 125(3)

5.3.2 Effects of Altered Precipitation 128(3)

5.3.3 Effects of Elevated Temperature 131(4)

5.3.4 Effects of Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide 135(4)

5.4 Conclusions 139(2)

5.4.1 Summary of Climatic Change Effects 139(2)

5.4.2 Research Needs 141(1)

References 141(10)

Chapter 6 Herbivory and Nutrient Cycling 151(16)

R. Andrew Carran and Vincent Allard

6.1 Introduction 151(1)

6.2 Important Distinctions between Crop and Grazed Systems 152(1)

6.3 Creation of Heterogeneity in Available Soil N Distribution 153(6)

6.4 Nutrient Loss and Storage in Grazed Systems and Their Sensitivity to Change 159(4)

6.4.1 Nutrient Loss 159(2)

6.4.2 Soil Organic Matter Accumulation and Carbon Sequestration 161(2)

6.5 Conclusions 163(1)

References 163(4)

Chapter 7 Sustainability of Crop Production Systems under Climate Change 167(22)

J眉rg Fuhrer

Abbreviations 167(1)

7.1 Introduction 168(1)

7.2 Projections for Atmospheric pCO2 and Climate 169(1)

7.3 Soil Water Balance and Crop Water Use 170(6)

7.3.1 Soil Water Balance 170(1)

7.3.2 Effects of Elevated pCO2 on ET 171(1)

7.3.3 Effects of Temperature on ET 172(1)

7.3.4 Implications for Irrigation 173(3)

7.4 Nitrogen Cycling and N Use 176(5)

7.4.1 Effect of Elevated pCO2 on N Cycling and N Use 176(3)

7.4.2 Effect of Climate Change on N Balance 179(1)

7.4.3 Implications for Fertilization 179(2)

7.5 Conclusions 181(1)

Acknowledgment 182(1)

References 182(7)
PART II Pests, Weeds, and Diseases

Chapter 8 Plant Performance and Implications for Plant Population Dynamics and Species Composition in a Changing Climate 189(22)

Grant R. Edwards and Paul C.D. Newton

8.1 Introduction 189(1)

8.2 Distinguishing Performance and Dynamics 190(1)

8.3 Germination 191(1)

8.4 Seedling Survival 192(2)

8.5 Development Rate 194(1)

8.6 Seed Production 195(4)

8.7 Seed Mass and Seed Quality 199(2)

8.8 Competitive Ability 201(1)

8.9 Clonal Growth 202(1)

8.10 Community Dynamics and Consequences 203(1)

References 204(7)

Chapter 9 Climate Change Effects on Fungi in Agroecosystems 211(20)

Matthias C. Rillig

9.1 General Considerations 211(3)

9.1.1 Definition of Fungi 211(1)

9.1.2 Fungi May Be Bottom鈥擴p (Resource) Controlled 212(1)

9.1.3 Multiple Roles of Fungi in Ecosystems; Diversity of Mechanisms 212(1)

9.1.4 Different Modes of Action of Climate Change Factors vs. Elevated CO2 213(1)

9.1.5 Scope of Chapter 214(1)

9.2 Belowground Responses: Mycorrhizae and Saprobes 214(7)

9.2.1 Mycorrhizae 215(1)

9.2.1.1 Elevated CO2 215(1)

9.2.1.2 Temperature and Precipitation 217(3)

9.2.2 Saprobes 220(1)

9.3 Aboveground Responses 221(2)

9.3.1 Fungal Endophytes 221(1)

9.3.2 Phyllosphere Fungi 222(1)

9.4 Pathogens Aboveground and Belowground 223(3)

9.4.1 General Significance 223(1)

9.4.2 Mechanisms 224(1)

9.4.3 Elevated CO2 224(1)

9.4.4 Precipitation and Temperature 225(1)

9.5 Conclusion 226(1)

References 226(5)

Chapter 10 Trophic Interactions and Climate Change 231(30)

Jonathan A. Newman

10.1 Introduction 231(3)

10.2 General Theory of Multitrophic Interactions 234(10)

10.2.1 The Paradox of Enrichment 234(3)

10.2.2 Simple Linear Food Chain 237(2)

10.2.3 Interaction Chain Effects 239(1)

10.2.3.1 Exploitative Competition 239(1)

10.2.3.2 Trophic Cascades 240(1)

10.2.3.3 Apparent Competition 241(1)

10.2.3.4 Indirect Mutualism 242(1)

10.2.4 Interaction Modification Effects 242(1)

10.2.5 Climate Change and Indirect Effects in Agroecosystems 243(1)

10.3 Some Examples 244(9)

10.3.1 Trophic Cascades: Grasses, Cereal Aphids, and Their Parasitoids 245(2)

10.3.2 Interaction, Modication I: Grasses, Endophytic Fungi, and Herbivores 247(4)

10.3.3 Interaction Modification II: Arhuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, Plants, and Insects 251(2)

10.4 Future Research Directions 253(1)

10.5 Conclusions 254(1)

10.6 Further Reading 254(1)

Acknowledgments 255(1)

References 255(6)

Chapter 11 Future Weed, Pest, and Disease Problems for Plants 261(30)

Lewis H. Ziska and G. Brett Runion

11.1 Introduction 262(2)

11.2 Rising [CO2] and Weed Biology 264(1)

11.2.1 CO2 Fertilization 264(1)

11.2.2 CO2 Fertilization and Climatic Interactions 264(1)

11.3 Rising [CO2] and Weed鈥擟rop Competition 265(3)

11.3.1 CO2 Fertilization 265(3)

11.3.2 CO2 Environmental Interactions, and Competition 268(1)

11.4 Climatic Effects on Weed Biology and Competition 268(1)

11.5 Rising [CO2] and Insects 269(2)

11.5.1 Feeding Traits 270(1)

11.5.2 [CO2] and Plant Defenses 271(1)

11.6 Climate and Insects 271(1)

11.6.1 Warming 271(1)

11.6.2 Water Availability 272(1)

11.7 CO2 and Plant Pathogens 272(2)

11.8 Climate and Plant Pathogens 274(1)

11.9 Implications for the Management of Weeds, Insects, and Diseases 275(3)

11.9.1 Chemical Management, Climatic Effects 276(1)

11.9.2 Chemical Management, Direct CO2 Effects 276(2)

11.9.3 Biological Control 278(1)

11.9.4 Mechanical Control 278(1)

11.10 Conclusions 278(1)

Acknowledgments 279(1)

References 279(12)
PART III Capacity to Adapt

Chapter 12 Distinguishing between Acclimation and Adaptation 291(18)

Mark J. Hovenden

12.1 Introduction 291(1)

12.2 Terminology 292(1)

12.3 The Processes 293(2)

12.3.1 Acclimation 293(1)

12.3.2 Adaptation 294(1)

12.3.3 Types of Selection 295(1)

12.4 Climate Change Experiments 295(9)

12.4.1 Do We Have Any Evidence for Adaptational Responses? 298(1)

12.4.2 Indirect Evidence for Adaptational Responses 299(1)

12.4.2.1 Taking Intraspecific Variation into Account When Comparing Species 302(2)

12.5 Conclusions 304(1)

References 304(5)

Chapter 13 Plant Breeding for a Changing Environment 309(14)

Paul C.D. Newton and Grant R. Edwards

13.1 Introduction 309(1)

13.2 Is There an Advantage in Breeding for a Higher CO2 World? 309(5)

13.3 Traits for Elevated CO2 314(2)

13.4 Tools and Approaches 316(1)

13.5 Conclusions 317(1)

References 317(6)
PART IV Special Examples

In Parts I鈥擨II the authors have set out general principles determining agroecosystem responses to global change and the consequences of these have been explored.

In this Part we present five Special Examples that bring the focus down to explore the impacts of global change at the agroecosystem, technology, population, and regional level.

Part I Resource Supply and Demand

Special Example 1 Impacts of Climate Change on Marginal Tropical Animal Production Systems 323(6)

Chris Stokes and Andrew Ash

SE 1.1 Climate Change in Tropical Rangelands vs. Temperate Animal Production Systems 323(1)

SE 1.2 Forage Production: Moisture-Mediated Responses 324(1)

SE 1.3 Forage Quality 325(1)

SE 1.4 Conclusions 326(1)

Acknowledgments 326(1)

References 326

Part II Pests, Weeds, and Diseases

Special Example 2 Climate Change and Biological Control 329(4)

Stephen L. Goldson

Special Example 3 Efficacy of Herbicides under Elevated Temperature and CO2 333(4)

Daniel J. Archambault

Part III Capacity to Adapt

Special Example 4 Evolution of Pathogens under Elevated CO2 337(4)

Sukumar Chakraborty

Special Example 5 Adapting United Kingdom Agriculture to Climate Change 341(6)

Jo E. Hossell
Index 347