简介
The culmination of George W. Stocking, Jr.'s, quarter-century of research in the archival and published sources of British anthropology, After Tylor is the first comprehensive exploration of the intellectual transition that gave rise to modern British social anthropology. A sequel to Victorian Anthropology, his widely acclaimed study of British anthropology and the Darwinian revolution,After Tylor focusses on the decades between the heyday of social evolutionism and the establishment of structural functionalism in the 1930s and 1940s. Stocking emphasizes the interplay of ethnographic data and anthropological theory, offering a richly detailed account of the lives and works of a series of influential figures, both well remembered and lesser known, against a background of overseas colonial concerns and domestic intellectual ferment. Taking as its starting point a major comparative essay published in 1888 by Edward Burnett Tylor, the reigning patriarch of evolutionary anthropology, the book examines the developing tension between the social evolutionary paradigm and the ethnographic data collected by British missionaries in Australia (Lorimer Fison) and Melanesia (Robert Henry Codrington) and the attempts by second-generation evolutionary theorists (Robertson Smith and Andrew Lang) to treat the growth of religion in less purely rationalistic terms than those of Tylor's animism. Tracking the development of an academic fieldwork tradition in the work of two evolutionary biologists (Baldwin Spencer in Australia and Alfred Haddon in Melanesia), Stocking then discusses the crisis in evolutionary theory that developed around 1900, as Edward Westermarck and Robert Marett called into question evolutionary sequences of marriage and religion, and JamesG. Frazer struggled to explain the origins of totemism. Healso explores the first attempt to find a paradigmatic alternative - the since demeaned and neglected alternativeof historical diffusionism - as it developed in the work of William Rivers and his followers (Elliot Smith, WilliamPerry, and A. M. Hocart).
目录
Illustrations
Preface
Acknowledgments
Prologue: Tylor and the Reformation of Anthropology p. 3
Center and Periphery: Armchair Anthropology, Missionary Ethnography, and Evolutionary Theory p. 15
Lorimer Fison and the Search for Primitive Promiscuity p. 17
Robert Henry Codrington: Melanesian Mana and Evolutionary Categories p. 34
Missionary Ethnography and Paradigm Change p. 44
Animism, Totemism, and Christianity: A Pair of Heterodox Scottish Evolutionists p. 47
Andrew Lang: From Tylorian Folklore to Primitive Monotheism p. 50
William Robertson Smith and the Merry Sacrificial Feast of Totemism p. 63
The Revolt against Positivism and the Revolution in Anthropology p. 81
From the Armchair to the Field: The Darwinian Zoologist as Ethnographer p. 84
Baldwin Spencer and Frank Gillen: Getting down to Bedrock in Central Australia p. 87
Alfred Cort Haddon and the Cambridge University Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits p. 98
The "Cambridge School" and the Redefinition of "Intensive Study" p. 115
The Frazerian Moment: Evolutionary Anthropology in Disarray p. 124
James Frazer and The Golden Bough: From Magic to Religion to Science p. 126
Edward Westermarck: Marriage and Morals in Human Evolution and in Morocco p. 151
Robert Marett and the Magico-Religious: The "Laws of Association" and the "Will to Believe" p. 163
The Early Critique of Frazerian Assumption p. 172
The Revival of Diffusionist Ethnology: Rivers and the Heliolithic School p. 179
W. H. R. Rivers: From the Evolution of Sensory Perception to the Diffusion of Primitive Social Organization p. 184
Elliot Smith, William Perry, and the Children of the Sun p. 208
A. M. Hocart: The Boasian Ethnographer as Frazerian Diffusionist p. 220
Neo-Diffusionism and the Revolution in Anthropology p. 228
From Fieldwork to Functionalism: Malinowski and the Emergence of British Social Anthropology p. 233
Rivers and the Rapprochement of Anthropology and Psychology p. 235
From Cracow to the Trobriands: The Rider Haggard and the Joseph Conrad of Anthropology p. 244
Functionalist Forays toward a Scientific Theory of Culture p. 268
The Emergence of the Functional School of Anthropology p. 291
From Cultural Psychology to Social Structure: Radcliffe-Brown and the Delimitation of Social Anthropology p. 298
"Anarchy Brown" in the Andamans and Australia: The Evolution of Totemism and the Function of Survivals p. 304
A. Radcliffe Brown and the Emergence of Social Anthropology in South Africa p. 323
A. R. Radcliffe-Brown and the Social Organization of Australian Tribes p. 339
"R-B" among the Boasians: From the Comparative Science of Culture to the Natural Science of Society p. 352
Bronio and Rex: From Pure to Hyphenated Functionalism p. 361
Anthropological Institutions, Colonial Interests, and the First Cohorts of Social Anthropologists p. 367
The Institutions of British Anthropology in the Era of the New Imperialism p. 369
The Dual Mandate and the Emergence of Government Anthropology p. 382
Rockefeller Funding and Functionalist Social Anthropology p. 391
The Implementation and the Fate of Practical Anthropology p. 406
From Culture Contact to Social Structure p. 421
Epilogue: Moment and Tradition in the History of British Social Anthropology p. 427
Notes p. 445
References Cited p. 529
Manuscript Sources p. 477
Oral Sources p. 533
Index p. 535
Preface
Acknowledgments
Prologue: Tylor and the Reformation of Anthropology p. 3
Center and Periphery: Armchair Anthropology, Missionary Ethnography, and Evolutionary Theory p. 15
Lorimer Fison and the Search for Primitive Promiscuity p. 17
Robert Henry Codrington: Melanesian Mana and Evolutionary Categories p. 34
Missionary Ethnography and Paradigm Change p. 44
Animism, Totemism, and Christianity: A Pair of Heterodox Scottish Evolutionists p. 47
Andrew Lang: From Tylorian Folklore to Primitive Monotheism p. 50
William Robertson Smith and the Merry Sacrificial Feast of Totemism p. 63
The Revolt against Positivism and the Revolution in Anthropology p. 81
From the Armchair to the Field: The Darwinian Zoologist as Ethnographer p. 84
Baldwin Spencer and Frank Gillen: Getting down to Bedrock in Central Australia p. 87
Alfred Cort Haddon and the Cambridge University Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits p. 98
The "Cambridge School" and the Redefinition of "Intensive Study" p. 115
The Frazerian Moment: Evolutionary Anthropology in Disarray p. 124
James Frazer and The Golden Bough: From Magic to Religion to Science p. 126
Edward Westermarck: Marriage and Morals in Human Evolution and in Morocco p. 151
Robert Marett and the Magico-Religious: The "Laws of Association" and the "Will to Believe" p. 163
The Early Critique of Frazerian Assumption p. 172
The Revival of Diffusionist Ethnology: Rivers and the Heliolithic School p. 179
W. H. R. Rivers: From the Evolution of Sensory Perception to the Diffusion of Primitive Social Organization p. 184
Elliot Smith, William Perry, and the Children of the Sun p. 208
A. M. Hocart: The Boasian Ethnographer as Frazerian Diffusionist p. 220
Neo-Diffusionism and the Revolution in Anthropology p. 228
From Fieldwork to Functionalism: Malinowski and the Emergence of British Social Anthropology p. 233
Rivers and the Rapprochement of Anthropology and Psychology p. 235
From Cracow to the Trobriands: The Rider Haggard and the Joseph Conrad of Anthropology p. 244
Functionalist Forays toward a Scientific Theory of Culture p. 268
The Emergence of the Functional School of Anthropology p. 291
From Cultural Psychology to Social Structure: Radcliffe-Brown and the Delimitation of Social Anthropology p. 298
"Anarchy Brown" in the Andamans and Australia: The Evolution of Totemism and the Function of Survivals p. 304
A. Radcliffe Brown and the Emergence of Social Anthropology in South Africa p. 323
A. R. Radcliffe-Brown and the Social Organization of Australian Tribes p. 339
"R-B" among the Boasians: From the Comparative Science of Culture to the Natural Science of Society p. 352
Bronio and Rex: From Pure to Hyphenated Functionalism p. 361
Anthropological Institutions, Colonial Interests, and the First Cohorts of Social Anthropologists p. 367
The Institutions of British Anthropology in the Era of the New Imperialism p. 369
The Dual Mandate and the Emergence of Government Anthropology p. 382
Rockefeller Funding and Functionalist Social Anthropology p. 391
The Implementation and the Fate of Practical Anthropology p. 406
From Culture Contact to Social Structure p. 421
Epilogue: Moment and Tradition in the History of British Social Anthropology p. 427
Notes p. 445
References Cited p. 529
Manuscript Sources p. 477
Oral Sources p. 533
Index p. 535
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