Table Of Contents:

The Study of Behavioral Endocrinology 1(40)

Historical Roots of Behavioral Endocrinology 2(6)

Box 1.1 The Hijras of India 4(1)

Berthold's Experiment 5(3)

What Are Hormones? 8(4)

Box 1.2 Frank A. Beach and the Origins of the Modern Era of Behavioral Endocrinology 8(2)

Box 1.3 Neural Transmission Versus Hormonal Communication 10(2)

The Study of Behavior 12(5)

Problems of Behavioral Research 12(1)

How Is Behavior Described? 13(1)

The Simple System Approach 13(1)

Levels of Analysis 14(3)

How Might Hormones Affect Behavior? 17(1)

How Might Behavior Affect Hormones? 18(2)

Classes of Evidence for Determining Hormone-Behavior Interactions 20(1)

Common Techniques in Behavioral Endocrinology 21(18)

Ablation and Replacement 21(1)

Bioassays 22(2)

Immunoassays 24(2)

Immunocytochemistry 26(1)

Autoradiography 27(1)

Blot Tests 28(1)

Autoradiography Using In Situ Hybridization 29(1)

Stimulation and Recording 29(1)

Pharmacological Techniques 30(1)

Microdialysis 30(1)

Brain Imaging 31(1)

Genetic Manipulations 32(4)

Gene Arrays 36(1)

A Case Study: Effects of Leptin on Behavior 36(3)

Summary 39(1)

Questions for Discussion 40(1)

Suggested Readings 40(1)

The Endocrine System 41(68)

Chemical Communication 42(2)

General Features of the Endocrine System 44(3)

The Endocrine Glands 47(17)

The Hypothalamus 49(1)

Box 2.1 Invertebrate Endocrinology 50(2)

The Pituitary Gland 52(2)

The Thyroid Gland 54(2)

The Pancreas 56(1)

The Gastrointestinal Tract 57(1)

The Adrenal Glands 57(2)

The Pineal Gland 59(1)

The Gonads 59(5)

The Placenta 64(1)

Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hormone Action 64(7)

Hormone Receptor Types 64(6)

Transcription, Translation, and Post-Translational Events 70(1)

The Major Vertebrate Hormones 71(30)

Protein and Peptide Hormones 72(13)

Box 2.2 The Discovery of Secretin 85(4)

The Steroid Hormones 89(9)

The Monoamine Hormones 98(1)

The Lipid-Based Hormones 99(2)

How Hormones Are Regulated 101(2)

The Evolution of Hormones 103(2)

Summary 105(2)

Questions for Discussion 107(1)

Suggested Readings 107(2)

Sex Differences in Behavior: Sex Determination and Differentiation 109(60)

Sex Determination and Differentiation 112(5)

Ultimate Causes of Sex Differences 113(1)

Box 3.1 Behavioral Sex Role Reversals 114(2)

Proximate Causes of Sex Differences 116(1)

Mammalian Sexual Differentiation 117(13)

Anomalous Mammalian Sexual Differentiation 123(7)

Avian Sexual Differentiation 130(2)

Alternative Reproductive Tactics and Male Polymorphism 132(3)

Environmental Sex Determination in Reptiles and Fishes 135(5)

The Effects of Hormones on Sexually Dimorphic Behaviors 140(16)

The Organizational/Activational Hypothesis 140(2)

Box 3.2 William C. Young 142(9)

Sexual Differentiation and Behavior 151(2)

The Role of Steroid Receptors 153(2)

Conclusions 155(1)

Environmental Influences on Mammalian Sexual Differentiation of the Nervous System 156(8)

Box 3.3 Epigenetic Effects on Sexual Dimorphism: Direct Maternal Provisioning of Steroids to Offspring 158(6)

Summary 164(3)

Questions for Discussion 167(1)

Suggested Readings 168(1)

Sex Differences in Behavior: Animal Models and Humans 169(66)

Neural Bases of Mammalian Sex Differences 171(12)

Box 4.1 The Organization of Avian Copulatory Behavior 172(7)

Molecular Sex Differences in the Brain 179(4)

Animal Models for Sexually Dimorphic Behaviors 183(17)

Bird Song 184(6)

Courtship Behavior of the Plainfin Midshipman Fish 190(2)

Urinary Posture in Canines 192(3)

Courtship Behavior of Electric Fishes 195(2)

Rough-and-Tumble Play in Primates 197(3)

Sex Differences in Human Behavior 200(12)

Box 4.2 Ambiguous Genitalia: Which Course of Treatment? 202(3)

Gender Role 205(3)

Gender Identity 208(1)

Sexual Orientation/Sexual Preference 209(3)

Sex Differences in Cognitive Abilities 212(18)

Box 4.3 Hormonal Influences on Mate Choice 212(2)

Box 4.4 The Spinal Nucleus of the Bulbocavernosus Muscle 214(2)

Perception and Sensory Abilities 216(5)

Lateralization of Cognitive Function 221(1)

Verbal Skills 222(2)

Mathematical Reasoning and Visuospatial Abilities 224(4)

Box 4.5 Hormones, Sex Differences, and Art 228(1)

Conclusions 229(1)

Summary 230(2)

Questions for Discussion 232(1)

Suggested Readings 233(2)

Male Reproductive Behavior 235(84)

The Proximate Bases of Male Sexual Behavior 237(3)

Box 5.1 Battle of the ``Sexes'' 237(3)

Historical Origins of Research on Male Sexual Behavior 240(5)

Male Sexual Behavior in Rodents 245(40)

Mating Behavior: A Description 245(4)

Hormonal Correlates of Male Mating Behavior 249(6)

Box 5.2 Anatomy of the Penis 255(2)

Brain Mechanisms of Male Mating Behavior 257(17)

Box 5.3 Erectile Dysfunction, Nitric Oxide, and Viagra 274(3)

Conclusions 277(1)

Social Influences on Male Mating Behavior 277(4)

Individual Differences in Male Mating Behavior 281(4)

Male Sexual Behavior in Primates 285(19)

The Strength of the Sex Drive in Human Males 285(2)

Human Male Sexual Behavior: A Description 287(2)

Nonhuman Primate Male Sexual Behavior: A Description 289(2)

Hormonal Correlates of Primate Male Sexual Behavior 291(5)

Brain Mechanisms of Primate Male Sexual Behavior 296(4)

Social Influences on Primate Male Sexual Behavior 300(1)

Individual Variation and Aging 301(1)

Peptide Hormones and Male Sexual Behavior 302(1)

Box 5.4 Sodefrin, a Female-Attracting Pheromone in Newts 303(1)

Male Reproductive Behavior in Birds 304(5)

Male Reproductive Behavior in Reptiles 309(4)

Conclusions 313(1)

Summary 314(2)

Questions for Discussion 316(1)

Suggested Readings 316(3)

Female Reproductive Behavior 319(68)

Early Discoveries about Female Sexual Behavior 322(7)

The Development of the Vaginal Cytological Assay 322(5)

Research in the ``Modern Era'' 327(2)

Mammalian Female Mating Behavior: A Description 329(6)

Rodents 329(2)

Canines 331(1)

Primates 332(1)

Are Females Active Participants in Sexual Behavior? 333(2)

Components of Female Sexual Behavior 335(16)

Attractivity 338(2)

Box 6.1 Chemosignals and Courtship in the Red-Sided Garter Snake 340(3)

Proceptivity 343(1)

Receptivity 344(7)

Female Reproductive Cycles 351(10)

Types of Reproductive Cycles 352(1)

The Ecology of Reproductive Cycles 353(4)

Social and Environmental Effects on Reproductive Cycles 357(2)

Box 6.2 Human Pheromones 359(1)

Box 6.3 Illness Suppresses Female Sexual Behavior 360(1)

Experimental Analyses of Female Sexual Behavior 361(14)

Hormonal Correlates of Female Reproductive Cycles 362(5)

Neural Mechanisms Mediating Female Sexual Behavior 367(8)

Gene Knockout Studies 375(3)

A Neural Model of Lordosis 376(2)

Neural Models of Preceptive Behaviors 378(4)

Box 6.4 Nongenomic Behavioral Effects of Steroid Hormones 380(2)

Summary 382(3)

Questions for Discussion 385(1)

Suggested Readings 385(2)

Parental Behavior 387(68)

What Is Parental Behavior? 389(5)

Box 7.1 Parental Care Among Insects 392(2)

Sex Differences in Parental Behavior 394(1)

Parental Behavior in Birds 395(10)

Avian Parental Behavior: A Description 395(3)

Endocrine Correlates of Avian Parental Behavior 398(2)

Box 7.2 Daniel S. Lehrman 400(5)

Parental Behavior in Mammals 405(35)

Mammalian Maternal Behavior 405(6)

Mammalian Paternal Behavior 411(2)

Endocrine Correlates of Mammalian Parental Behavior 413(4)

The Onset of Maternal Behavior 417(5)

Maternal Aggression 422(1)

Box 7.3 Maternal Behavior in Sheep 423(2)

Maintenance and Termination of Maternal Behavior 425(3)

Box 7.4 Offspring Behavior and the Maintenance of Maternal Behavior 428(3)

Endocrine Correlates of Primate Maternal Behavior 431(6)

Endocrine Correlates of Paternal Behavior 437(3)

Neural Changes Associated with Parental Behavior 440(10)

Conclusions 450(1)

Summary 451(2)

Questions for Discussion 453(1)

Suggested Readings 454(1)

Hormones and Social Behavior 455(68)

Affiliation 456(11)

Imaging Studies of Humans 456(1)

Adaptive Function of Affiliation 457(1)

Hormones and Affiliation 458(9)

Aggression 467(6)

Seasonal Changes in Social Behavior 473(10)

Aggression and the Breeding Cycle: Red Deer 473(2)

Signals of Social Rank: Harris's Sparrows 475(3)

Aggression and Winter Survival: Rodents 478(3)

Testosterone and the Energetic Costs of Aggression: Lizards 481(1)

Do Seasonal Hormonal Changes in Primates Correlate with Aggression? 482(1)

Increases in Aggression at Puberty 483(5)

Social Influences on the Development of Aggressive Behavior 484(1)

Is It Adaptive for Rodents To Be Aggressive at Puberty? 485(1)

The Timing of Puberty: Birds 486(1)

Dispersal Strategies and Social Status in Primates 487(1)

Sex Differences in Social Behavior 488(10)

The Organization and Activation of Aggression: Mice 489(1)

Sex Differences in Dispersal: Ground Squirrels 490(2)

Hormones and Dominance Status: Canies 492(2)

Sex Differences in Play Behavior: Primates 494(1)

Sex Role Reversals 495(3)

Individual Differences in Aggression 498(1)

Social Experience Feeds Back to Influence Hormone Concentrations 499(13)

The Challenge Hypothesis: Birds 500(7)

Conditioned Social Defeat 507(1)

Hormones, Competition, and Violent Behavior: Humans 508(4)

Physiological Mechanisms Mediating Hormonal Effects on Aggressive Behavior 512(6)

Brain Regions Associated with Aggression 512(1)

Brain Steroid Hormone Receptors 513(2)

Brain Neurotransmitter Receptors 515(1)

Box 8.1 Nitric Oxide and Aggression 516(2)

Conclusions 518(1)

Summary 518(2)

Questions for Discussion 520(1)

Suggested Readings 520(3)

Homeostasis and Behavior 523(64)

Basic Concepts in Homeostasis 526(3)

Fluid Balance 529(17)

Box 9.1 Vertebrate Renal Function 530(6)

Endocrine Regulation of Fluid Balance and Thirst 536(4)

Sodium Balance 540(4)

How Do Hormones Regulate Drinking Behavior? 544(2)

Energy Balance 546(7)

Metabolism during the Well-Fed State 547(2)

Metabolism during the Fasting State 549(2)

Disordered Energy Metabolism 551(1)

Maintaining a Normal Energy Balance 552(1)

Control of Food Intake 553(21)

Peripheral Signals 554(2)

Central Signals: The Role of the Hypothalamus 556(3)

Central Anabolic Effectors: Peptides that Promote Food Intake (Orexigenic) 559(3)

Central Catabolic Effectors: Peptides that Inhibit Food Intake (Anorexigenic) 562(1)

Hindbrain and Brain Stem 563(1)

Protein Hormones that Stop Food Intake 563(6)

Box 9.2 Comfort Food 569(1)

Protein Hormones that Promote Food Intake 570(1)

The Role of the Liver 571(1)

Specific Hungers 572(2)

Food Intake and Body Mass 574(8)

Estrogens and Progestins 574(4)

Androgens 578(1)

Seasonal Body Mass Cycles 579(1)

Inhibition of Reproduction to Maintain Energy Balance 580(2)

Final Thoughts 582(1)

Summary 583(1)

Questions for Discussion 584(1)

Suggested Readings 585(2)

Biological Rhythms 587(82)

Exogenous versus Endogenous Control of Biological Clocks 590(1)

Types of Biological Clocks and Rhythms 591(17)

Box 10.1 Jet Lag 598(3)

Examples of Biological Rhythms in Behavior 601(5)

Usefulness of Biological Clocks 606(2)

Circadian Clocks 608(28)

Localization and Characterization of Circadian Clocks 608(2)

Molecular Mechanisms of Circadian Clocks 610(3)

The SCN as Master Circadian Clock 613(4)

SCN Inputs and Outputs 617(4)

Box 10.2 Effects of Light on Gene Transcription 621(5)

Effects of Hormones on the SCN 626(2)

Effects of the SCN on Hormones 628(6)

Circadian Regulation of Food Intake 634(2)

Circannual and Seasonal Rhythms 636(28)

Ultimate and Proximate Factors Underlying Seasonality 637(3)

Neuroendocrine Mechanisms Underlying Seasonality 640(1)

Timing Mechanisms 641(5)

Neural Mechanisms of Endogenous and Exogenous Seasonal Timekeeping 646(4)

Activational Mechanisms 650(14)

Conclusions 664(1)

Summary 665(1)

Questions for Discussion 666(1)

Suggested Readings 667(2)

Stress 669(52)

Stress and Its Consequences 670(11)

The Stress Response 672(1)

Box 11.1 Stress and Social Dominance in Nonhuman Primates 673(5)

General Adaptation Syndrome 678(1)

What Is ``Stress''? 679(1)

Box 11.2 Allostatic Load 680(1)

Physiological Effects of the Stress Response 681(4)

Pathological Effects of the Stress Response 685(4)

Factors that Affect Stress Responsiveness 689(18)

Perinatal Stress 689(11)

Reproductive Dysfunction 700(7)

Stress and Social Behavior 707(3)

Seasonal Fluctuations in Stress Responses 710(4)

Psychological Factors in Stress and Coping 714(3)

Control, Predictability, and Outlets for Frustration 715(2)

Stress and Drug Abuse 717(1)

Summary 718(1)

Questions for Discussion 719(1)

Suggested Readings 720(1)

Learning and Memory 721(52)

Components of Learning and Memory 722(7)

Non-Associative Learning 722(1)

Associative Learning 723(3)

Memory 726(3)

The Effects of Stress Hormones on Learning and Memory 729(20)

Epinephrine 729(11)

Glucocorticoids 740(9)

Sex Differences in Learning and Memory 749(9)

Effects of Estrogens 752(4)

Effects of Androgens 756(2)

The Effects of Peptide Hormones in Learning and Memory 758(10)

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) 758(3)

Vasopressin and Oxytocin 761(2)

Opioids 763(4)

Cholecystokinin 767(1)

Summary 768(2)

Questions for Discussion 770(1)

Suggested Readings 770(3)

Hormones and Affective Disorders 773(44)

Perimenstrual Syndrome 774(13)

The Social Context of PMS 774(2)

What Is PMS? 776(2)

Box 13.1 Diagnostic Criteria for Late Luteal Phase Dysphoric Disorder 778(2)

Hormonal Correlates of PMS 780(6)

Cognitive Features of PMS 786(1)

Hormones and Depression 787(16)

Endocrine Correlates of Depression 788(4)

Postpartum Depression 792(2)

Seasonal Affective Disorder 794(9)

Hormones and Eating Disorders 803(3)

Anorexia Nervosa 803(3)

Bulimia 806(1)

Androgens and Affective Disorders 806(7)

Box 13.2 Anabolic Steroids: An Edge That Cuts Two Ways 808(5)

Summary 813(2)

Questions for Discussion 815(1)

Suggested Readings 816(1)
Appendix: Hormones 817
Glossary 1(1)
Illustration Credits 1(1)
References 1(1)
Index 1