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Publisher Summary 1
Contact Linguistics is a critical investigation of what happens to the grammars of languages when bilingual speakers use both their languages in the same clause. It consolidates earlier insights and presents the new theoretical and empirical work of a scholar whose ideas have had a fundamental impact on the field. It also shows that bilingual data offer a revealing window on the structure of the language faculty. Carol Myers-Scotton examines the nature of major contact phenomena, especially lexical borrowing, grammatical convergence, codeswitching, first language attrition, mixed languages, and the development of creoles. She argues forcefully that types of contact phenomena often seen as separate in fact result from the same processes and can be explained by the same principles. Her discussion centers around two new models derived from the Matrix Language Frame model, previously applied only to codeswitching. One model recognizes four types of morphemes based on their different patterns of distribution across contact phenomena; its key hyothesis is that distribution depends on differential access to the morphemes in the production process. The other analyzes three levels of abstract lexical structure whose splitting and recombination across languages in bilingual speech explains many contact outcomes. This is an important volume, of unusual relevance for theories of competence and performance and vital for all those concerned with language contact. Carol Myers-Scotton is a Carolina Distinguished Professor of Linguistics at the University of South Carolina. She is a specialist in language contact phenomena and sociolinguistics and has a special interest in East and Southern African linguistics. In 1993, she published two volumes on codeswitching, Social Motivations for Codeswitching: Evidence from Africa, and Duelling Languages: Grammatical Structure in Codeswitching (both OUP). She has also edited a volume of essays on language and literature (OUP 1998) and published many articles in her areas of interest.
目录
Symbols and Abbreviations p. vii
Preface p. xi
Introduction p. 1
Introduction p. 1
General premises in the theoretical orientation p. 8
The Matrix Language Frame model and its setting p. 10
The 4-M model p. 16
The Abstract Level model p. 18
Implications for a model of language production p. 23
How proficiency figures in p. 25
Competence and performance p. 26
Summary p. 28
The coming chapters p. 28
The Roots of Language Contact p. 30
Introduction p. 30
Factors favoring adding a language p. 31
Bilingual competence p. 33
The costs and rewards of bilingualism in the international arena p. 33
Motivations to become bilingual p. 36
Bilingualism and language-use patterns p. 40
Language shift p. 48
Structural results of bilingualism and language shift p. 51
Explaining the Models and Their Uses p. 53
Introduction p. 53
Clarifying the MLF model p. 54
Content vs. system morphemes p. 69
What the 4-M model adds p. 73
The MLF model plus the 4-M model: revisiting classic codeswitching p. 86
The Abstract Level model further explicated p. 96
Codeswitching and convergence p. 104
Conclusion p. 105
Considering Problematic Codeswitching Data and Other Approaches p. 108
Introduction p. 108
Bare forms p. 113
Nouns and their determiners when Arabic is the Matrix Language p. 113
Another view: Uniform structure p. 119
Bare nouns without Bantu noun-class prefixes p. 127
Explaining other codeswitching phenomena with the Uniform Structure Principle p. 131
Other lexical categories and system morphemes p. 132
Another case of bare elements: the 'do' construction p. 134
About Embedded Language islands p. 139
Borrowing vs. codeswitching p. 153
Conclusion p. 161
Convergence and Attrition p. 164
Introduction p. 164
Convergence areas p. 173
Individual attrition: a social and psycholinguistic view p. 179
An overview of attrition studies p. 184
Supporting my own theoretical assumptions p. 193
Conclusion p. 229
Lexical Borrowing, Split (Mixed) Languages, and Creole Formation p. 233
Introduction p. 233
Lexical borrowing p. 234
Mixed languages > split languages p. 246
Michif p. 254
Mednyj Aleut p. 258
Ma'a (Mbugu) p. 265
Summary: mixed/split languages p. 270
Creole formation p. 271
Conclusion: from lexical borrowing to creole formation p. 293
Concluding Remarks: The Out of Sight in Contact Linguistics p. 295
Concluding remarks p. 295
Hypotheses for further testing p. 296
Lexical borrowing and codeswitching p. 299
Content morphemes p. 299
Early system morphemes p. 300
Late system morphemes p. 301
Multimorphemic elements p. 305
Insufficient congruence p. 306
Change in frame requirements p. 306
Levels of abstract lexical structure p. 307
Split (mixed) languages p. 307
Creole formation p. 308
Conclusion p. 309
References p. 311
Substantive Index p. 331
Index of Authors p. 336
Index of Languages p. 340
Preface p. xi
Introduction p. 1
Introduction p. 1
General premises in the theoretical orientation p. 8
The Matrix Language Frame model and its setting p. 10
The 4-M model p. 16
The Abstract Level model p. 18
Implications for a model of language production p. 23
How proficiency figures in p. 25
Competence and performance p. 26
Summary p. 28
The coming chapters p. 28
The Roots of Language Contact p. 30
Introduction p. 30
Factors favoring adding a language p. 31
Bilingual competence p. 33
The costs and rewards of bilingualism in the international arena p. 33
Motivations to become bilingual p. 36
Bilingualism and language-use patterns p. 40
Language shift p. 48
Structural results of bilingualism and language shift p. 51
Explaining the Models and Their Uses p. 53
Introduction p. 53
Clarifying the MLF model p. 54
Content vs. system morphemes p. 69
What the 4-M model adds p. 73
The MLF model plus the 4-M model: revisiting classic codeswitching p. 86
The Abstract Level model further explicated p. 96
Codeswitching and convergence p. 104
Conclusion p. 105
Considering Problematic Codeswitching Data and Other Approaches p. 108
Introduction p. 108
Bare forms p. 113
Nouns and their determiners when Arabic is the Matrix Language p. 113
Another view: Uniform structure p. 119
Bare nouns without Bantu noun-class prefixes p. 127
Explaining other codeswitching phenomena with the Uniform Structure Principle p. 131
Other lexical categories and system morphemes p. 132
Another case of bare elements: the 'do' construction p. 134
About Embedded Language islands p. 139
Borrowing vs. codeswitching p. 153
Conclusion p. 161
Convergence and Attrition p. 164
Introduction p. 164
Convergence areas p. 173
Individual attrition: a social and psycholinguistic view p. 179
An overview of attrition studies p. 184
Supporting my own theoretical assumptions p. 193
Conclusion p. 229
Lexical Borrowing, Split (Mixed) Languages, and Creole Formation p. 233
Introduction p. 233
Lexical borrowing p. 234
Mixed languages > split languages p. 246
Michif p. 254
Mednyj Aleut p. 258
Ma'a (Mbugu) p. 265
Summary: mixed/split languages p. 270
Creole formation p. 271
Conclusion: from lexical borrowing to creole formation p. 293
Concluding Remarks: The Out of Sight in Contact Linguistics p. 295
Concluding remarks p. 295
Hypotheses for further testing p. 296
Lexical borrowing and codeswitching p. 299
Content morphemes p. 299
Early system morphemes p. 300
Late system morphemes p. 301
Multimorphemic elements p. 305
Insufficient congruence p. 306
Change in frame requirements p. 306
Levels of abstract lexical structure p. 307
Split (mixed) languages p. 307
Creole formation p. 308
Conclusion p. 309
References p. 311
Substantive Index p. 331
Index of Authors p. 336
Index of Languages p. 340
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