Table Of Contents:
Introduction 1(5)

How to Use This Book 3(3)
1 What Is Speaking? 6(15)

Introduction 6(1)

An Event In Time 6(1)

Vocal Tract Structures Include Two Basic Systems 6(5)

The Respiratory System 6(1)

The Laryngeal System 7(1)

Fixed Articulators 7(1)

Teeth 7(1)

Alveolar Ridge 8(1)

Palate 8(1)

Movable Articulators 8(3)

Jaw 8(1)

Lips 8(1)

Tongue 9(1)

Velum 10(1)

The Acoustic Signal 11(3)

Function and Acoustics 11(20)

Laryngeal Action 11(1)

Velar Movement 12(1)

Tongue Movement 13(1)

Lip Shape 14(1)

Summary 14(1)

Tutorial - The Acoustic Signal 15(3)

Tutorial - Two Basic Concepts - Fundamental Frequency and Resonance 18(2)

Further Reading 20(1)
2 Studying Speaking 21(26)

Introduction 21(1)

Segmentation of Continuous Events 21(3)

The Organisation of Perceived Events 24(1)

The Airstream Mechanism 25(1)

Modifying the Airstream 26(1)

Articulatory Classes 鈥?Classified by Type of Constriction 27(1)

Adding Resonance 27(2)

Labelling Sounds/Articulations and Classes 29(2)

Place and Manner of Articulation 31(2)

Consonants 31(1)

Vowels 32(1)

Tutorial 鈥?Target Theory 33(1)

Tutorial 鈥?Sameness and Variability 33(2)

Tutorial 鈥?Classes of Consonant in English 35(4)

Tutorial 鈥?Vowels and Vowel-Like Sounds in English 39(4)

Tutorial 鈥?Abstraction 43(2)

Evaluation 鈥?Modelling Aspiration 鈥?The Classical Phonetics and Coarticulation Solutions 45(1)

Further Reading 46(1)
3 The Foundation Research 47(29)

Introduction 47(1)

Three Early Researchers 47(3)

Henry Sweet (1845-1912) 47(1)

Daniel Jones (1881-1967) 48(1)

Nikolai Trubetskoy (1890-1938) 48(2)

Some Later Research 50(14)

Continuous Speech vs. Discrete Representations 50(1)

The Beginnings of a Theory 51(1)

The Linguistic Derivation of Surface Intrinsic Allophonic Representations 52(3)

Time in Translation Theories 55(1)

Coarticulation 55(2)

Where in Speech Production Does Discrete Become Continuous? 57(1)

Task Dynamics 58(1)

Articulatory Phonology 58(20)

Unifying the Approach 60(1)

Units 60(1)

Ruling Out Explicit Segmentation 61(1)

The Gestural Score 62(2)

Tutorial 鈥?Phonemes and Allophones 64(2)

Tutorial 鈥?Cardinal Vowels 66(1)

Tutorial 鈥?Translation Theories 67(2)

Tutorial 鈥?Formant Transitions 69(4)

Tutorial 鈥?Coarticulation Theory 73(1)

Tutorial 鈥?The Object-Oriented Programming Paradigm 73(2)

Evaluation 鈥?Coarticulation of Segments vs. Syllables 75(1)

Further Reading 75(1)
4 Contemporary Model Building 76(21)

Introduction 76(1)

Articulator Control 76(1)

Articulator Shape and Movement 77(1)

Feedback 78(2)

Auditory Feedback 78(1)

Tactile Feedback 78(1)

Intra-Muscular Feedback 79(1)

The Gamma-Loop Feedback System 79(1)

The Abstract Theory of Articulator Control 80(1)

Action Theory 80(5)

Cognitive Phonetics 85(3)

Tutorial 鈥?Distinctive Feature Theory 88(3)

Tutorial 鈥?Muscle Contraction and Articulator Movement 91(1)

Tutorial 鈥?Motor Control of the Articulators 鈥?An Early Consideration 92(1)

Evaluation 鈥?Traditional Approaches to Motor Control vs. Action Theory 93(1)

Evaluation 鈥?Usefulness of the Action Theory Model 94(1)

Further Reading 95(2)
5 Theoretical Considerations 97(13)

Introduction 97(1)

The Scientific Study of Language 97(1)

What Theoretical Linguists Study 98(1)

Generative Linguistics 99(2)

Cognitive Research and Language 101(6)

Cognitive Linguistics 鈥?The Interdisciplinary Relationship between Language and Thought 102(1)

Cognitive Psychology and Mental Models 103(2)

Psycholinguistics 104(1)

Cognitive Science 105(1)

Cognitive Neuroscience 106(1)

The Future 107(1)

Relating Speech Studies to Cognitive Modelling 107(1)

Conclusion 108(1)

Evaluation 鈥?Descriptive Linguistics and Cognitive Models 108(1)

Further Reading 109(1)
6 Essentials in Describing Speech 110(16)

Introduction 110(1)

Distinguishing between Phonology and Phonetics 110(3)

The Relationship between Phonetics and Phonology 113(4)

Introduction 113(1)

Phonology 113(1)

Phonetics 114(1)

Abstract vs. Physical - Some Examples from English Accents 114(3)

The Link between Physical and Cognitive Aspects of Speaking 117(7)

Experiments with Cognitive Hypotheses 117(3)

Experiments with Physical Hypotheses 120(2)

Experiments with Emotive and Expressive Hypotheses 122(2)

Tutorial - Psychoacoustics 124(1)

Evaluation - The Representation of Expression 124(1)

Further Reading 125(1)
7 Hearing and Perception 126(26)

Introduction 126(4)

Active and Passive Approaches to Modelling Speech Perception 127(1)

Perception and Prosody 128(1)

Speech Is Produced to Be Perceived 128(2)

Hearing - Brief Introduction 130(4)

The Physical Hearing Mechanism 131(5)

The Outer Ear 131(1)

The Middle Ear 132(1)

The Inner Ear 133(1)

Passive and Active Models of Perceptual Processing 134(1)

The Role of the Speaker 135(1)

The Role of the Listener 135(1)

Perception and Prosody 136(5)

Acoustic Correlates of Prosodic Features 137(2)

Units of Prosody Perception 139(1)

The Perception of Prosody - Before or After Segmental Structure? 140(1)

Production for Perception 141(2)

Speaker and Listener Collaboration 141(2)

Expressive Content 143(5)

The Basis for Emotive Content 144(1)

Secondary Emotion 144(1)

Words 145(1)

Blends 145(2)

The Acoustic Signal 147(1)

Tutorial 鈥?Hearing 148(1)

Tutorial 鈥?The Main Problem in Speech Perception 149(1)

Evaluation 鈥?Prosody and Segments in Speech Production 150(1)

Further Reading 151(1)
8 Theories of Speech Perception 152(17)

Introduction 152(1)

The Motor Theory of Speech Perception 鈥?An Active Theory 152(1)

The Analysis-by-Synthesis Theory of Speech Perception An Active Theory 153(1)

The Associative Store Theory of Speech Perception 鈥?An Active Theory 154(1)

Perception as a Simple Generic Acoustic Detail Classifier A Passive Theory 155(3)

Categorical Perception Theory 鈥?An Active Theory 158(3)

Direct Perception 鈥?A Passive Theory 161(1)

Auditory Scene Analysis 鈥?An Active Theory 162(1)

Tutorial 鈥?The Associative Store Model in Detail 162(1)

Tutorial 鈥?Top-Down and Bottom-Up Processing 163(2)

Tutorial 鈥?Realism and Idealism 165(2)

Evaluation 鈥?Theories of Speech Perception 167(1)

Further Reading 168(1)
9 Applications 169(35)

Introduction 169(1)

Communication Disorders 170(2)

Introduction 170(1)

Looking at Communication Disorders 170(1)

Understanding Structural Malformation 171(1)

Modelling The Communication Process 171(1)

Behaviour Types 172(1)

Simple Models of Impairment 172(8)

Production Processes and Errors 172(2)

Perception Processes and Errors 174(1)

Relating Ordered and Disordered Speech 174(2)

What Needs To Be Done 176(1)

Relating Cognitive and Biological Models 177(1)

Can Linguistic Models Really Contribute to Work in Communication Disorders? 178(1)

The Ideal Model 179(1)

Two Types of Speech Model 鈥?Static and Dynamic 180(3)

Classical Phonetics 180(1)

Cognitive Phonetics 181(1)

Differences between Classical Phonetics and Cognitive Phonetics 181(1)

Dynamic Computational Models 182(1)

Example Speech Production Disorder 鈥?Apraxia 183(3)

Speech Perception Deficits Other than Hearing Deficits 186(5)

Perception Disorders 187(1)

Aphasia 188(1)

Questions to Ask about Perception 189(2)

Successful Models in Practice 191(2)

Future Areas of Application 191(2)

Speech Technology 193(7)

The Phonetician's Skills and Speech Technology 193(1)

Phonological and Phonetic Descriptions 194(1)

Synthesis Systems 195(9)

Computer Speech 195(1)

Building Synthesis Systems 196(2)

Variability 198(1)

Current Solutions 199(1)

Usefulness of the Classical and Cognitive Phonetics Models 199(1)

Summary 200(1)

Tutorial 鈥?Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Studies 201(1)

Tutorial 鈥?The Linguist's Basic Descriptive Tools 201(1)

Further Reading 202(2)
10 Experimental Work I 鈥?Non-Acoustics 204(17)

Introduction 204(1)

Airflow 204(3)

Nasal Coarticulation 204(3)

Air Pressure 207(4)

Vocal Cord Vibration 207(4)

Intervocalic Voiced Stops 鈥?Vocal Cord Vibration Failure 209(1)

Initial Stops 鈥?Vibration Failure at the Start of the Vowel 210(1)

Electromyography 211(2)

Tense and Lax 211(1)

Non-Synchronising Parameters 212(1)

Prosody and Suprasegmentals 213(6)

Intonation 215(1)

Data 215(1)

Results 215(1)

Discussion 216(1)

Rhythm and Stress 216(5)

Isochrony 217(2)

Evaluation-Modelling Aspiration 219(1)

Further Reading 220(1)
11 Experimental Work II-Acoustics 221(23)

Introduction 221(1)

Information from the Raw Waveform 221(14)

The Continuousness of Speech 221(5)

Data 222(1)

Results-The Big Black Cat Sat Down 222(3)

Results-How Are You? 225(1)

Discussion-How Are You? 225(1)

Vocal Cord Vibration in Consonants 226(4)

Prediction 228(1)

Data 228(1)

Results 229(1)

Discussion 230(1)

Vowel Length and Final Consonant Devoicing 230(5)

Prediction 231(1)

Data 231(1)

Results 232(1)

Discussion-A Choice of Model 232(3)

Information from Spectrograms 235(6)

Loci, Formant Bending and Target Theory 235(1)

Data 235(1)

Results 236(1)

Discussion 236(1)

Intervocalic Consonants and Coarticulation 236(3)

Data and Results 237(1)

Discussion 237(2)

Running Speech and Segments 239(2)

Evaluation-Phonological Rule or Phonetic Rule? 241(1)

Evaluation-The Original Haskins Labs Experiments 242(1)

Further Reading 243(1)
Conclusion 244(2)
References 246(8)
Definitions Index 254(1)
Explanations Index 255(2)
Author and Subject Index 257