简介
This is the first published edition of John Sinclair, Susan Jones and Robert Daley's research on collocation undertaken in 1970. The unpublished report was circulated amongst a small group of academics and was enormously influential, sparking a growth of interest in collocation amongst researchers in linguistics. Collocation was first viewed as important in computational linguistics in the work of Harold Palmer in Japan. Later M.A.K. Halliday and John Sinclair published on collocation in the 1960s. English Collocation Studies is a report on empirical research into collocation, devised by Halliday with Sinclair acting as the Principal Investigator and editor of the resultant OSTI report. The present edition contains an introduction by Professor Wolfgang Teubert based on his interview with John Sinclair. The introduction assesses the extent to which the findings of the original research have developed in the intervening years, and how some of the techniques mentioned in the report were implemented in the COBUILD project at Birmingham University in the 1980s.
目录
Contents 6
Preface 10
Contributors 12
Editor's Preface 14
Interview with John Sinclair conducted 18
English Lexical Studies: Report to OSTI on Project C/LP/08 32
Acknowledgements 33
Steering Committee 33
Staff 33
Organisation of the Report 33
INTRODUCTION 34
Grammar Versus Lexis 34
Span 36
Lexical Items 36
Loose Ends 38
SECTION 1: BACKGROUND 40
1.1 Definition of Specialized Terms used in the Report 40
1.2 Brief History of the Project: Edinburgh 41
1.3 Brief History of the Project: Birmingham 42
1.4 Possibilities for Future Research 46
SECTION 2: TEXTS 49
2.0 Introduction 49
2.1 The Spoken English Text 49
2.2 The Brown University Text 54
2.3 The Scientific Text 56
2.4 Experiments in Obtaining Text from Informants 56
2.5 Literary Texts 60
2.6 Discussion of the Statistical Characteristics of Texts 60
SECTION 3: SIGNIFICANT COLLOCATION 65
3.0 Definitions 65
3.1 Population and Sample 65
3.2 Significance at a Span Position and Significance within a Span 66
3.3 Significance Tests Used 67
3.4 Level of Significance and Minimum Number of Occurrences 72
3.5 Test Decisions 73
3.6 Span 73
3.7 Prediction on the Left and on the Right 79
3.8 Point of Maximum Difference 82
3.9 Calculation of Expected Values and Variances 84
3.10 Methods Used in Section 3.6 86
SECTION 4: FREQUENT WORDS 88
4.0 Introduction 88
4.1 An Examination of Some Grammatical Items 89
4.2 Semi-Grammatical Items 96
SECTION 5: COLLOCATIONAL PATTERNS OF SELECTED LEXICAL ITEMS 101
5.0 Introduction 101
5.1 Selection of Data 101
5.2 Production of Collocational Information 102
5.3 Analysis of Collocational Information 105
5.4 Statistical Considerations 116
SECTION 6: IDENTIFYING LEXICAL ITEMS 122
6.0 Introduction 122
6.1 Multiword Items 122
6.2 Homographs 129
6.3 Paradigms 144
SECTION 7: DISCRIMINATION BETWEEN TWO TEXTS USING STRENGTH OF COLLOCATION AS A DISCRIMINANT 154
7.0 Introduction 154
7.1 Texts 155
7.2 Test Words 155
7.3 Discrimination using Bayes Theorem 156
7.4 Choosing the Prior Distribution of f 157
7.5 Discussion of the Use of Bayes Formula in Deriving Posterior Odds 159
7.6 Choosing the Collocates 159
7.7 The Disputed Text 163
7.8 Conclusions 164
APPENDICES: (Edited for this publication) 170
Section 1 170
Appendix li: Program Descriptions 170
Section 2 174
Appendix 2i: Words in text with 10 or more occurrences (Rank Order) 174
Appendix 2ii: Words in text with 10 or more occurrences (Alphabetical Order) 175
Appendix 2iii: Part of first synthetic text 176
Appendix 2iv: Significant collocates (second synthetic text) 178
Section 4 182
Appendix 4i: Collocational tables for grammatical items 182
Appendix 4iA: the, a 182
Appendix 4iB: and 187
Appendix 4iC: of, in, and to 188
Appendix 4iD: I, you, it (spoken text only) 192
Appendix 4ii: Selection from the available collocation information for semi-grammatical items 194
Section 5 207
Appendix 5i: Collocations significant with only 2 occurrences 207
Appendix 5ii: Collocational patterns for selected lexical items 208
Section 6 214
Appendix 6i: Concordance of right with minority meanings marked 214
Appendix 6ii: Classified occurrences of way 215
Appendix 6iii: Collocates significant with come/came 217
Appendix 6iv: Classified occurrences of year/years 219
Appendix 6iv: Collocates significant with year/years 220
Appendix 6v: Classified occurrences of word/words 222
Appendix 6v: Collocates significant with word/words 223
Appendix 6vi: The \ 225
APPENDIX: Sample from the Spoken English Text 230
REFERENCES 234
INDEX 236
A 236
B 236
C 236
D 236
E 237
F 237
G 237
H 237
I 237
J 237
K 237
L 237
M 237
N 238
O 238
P 238
Q 238
R 238
S 238
T 238
U 239
V 239
W 239
Y 239
Z 239
Preface 10
Contributors 12
Editor's Preface 14
Interview with John Sinclair conducted 18
English Lexical Studies: Report to OSTI on Project C/LP/08 32
Acknowledgements 33
Steering Committee 33
Staff 33
Organisation of the Report 33
INTRODUCTION 34
Grammar Versus Lexis 34
Span 36
Lexical Items 36
Loose Ends 38
SECTION 1: BACKGROUND 40
1.1 Definition of Specialized Terms used in the Report 40
1.2 Brief History of the Project: Edinburgh 41
1.3 Brief History of the Project: Birmingham 42
1.4 Possibilities for Future Research 46
SECTION 2: TEXTS 49
2.0 Introduction 49
2.1 The Spoken English Text 49
2.2 The Brown University Text 54
2.3 The Scientific Text 56
2.4 Experiments in Obtaining Text from Informants 56
2.5 Literary Texts 60
2.6 Discussion of the Statistical Characteristics of Texts 60
SECTION 3: SIGNIFICANT COLLOCATION 65
3.0 Definitions 65
3.1 Population and Sample 65
3.2 Significance at a Span Position and Significance within a Span 66
3.3 Significance Tests Used 67
3.4 Level of Significance and Minimum Number of Occurrences 72
3.5 Test Decisions 73
3.6 Span 73
3.7 Prediction on the Left and on the Right 79
3.8 Point of Maximum Difference 82
3.9 Calculation of Expected Values and Variances 84
3.10 Methods Used in Section 3.6 86
SECTION 4: FREQUENT WORDS 88
4.0 Introduction 88
4.1 An Examination of Some Grammatical Items 89
4.2 Semi-Grammatical Items 96
SECTION 5: COLLOCATIONAL PATTERNS OF SELECTED LEXICAL ITEMS 101
5.0 Introduction 101
5.1 Selection of Data 101
5.2 Production of Collocational Information 102
5.3 Analysis of Collocational Information 105
5.4 Statistical Considerations 116
SECTION 6: IDENTIFYING LEXICAL ITEMS 122
6.0 Introduction 122
6.1 Multiword Items 122
6.2 Homographs 129
6.3 Paradigms 144
SECTION 7: DISCRIMINATION BETWEEN TWO TEXTS USING STRENGTH OF COLLOCATION AS A DISCRIMINANT 154
7.0 Introduction 154
7.1 Texts 155
7.2 Test Words 155
7.3 Discrimination using Bayes Theorem 156
7.4 Choosing the Prior Distribution of f 157
7.5 Discussion of the Use of Bayes Formula in Deriving Posterior Odds 159
7.6 Choosing the Collocates 159
7.7 The Disputed Text 163
7.8 Conclusions 164
APPENDICES: (Edited for this publication) 170
Section 1 170
Appendix li: Program Descriptions 170
Section 2 174
Appendix 2i: Words in text with 10 or more occurrences (Rank Order) 174
Appendix 2ii: Words in text with 10 or more occurrences (Alphabetical Order) 175
Appendix 2iii: Part of first synthetic text 176
Appendix 2iv: Significant collocates (second synthetic text) 178
Section 4 182
Appendix 4i: Collocational tables for grammatical items 182
Appendix 4iA: the, a 182
Appendix 4iB: and 187
Appendix 4iC: of, in, and to 188
Appendix 4iD: I, you, it (spoken text only) 192
Appendix 4ii: Selection from the available collocation information for semi-grammatical items 194
Section 5 207
Appendix 5i: Collocations significant with only 2 occurrences 207
Appendix 5ii: Collocational patterns for selected lexical items 208
Section 6 214
Appendix 6i: Concordance of right with minority meanings marked 214
Appendix 6ii: Classified occurrences of way 215
Appendix 6iii: Collocates significant with come/came 217
Appendix 6iv: Classified occurrences of year/years 219
Appendix 6iv: Collocates significant with year/years 220
Appendix 6v: Classified occurrences of word/words 222
Appendix 6v: Collocates significant with word/words 223
Appendix 6vi: The \ 225
APPENDIX: Sample from the Spoken English Text 230
REFERENCES 234
INDEX 236
A 236
B 236
C 236
D 236
E 237
F 237
G 237
H 237
I 237
J 237
K 237
L 237
M 237
N 238
O 238
P 238
Q 238
R 238
S 238
T 238
U 239
V 239
W 239
Y 239
Z 239
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