回到顶部↑ The aim of this book remains as for the first edition, namely to provide an initial point of ready reference for the identification of hazards and precautions for dangerous chemicals. It is targeted not only at those in the chemical and process industries, but also anyone likely to work with chemicals within industry and in the service sector, e.g. hospitals, uniyersities, research laboratories, engineering, agriculture, etc. It embraces the entire life-cycle of chemicals during transport, storage, processing, marketing, use and eventual disposal and should appeal to chemists, occupational and environmental health practitioners and students, engineers, waste handlers, safety officers and representatives, and health care professionals. Clearly, more detailed texts or professional advice may need to be consulted for specific applications. ... 目录回到顶部↑ Preface to the second edition . Preface to the first edition 1 Introduction 2 Terminology 3 General principles of chemistry Introduction Atoms and molecules Periodic table Valency Chemical bonds Oxidation/Reduction Physical state Acids Bases Halogens Metals Oxygen and sulphur Nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic and antimony pH .Salts Organic chemistry Combustion chemistry Chemical reactivity 4 Physicochemistry Vapour pressure Gas-liquid solubility Liquid-to-vapour phase change Solid-to-liquid phase change Density differences of gases and vapours Density differences of liquids Immiscible liquid-liquid systems Vapour flashing Effects of particle or droplet size Surface area effects in mass transfer or heterogeneous reactions Enthalpy changes on mixing of liquids Critical temperatures of gases Chemical reaction kinetics Corrosion Force and pressure Expansion and contraction of solids 5 Toxic chemicals Introduction Hazard recognition Types of toxic chemicals Hazard assessment Risk assessment of carcinogens Risk control Control of substances hazardous to health Specific precautions 6 Flammable chemicals Ignition and propagation of a flame front Control measures Fire extinguishment Fire precautions 7 Reactive chemicals Water-sensitive chemicals Toxic hazards from mixtures Reactive hazards from mixtures Oxidizing agents Explosive chemicals General principles for storage Hazards arising in chemicals processing 8 Cryogens Liquid oxygen Liquid nitrogen and argon Liquid carbon dioxide Liquefied natural gas 9 Compressed gases Acetylene Air Ammonia Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Chlorine Hydrogen Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen sulphide Liquefied petroleum gases Methane Nitrogen .. Nitrogen oxides Oxygen Ozone Sulphur dioxide 10 Monitoring techniques Selected general analytical techniques for monitoring environmental pollution Gases and vapours Particulates Monitoring water quality Monitoring land pollution Monitoring air pollution Flammable gases Toxic particulates Official methods Sampling strategies Selected strategies for determining employees' exposure to airborne chemicals Pollution monitoring strategies in incident investigation 11 Radioactive chemicals Hazards Types of radiation Control measures 12 Safety by design Design procedures Layout Storage Equipment design Piping arrangements Fire protection Installation and operation 13 Operating procedures Commissioning Operation Maintenance Pressure systems Emergency procedures Spillage First aid Personal protection Medical screening Monitoring standards Training 14 Marketing Classification Packaging Labelling Information 15 Transport of chemicals Road transport Rail transport Air transport Sea transport Modes of transport for liquids, gases and solids Loading and unloading Container filling/discharging 16 Chemicals and the environment: sources and impact Atmospheric emissions Liquid effluents Solid wastes 17 Chemicals and the environment: monitoring and protection Legislative control Waste management Environmental Impact Assessment Control of atmospheric emissions Liquid effluent treatment operations Control of solid waste Monitoring and auditing 18 Conversion tables and measurement data 19 Bibliography Appendix: Selected UK legislation relevant to environmental protection and occupational health and safety in relation to chemicals Index ... ↓展开全部内容 前言回到顶部↑ The aim of this book remains as for the first edition, namely to provide an initial point of ready reference for the identification of hazards and precautions for dangerous chemicals. It is targeted not only at those in the chemical and process industries, but also anyone likely to work with chemicals within industry and in the service sector, e.g. hospitals, uniyersities, research laboratories, engineering, agriculture, etc. It embraces the entire life-cycle of chemicals during transport, storage, processing, marketing, use and eventual disposal and should appeal to chemists, occupational and environmental health practitioners and students, engineers, waste handlers, safety officers and representatives, and health care professionals. Clearly, more detailed texts or professional advice may need to be consulted for specific applications. . Since the first edition in 1994 there have been no significant changes in the fundamentals of chemistry, physics and toxicology upon which the safe handling of chemicals are based. There has, however, been some increase in knowledge relating to the chronic toxicological and potential environmental effects of specific chemicals, and in legislation and government guidelines. These are reflected in the second edition. In general, within the UK the predominant legislation relating to substances hazardous to health, the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 1999 and its accompanying Approved Code of Practice, incorporate significant changes since the 1988 (and 1994) versions. There has been an increase in the controls applicable to the marketing and transportation of different classes of chemicals. Those applicable to major hazards have changed under the Control of Major Accident Hazard Regulations 1999. Other legislation has been introduced: e.g. the Confined Spaces Regulations 1997, the Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulation 1995, the Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations 1996, and the Pressure Systems Safety Regulations 2000 which is of importance to the scope of this text. Increased concern as to the possible environmental impacts of chemical discharges and disposal has been accompanied by more comprehensive legislation for control. General safety legislation was expanded by the introduction of various separate regulations in 1993, including that dealing with management of health and safety at work; workplace health, safety and welfare; workplace equipment; and personal protective equipment. These improvements are, in general, now reflected in industry. The opportunity has been taken to improve each chapter and to update the information. The main changes include an expansion of the terminology in Chapter 2 and provision of an introduction to basic chemical principles for non-chemists in a new Chapter 3. Chapter 4 on Physicochemistry contains additional examples. Chapter 5 on Toxic chemicals has been enlarged and the table of hygiene standards updated. Chapters 6, 7 and 8 on Flammable chemicals, Reactive chemicals and Cryogens, respectively, have been updated and expanded. The scope of Chapter 9 on Compressed gases has been widened to include additional examples together with the basic techniques of preparing gases in situ. Chapter 10 summarizes techniques for monitoring air quality and employee exposure. It has also been expanded to provide guidance on monitoring of water and land pollution. The chapter on Radioactive chemicals (Chapter 11) has been updated. Considerations of safety in design (Chapter 12) are presented separately from systems of work requirements, i.e. Operating procedures (Chapter 13). The considerations for Marketing and transportation of hazardous chemicals are now addressed in two separate chapters (Chapters 14 and 15). Chemicals and the Environment are now also covered in two chapters (Chapters 16 and 17) to reflect the requirement that the impact of chemicals on the environment should be properly assessed, monitored and controlled. Although a substantial contribution to atmospheric pollution is made by emissions from road vehicles and other means of transport, and this is now strictly legislated for, this topic is outside the scope of this text. Chapter 18 provides useful conversion factors to help with the myriad of units used internationally. .. Whilst the hazards identified, and the principles and practice for the control of risks are universal, i.e. they are independent of location, in order to assist quick-reference an appendix of relevant contemporaneous UK legislation has been added as a guide together with a much-expanded Bibliography in Chapter 19. Finally, for convenience of use, the Index has been enlarged. It is hoped that the improvements will help to achieve the objectives for which the text was originally conceived, i.e. to summarize in relatively basic terms the hazards associated with chemicals and how the ensuing risks can be controlled, and to provide sufficient detailed information to supplement that obtainable from suppliers, government publications, trade associations, and computerized data banks where recourse to specialized textbooks may be premature, difficult or unnecessary. ... P.A.C. C.J.M.