Table Of Contents:
Preface xxxv
Acknowledgments xxxix
Editors' Note xliii

Chapter 1 Introduction 1(4)

A Purposes 1(2)

B Organization 3(2)

Part I Framework 5(156)

Chapter 2 Providing for the "Common Defence": The Original Understanding 7(17)

A The Constitutional Text 7(3)

B Pre-Constitutional History and Political Theory in Europe 10(4)

C The American Experience Prior to 1787 14(2)

D The Framers' View 16(8)

1 The Convention 17(3)

2 Ratification 20(2)

Notes and Questions 22(2)

Chapter 3 The Gloss of History: An Introduction to the Separation of National Security Powers 24(28)

A The Steel Seizure Case and Its Theories of Presidential Power 25(19)

Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (The Steel Seizure Case) 25(14)

Notes and Questions 39(1)

a The President's Claim of Lawmaking Authority 40(1)

b The Claim of War Powers as Commander in Chief 41(1)

c The Claim of Inherent Emergency Powers 42(1)

d The Claim of Customary Authority 43(1)

e The Claim of Aggregate Executive Authority to Execute All the Laws 43(1)

B Justice Jackson's Grouping of Presidential Powers 44(6)

1 When the President Acts Pursuant to Delegated Authority 44(1)

2 When the President Acts with Congressional Acquiescence 45(1)

3 When the President Takes Measures Incompatible with the Expressed or Implied Will of Congress 46(1)

Notes and Questions 47(3)

C The Role of the Courts 50(2)

Chapter 4 The President's National Security Powers 52(38)

A The President's Foreign Relations Powers 53(14)

United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp. 53(5)

Notes and Questions 58(2)

Dames & Moore v. Regan 60(5)

Notes and Questions 65(2)

B The Commander in Chief's War Powers 67(16)

1 Defensive War Power 68(1)

The Prize Cases 68(3)

Notes and Questions 71(1)

2 Customary War Powers 72(1)

Francis D. Wormuth & Edwin B. Firmage, To Chain the Dog of War 73(1)

Henry P. Monaghan, Presidential War-Making 74(2)

Notes and Questions 76(1)

3 "Core" Presidential War Powers and Statutory Limits 77(1)

Little v. Barreme 78(1)

Notes and Questions 79(4)

C The President's Emergency Powers 83(7)

In re Neagle 83(3)

Notes and Questions 86(4)

Chapter 5 Congress's National Security Powers 90(33)

A Congressional Authorizations for War 90(9)

1 Declaration of War 91(1)

Joint Resolution Declaring That a State of War Exists Between the Government of Rumania and the Government and the People of the United States and Making Provisions to Prosecute the Same 91(1)

Notes and Questions 91(2)

2 Statutory Authorization for Use of Military Force 93(1)

Bas v. Tingy 93(3)

Notes and Questions 96(2)

3 Authorizing the Use of Military Force by "Partial Congressional Declaration" or Congressional Silence 98(1)

Notes and Questions 98(1)

B Delegations and Appropriations for National Security 99(12)

Lichter v. United States 99(3)

Greene v. McElroy 102(3)

Notes and Questions 105(1)

a Delegations of National Security Authority 105(2)

b Authorization by Defense Appropriation 107(2)

c Limitation by Defense Appropriation 109(2)

C Statutory Emergency Powers 111(3)

Proclamation No. 7463, Declaration of National Emergency by Reason of Certain Terrorist Attacks 111(1)

Notes and Questions 112(2)

D Limitations on Congressional War Powers 114(9)

1 Substantive Limits on Congressional National Security Powers 114(1)

a The Nondelegation Principle 114(1)

b The Lovett Principle 115(1)

Notes and Questions 116(3)

2 Procedural Limits on Congressional National Security Powers: Chadha 119(1)

Notes and Questions 120(3)

Chapter 6 The Courts' National Security Powers 123(38)

A The Federal Judicial Power Generally 123(1)

B A Self-Defining Role for Courts: The Justiciability Doctrines 124(18)

1 The Political Question Doctrine 125(1)

El-Shifa Pharmaceutical Industries Co. v. United States 126(7)

Notes and Questions 133(2)

2 Standing to Sue 135(1)

Notes and Questions 136(1)

a Citizen Plaintiffs 136(2)

b Congressional Plaintiffs 138(2)

3 Ripeness 140(1)

Notes and Questions 140(2)

C The State Secrets Privilege: A New Nonjusticiability? 142(19)

Mohamed v. Jeppesen Dataplan, Inc. 142(13)

Notes and Questions 155(6)

Part II International Law as "Our Law" 161(106)

Chapter 7 The Domestic Effect of International Law 163(47)

A The Making and Interpretation of Treaties and Agreements 164(9)

1 Treaties 164(1)

Notes and Questions 164(7)

2 Executive and Other Agreements 171(1)

Dames & Moore v. Regan 171(1)

Notes and Questions 171(2)

B The Domestic Legal Effect of Treaties and Executive Agreements 173(9)

Reid v. Covert 174(2)

Committee of U.S. Citizens Living in Nicaragua v. Reagan 176(3)

Notes and Questions 179(3)

C Statutory Incorporation of International Law 182(3)

Al-Bihani v. Obama 183(1)

Notes and Questions 184(1)

D The Domestic Legal Effect of Customary International Law and Jus Cogens 185(25)

Committee of U.S. Citizens Living in Nicaragua v. Regan 185(4)

Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain 189(6)

Notes and Questions 195(1)

a The Making and Incorporation of Customary International Law 195(1)

b "Controlling" Executive and Legislative Acts and Judicial Decisions 196(3)

c Jus Cogens 199(1)

d The Continuing Incorporation Debate 200(1)

Al-Bihani v. Obama 200(8)

Notes and Questions 208(2)

Chapter 8 The Right to Wage War (jus ad helium) 210(24)

A Law Regarding Resort to the Use of Force: The Basic Elements 211(7)

1 The United Nations Charter: Making "War to Preserve or Restore Peace 211(1)

Charter of the United Nations 212(1)

Notes and Questions 213(2)

2 The Role of the United States Under Chapter VII 215(1)

United Nations Participation Act, 22 U.S.C. §§287--287e-2 216(1)

Notes and Questions 216(2)

B Content of Jus Ad Bellum 218(16)

Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America) 218(12)

Notes and Questions 230(4)

Chapter 9 International Humanitarian Law (jus in bello) 234(33)

A Authorities for Jus In Bello 236(18)

1 IHL for the Victims of War---The 1949 Geneva Conventions 236(1)

Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War (Geneva III) 236(3)

Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (Geneva IV) 239(1)

2 IHL Revised: The Protocols Additional and the Rome Statute 240(1)

Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949 (1977 Protocol I) 241(9)

Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court 250(1)

Notes and Questions 251(3)

B Targeting and Protecting Civilians in Armed Conflict 254(6)

Authority to Use Military Force in Libya 254(3)

Notes and Questions 257(3)

C Treatment of Prisoners in War 260(7)

Prosecutor v. Delalic (Celebici case) 261(3)

Notes and Questions 264(3)

Part III Using Force Abroad 267(174)

Chapter 10 How We Go to War: Lessons from Vietnam 269(38)

A Going to War in Vietnam 270(23)

1 How the War Began: A Brief History 270(4)

Tonkin Gulf Resolution 274(2)

2 Legal Foundations for the Commitment of U.S. Forces 276(1)

Leonard C. Meeker, The Legality of United States Participation in the Defense of Viet-Nam 276(4)

Notes and Questions 280(1)

Southeast Asia Collective Defense (SEATO) Treaty 281(5)

3 Testing the Legitimacy of the War in Court 286(1)

Orlando v. Laird 286(3)

Notes and Questions 289(4)

B Limiting the Scope of the Vietnam War 293(5)

1 Cambodia 294(1)

2 Laos 295(1)

Notes and Questions 296(2)

C Ending the Vietnam War 298(9)

1 Repeal of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution 298(1)

Notes and Questions 298(3)

2 Another Congressional Step Back 301(1)

Mansfield Amendment (Nov. 17, 1971) 301(1)

Notes and Questions 301(1)

3 Cutting off Funding for the War 302(1)

Joint Resolution Making Continuing Appropriations for Fiscal Year 1974 (July 1, 1973) 302(1)

Holtzman v. Schlesinger 303(2)

Notes and Questions 305(2)

Chapter 11 The War Powers Resolution 307(16)

War Powers Resolution, 50 U.S.C. §§1541--1548 307(3)

Richard M. Nixon, Veto of the War Powers Resolution 310(2)

Notes and Questions 312(1)

a The "Substantive" Provisions of Section 2 312(1)

b Consultation 313(1)

c The "Hostilities" Trigger and the Reporting Requirements 314(3)

d The 60-Day Clock 317(2)

e The Concurrent Resolution 319(1)

f The Rule of Construction 319(1)

g Replacing the WPR 320(1)

h The WPR in Practice 320(1)

Letter from the President to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President Pro Tempore of the Senate (March 21, 2011) 320(3)

Chapter 12 Collective Self-Defense 323(20)

A The Korean "Police Action" 324(4)

1 The Outbreak of War 324(1)

2 The President's Response 325(1)

Notes and Questions 326(2)

B The Persian Gulf War 328(6)

1 The Invasion of Kuwait 328(1)

2 Operation Desert Shield 328(2)

3 The Buildup 330(1)

United Nations Security Council Resolution 678 330(1)

4 Operation Desert Storm 331(1)

Letter to Congressional Leaders on the Persian Gulf Crisis (Jan. 8, 1991) 331(1)

Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq (Jan. 14, 1991) 332(1)

Notes and Questions 333(1)

C Afghanistan 334(9)

1 The U.S. Response to 9/11 in Afghanistan 334(1)

2 The United Nations Role 335(1)

3 A New Role for NATO 336(1)

Charter of the United Nations --- Chapter VIII Regional Arrangements 337(2)

4 A Plan for Transition to Peace 339(1)

Notes and Questions 339(4)

Chapter 13 Unilateral Self-Defense and Rescue 343(33)

A Repelling Sudden Attacks 344(4)

1 Authority to Repel Sudden Attacks: The Basic Understanding 344(1)

The Prize Cases 344(1)

2 The Gulf of Sidra Incident: Repelling (or Provoking?) Attack 344(2)

Statement of Abraham D. Sofaer, The War Powers Resolution and Antiterrorist Operations 346(1)

Notes and Questions 346(2)

B Striking First (or Striking Back?): Anticipatory Self-Defense 348(6)

1 The 1986 U.S. Attack on Libya 348(1)

Notes and Questions 349(2)

2 The 1998 Attacks on Sudan and Afghanistan 351(1)

Notes and Questions 352(2)

C Preemptive War 354(13)

1 Planning for Another War in Iraq 354(3)

2 Authority for a New War in Iraq 357(1)

Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002 (Oct. 16, 2002) 357(1)

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1441 358(2)

Notes and Questions 360(3)

3 Justifications for the War 363(2)

Notes and Questions 365(1)

4 Victory in Iraq? 365(1)

Notes and Questions 366(1)

D Rescue 367(9)

1 Domestic Authority for Rescue: Basic Doctrine 367(1)

In re Neagle 367(1)

Durand v. Hollins 368(1)

Hostage Act, 22 U.S.C. §1732 369(1)

2 The Iran Hostage Rescue Mission 369(2)

Letter of President Jimmy Carter to the Speaker of the House and President Pro Tempore of the Senate (April 26, 1980) 371(1)

Legal Opinion by Lloyd Cutler, War Powers Consultation Relative to the Iran Rescue Mission (May 9, 1980) 372(1)

Notes and Questions 372(4)

Chapter 14 Targeting Terrorists 376(35)

A Targeted Killing by The United States After 9/11 376(2)

B Targeted Killing and Human Rights Law 378(9)

Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 379(1)

McCann v. United Kingdom 380(5)

Notes and Questions 385(2)

C Targeted Killing and International Humanitarian Law 387(16)

Public Committee Against Torture in Israel v. Israel 387(10)

Harold Koh, The Obama Administration and International Law 397(2)

Notes and Questions 399(4)

D U.S. Law and Executive Order No. 12,333 403(8)

W. Hays Parks, Executive Order 12,333 and Assassination 404(3)

Notes and Questions 407(4)

Chapter 15 Humanitarian and Peace Operations 411(30)

A Authority for Peaceful Deployments 413(8)

1 International Authorities 413(2)

Notes and Questions 415(2)

2 Domestic Authorities 417(1)

International Disaster Assistance, 22 U.S.C. §2292 417(1)

Humanitarian and Other Assistance, 10 U.S.C. §§401--405 417(1)

Detail of Personnel to International Organizations, 22 U.S.C. §2388 418(1)

United Nations Participation Act, 22 U.S.C. §§287--287e-2 419(1)

Notes and Questions 419(2)

B Intervention in Somalia: Crossing the Mogadishu Line 421(9)

Authority of the President to Use United States Military Forces for the Protection of Relief Efforts in Somalia 422(4)

Letter from President George Bush to Congressional Leaders (Dec. 10, 1992) 426(3)

Notes and Questions 429(1)

C Humanitarian Intervention in Libya---2011 430(11)

Executive Order No. 13,566, Blocking Property and Prohibiting Certain Transactions Related to Libya 432(2)

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970 434(1)

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 435(2)

Notes and Questions 437(4)

Part IV Intelligence Operations and Collection 441(290)

Chapter 16 Organization and Authority of the Intelligence Community 443(29)

A Authority for Intelligence Activities 444(21)

1 Statutory Authorities 444(1)

a The DNI 445(1)

b The CIA 446(1)

c The National Security Council 447(1)

Notes and Questions 448(1)

2 Presidential Authority 449(2)

Executive Order No. 12,333, United States Intelligence Activities 451(10)

Notes and Questions 461(1)

a Deciding on Intelligence Operations 462(1)

b The Internal Executive Branch Process for Approving Intelligence Operations 462(1)

c Conducting Intelligence Operations 463(1)

d Overseeing Intelligence Operation Decisions 464(1)

B Intelligence Reorganization After 9/11 465(7)

1 The Director of National Intelligence (DNI) ---An Intelligence Czar? 466(1)

2 Budget Authority 466(1)

3 The New Structure for National Intelligence 467(1)

Notes and Questions 468(4)

Chapter 17 Covert Actions in Principle and Practice 472(39)

A The First Public Control---The Neutrality Act 473(2)

Notes and Questions 475(1)

B Covert Actions: Origins and Practice 475(2)

Statement of Mitchell Rogovin, Special Counsel to the Director of Central Intelligence 475(1)

Robert Borosage, Para-Legal Authority and Its Perils 476(1)

Notes and Questions 477(1)

C Covert Actions During the Cold War 477(4)

1 Interpreting the 1947 Act 477(2)

2 Executive Branch Implementation 479(1)

Notes and Questions 480(1)

D Congressional Oversight 481(7)

1 From the Cold War Through Vietnam 481(1)

2 Budget Oversight 481(2)

Notes and Questions 483(2)

3 Congressional Oversight Reforms 485(1)

a The War Powers Resolution and Covert Action 485(1)

b The Hughes-Ryan Amendment of 1974 and the Intelligence Oversight Act of 1980 486(1)

Notes and Questions 487(1)

E Case Study: The Iran-Contra Affair 488(15)

1 The Legality of the Arms Sales 489(1)

Notes and Questions 490(2)

2 Covert Support for the Contras and the Boland Amendments 492(1)

Boland II, Pub. L. No. 98--473, §8066(a) 493(1)

Notes and Questions 494(4)

3 The Iran-Contra Affair in the Courts 498(1)

United States v. North 499(2)

Notes and Questions 501(2)

F Continuing Oversight Reforms 503(8)

Intelligence Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 1991 504(4)

Statement on Signing the Intelligence Act, Fiscal Year 1991 508(1)

Notes and Questions 509(2)

Chapter 18 Defying Oversight? Dirty Assets, Special Military Operations, and Contractors 511(14)

A Paramilitary and Dirty Assets 511(8)

1 The Armee Clandestine in Laos 511(1)

2 The Military Coup in Chile 512(1)

Central Intelligence Agency, CIA Activities in Chile 512(1)

3 Other Dirty Asserts 513(2)

Notes and Questions 515(4)

B Military Special Operations as Intelligence Activities 519(3)

Notes and Questions 520(2)

C The CIA, Contractors, and the "Shadow War" 522(3)

Notes and Questions 523(2)

Chapter 19 Organizing for Intelligence Collection 525(28)

A The Intelligence Cycle 525(2)

Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities (Church Committee), Foreign and Military Intelligence 525(2)

Notes and Questions 527(1)

B How is Intelligence Collected?---The "INTS" 527(5)

Mark M. Lowenthal, Intelligence: From Secrets to Policy 528(3)

Notes and Questions 531(1)

C Who Does the Collecting? 532(17)

Executive Order No. 12,333, United States Intelligence Activities 532(1)

1 The CIA 532(1)

The National Security Act of 1947, 50 U.S.C. §403--4a 532(1)

Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities (Church Committee), Foreign and Military Intelligence 533(1)

Halkin v. Helms 534(4)

Notes and Questions 538(2)

2 The FBI 540(1)

Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities (Church Committee), Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans 541(2)

Notes and Questions 543(3)

3 The NSA 546(1)

Executive Order No. 12,333, United States Intelligence Activities 547(1)

Notes and Questions 548(1)

D Sharing Collected Intelligence 549(4)

1 Bridging the Law Enforcement/Intelligence Collection Divide 550(1)

2 Coordinating the FBI 551(1)

Notes and Questions 552(1)

Chapter 20 The Fourth Amendment and National Security 553(27)

A The Fourth Amendment Framework 554(3)

William C. Banks & M.E. Bowman, Executive Authority for National Security Surveillance 557(1)

B A National Security Exception? 557(11)

Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1977 557(2)

United States v. United States District Court 559(6)

Notes and Questions 565(3)

C A Foreign Intelligence Exception? 568(12)

United Slates v. Ehrlichman 569(3)

Notes and Questions 572(2)

United States v. Truong Dinh Hung 574(3)

Notes and Questions 577(3)

Chapter 21 Congressional Authority for Foreign Intelligence Surveillance 580(28)

A The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA): Core Requirements and Procedures 581(18)

United States v. Rosen 582(8)

Notes and Questions 590(1)

a Title III Warrants for Ordinary Criminal Investigations 590(1)

b The Scope of FISA Electronic Surveillance and Physical Searches 590(3)

c The FISA Application Process for Electronic Surveillance or a Physical Search 593(4)

d Constitutional Concerns 597(2)

B FISA, Law Enforcement, and "The Wall" 599(8)

In re: Sealed Case 600(6)

Notes and Questions 606(1)

C FISA Trends 607(1)

Chapter 22 Programmatic Electronic Surveillance for Foreign Intelligence 608(25)

A Case Study: The Terrorist Surveillance Program 609(10)

Letter from William E. Moschella to the Honorable Pat Roberts, Chairman, Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (Dec. 22, 2005) 609(4)

Notes and Questions 613(6)

B The FISA Amendments Act and the Future of Programmatic Surveillance 619(14)

In re Directives [Redacted Text] Pursuant to Section 105B of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act 620(8)

Notes and Questions 628(1)

a The FISA Amendments Act 628(4)

b The In re Directives Decision 632(1)

Chapter 23 Third-Party Records and Data Mining 633(45)

A Finding the Dots---Third-Party Records 633(38)

1 Expectations of Privacy Regarding Third-Party Records 633(1)

Smith v. Maryland 633(4)

Notes and Questions 637(3)

United States v. Warshak 640(8)

Notes and Questions 648(1)

2 Techniques and Authorities for Collection of Transactional Data 649(3)

Doe v. Ashcroft (Doe I) 652(13)

Notes and Questions 665(6)

B Connecting the Dots---Data Mining 671(7)

Notes and Questions 674(4)

Chapter 24 Screening for Security 678(31)

A Checkpoint Searches 679(7)

United States v. Arnold 680(3)

Notes and Questions 683(3)

B Identification and Watch-Listing 686(8)

Gilmore v. Gonzales 688(2)

Notes and Questions 690(1)

a Identification Requirements 690(2)

b Watch Lists and Other Identification-Related Databases 692(2)

C Profiling 694(15)

Farag v. United States 694(8)

Notes and Questions 702(1)

a Legal Analysis of Profiling 702(2)

b Practical Problems and Assessment of Profiling 704(3)

c National Origin and Religious Profiling 707(2)

Chapter 25 Surveillance Abroad 709(22)

Reid v. Covert 709(3)

United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez 712(5)

Notes and Questions 717(3)

In re Terrorist Bombings of U.S. Embassies in East Africa (Fourth Amendment Challenges) 720(6)

Notes and Questions 726(5)

Part V Detaining Terrorist Suspects 731(162)

Chapter 26 Preventive Detention by Civil Authorities 733(31)

A Constitutional Basis for Preventive Detention 734(4)

Notes and Questions 735(3)

B "Spitting on the Sidewalk" ---Pretextual (?) Criminal Detention 738(1)

Notes and Questions 738(1)

C Detention of "High Interest" or "Special Interest" Immigrants 739(15)

Affidavit of Michael E. Rolince, U.S. Dept. Of Justice, Exec. Office for Immigration Review 739(3)

Office of the Inspector General, Department of Justice, Press Release, The September 11 Detainees: A Review of the Treatment of Aliens Held on Immigration Charges in Connection with the Investigation of the September 11 Attacks 742(2)

Iqbal v. Hasty 744(4)

Ashcroft v. Iqbal 748(2)

Notes and Questions 750(4)

D Material Witness Detentions 754(10)

Ashcroft v. al-Kidd 754(7)

Notes and Questions 761(3)

Chapter 27 The Great Writ: Habeas Corpus Before 9/11 764(18)

A Statutory Basis for Habeas Corpus 765(1)

Habeas Corpus, 28 U.S.C. §§2241--2255 765(1)

B Suspending the Writ 766(9)

Ex parte Milligan 767(6)

Notes and Questions 773(2)

C Availability of the Writ to Nonresident Aliens Before 9/11 775(7)

Johnson v. Eisentrager 775(5)

Notes and Questions 780(2)

Chapter 28 The Great Writ: Habeas Corpus After 9/11 782(29)

Military Order of November 13, 2001, Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism 783(1)

A Extending the Statutory Writ to Guantanamo Bay Detainees 783(4)

Notes and Questions 785(1)

Detainee Treatment Act of 2005, Pub. L. No. 109--148, §1001--1006 786(1)

B Extending the Constitutional Writ to Guantanamo Bay Detainees (and Others?) 787(24)

Boumediene v. Bush 787(19)

Notes and Questions 806(2)

Rasul v. Myers 808(2)

Notes and Questions 810(1)

Chapter 29 Military Detention Before 9/11 811(19)

A Military Detention of Noncombatants Before 9/11 811(11)

Alien Enemy Act, 50 U.S.C. §21 811(1)

Korematsu v. United States 812(5)

Notes and Questions 817(5)

B Military Detention of Combatants Before 9/11 822(8)

Ex parte Milligan 822(1)

Ex parte Quirin 823(3)

Notes and Questions 826(4)

Chapter 30 Military Detention After 9/11 830(63)

A Military Detention of Battlefield Captives 831(24)

Hamdi v. Rumsfeld 831(20)

Notes and Questions 851(4)

B Military Detention of Persons Captured in the United States 855(21)

1 Jose Padilla 855(1)

Padilla v. Rumfeld 856(1)

Padilla v. Hanft 856(1)

2 Ali Saleh Kahlah al-Marri 857(1)

Al-Marri v. Pucciarelli 858(16)

Notes and Questions 874(2)

C Military Detention: Evolving Law of the Habeas Cases 876(11)

Al-Bihani v. Obama 877(7)

Notes and Questions 884(3)

D Closing Guantanamo and Choosing Criminal Process 887(6)

White House, Office of the Press Secretary, Fact Sheet: New Actions on Guantanamo and Detainee Policy 889(2)

Notes and Questions 891(2)

Part VI Interrogating Terrorist Suspects 893(86)

Chapter 31 Interrogating Terrorist Suspects 895(31)

A When is Interrogation Torture? 896(10)

Court-Martial of Major Edwin F. Glenn 896(4)

Application of 18 U.S.C. §§2340--2340A to the Combined Use of Certain Techniques in the Interrogation of High Value al Qaeda Detainees 900(3)

Notes and Questions 903(3)

B The Legal Standards and their Application 906(20)

United States v. Charles Emmanuel 907(7)

Notes and Questions 914(1)

a The Convention Against Torture 914(3)

b Incorporating the Geneva Conventions 917(1)

War Crimes Act, 18 U.S.C. §2441 917(1)

Common Article 3, Geneva Conventions for the Protection of Victims of War 918(1)

c Domestic Law on Torture 919(2)

Detainee Treatment Act, Pub. L. No. 109--148, §1001--1006 921(1)

Executive Order No, 13,491, Ensuring Lawful Interrogations 922(4)

Chapter 32 Case Study: Coercive Interrogation by U.S. Forces After 9/11 926(26)

A The Evolving History of Interrogation of Suspected Terrorists 926(13)

Counter-Resistance Techniques in the War on Terrorism 930(6)

Senate Armed Services Committee Inquiry into the Treatment of Detainees in U.S. Custody 936(3)

B Applying the Interrogation Laws 939(13)

Notes and Questions 939(1)

a Legality Under International Law 939(4)

b Responsibility for Abuse 943(1)

c Criminal Liability 944(2)

Model Penal Code §3.02. Justification Generally: Choice of Evils 946(1)

Model Penal Code §2.04. Ignorance or Mistake 946(4)

d Civil Liability 950(2)

Chapter 33 Extraordinary Rendition 952(27)

Arar v. Ashcroft 953(18)

Notes and Questions 971(1)

a The Rendition Program 971(2)

b Judicial Remedies for Extraordinary Rendition 973(2)

c International Law Limits on Extraordinary Rendition 975(2)

d Reforms 977(2)

Part VII Prosecuting Threats to National Security 979(136)

Chapter 34 Criminalizing Terrorism and Material Support 981(35)

A Treason and Sedition 981(7)

United States v. Rahman 981(5)

Notes and Questions 986(2)

B Material Support Crimes 988(19)

Providing Material Support to Terrorists, 18 U.S.C. §2339A 989(1)

Providing Material Support or Resources to Designated Foreign Terrorist Organizations, 18 U.S.C. §2339B 990(1)

Prohibitions Against the Financing of Terrorism, 18 U.S.C. §2339C 990(1)

Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project 990(13)

Notes and Questions 1003(4)

C The Long Arm of the Law: Extraterritorial Criminal Jurisdiction 1007(9)

United States v. Bin Laden 1007(5)

Notes and Questions 1012(4)

Chapter 35 Prosecuting Accused Terrorists and Their Supporters in Criminal Courts 1016(47)

A The Classified Information Procedures Act 1018(9)

Classified Information Procedures Act, 18 U.S.C. app. 3 §§1--16 1018(2)

United States v. Lee 1020(3)

Notes and Questions 1023(4)

B Using "Silent" Witnesses and Secret Evidence 1027(16)

United States v. Abu Ali 1027(5)

United States v. Rosen 1032(8)

Notes and Questions 1040(3)

C Access to Secret Exculpatory Testimony 1043(8)

United States v. Moussaoui 1043(5)

Notes and Questions 1048(3)

D Coerced Evidence 1051(8)

United States v. Ghailani 1051(4)

United States v. Ghailani 1055(3)

Notes and Questions 1058(1)

E Do We Need a National Security Court? 1059(4)

Notes and Questions 1060(3)

Chapter 36 Trial by Military Commission 1063(52)

A Trial by Military Commission before 9/11 1064(1)

Ex Parte Milligan 1064(1)

Ex Parte Quirin 1064(1)

Notes and Questions 1064(1)

B Trial by Military Commission after 9/11: The First Phase 1064(32)

Legality of the Use of Military Commissions to Try Terrorists 1065(6)

Military Order of November 13, 2001, Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism 1071(4)

Hamdan v. Rumsfeld 1075(19)

Notes and Questions 1094(2)

C Military Commissions after Hamdan 1096(19)

1 Personal Jurisdiction 1097(1)

Notes and Questions 1098(2)

2 Subject Matter Jurisdiction 1100(2)

Notes and Questions 1102(2)

3 Evidence Obtained by Coercion 1104(1)

United States of America v. Mohammed Jawad 1105(2)

United States of America v. Omar Ahmed Khadr 1107(3)

Notes and Questions 1110(1)

4 Other Evidentiary Rules 1111(1)

Notes and Questions 1112(1)

5 Assessment 1113(2)

Part VIII Homeland Security 1115(62)

Chapter 37 Homeland Security 1117(29)

A Worst-Case Scenario: A Plague on Your City 1117(6)

Thomas V. Inglesby, Rita Grossman & Tara O'Toole, A Plague on Your City: Observations from TOPOFF 1117(3)

Notes and Questions 1120(3)

B The Federal Response Role 1123(11)

1 Stafford Act Authorities 1124(1)

2 The Homeland Security Act and Related Directives 1124(1)

3 The National Response Plan 1125(1)

4 The National Response Framework 1126(1)

Department of Homeland Security, National Response Framework 1126(2)

Department of Homeland Security, National Response Framework, Catastrophic Incident Annex 1128(3)

Notes and Questions 1131(3)

C First Responders: The State and Local and Response 1134(7)

1 State Law 1134(1)

Notes and Questions 1135(2)

2 The Model State Emergency Health Powers Act (MSEHPA) 1137(1)

Model State Emergency Health Powers Act 1138(2)

Notes and Questions 1140(1)

D The Federal Role in Responding to Bioterrorist Attacks 1141(5)

Public Health Service Act, 42 U.S.C. §§201--300bbb 1141(1)

Interstate Quarantine Regulations, 42 C.F.R. pt. 70 1142(1)

Notes and Questions 1143(3)

Chapter 38 The Military's Domestic Role 1146(31)

A The Traditional Role of the Military In American Society 1146(14)

1 The Posse Comitatus Act as a Background Principle 1147(1)

Bissonette v. Haig 1147(3)

Notes and Questions 1150(2)

Case Study: Raid on the Branch Davidians 1152(1)

2 Exceptions to the Posse Comitatus Act 1153(1)

Insurrection Act, 10 U.S.C. §§331--335 1153(1)

Military Cooperation with Law Enforcement Officials Act, 10 U.S.C. §§371--382 1154(2)

Notes and Questions 1156(4)

B The Military's Intelligence Role In Homeland Security 1160(9)

1 Military Domestic Surveillance During the Vietnam War 1160(1)

Laird v. Tatum 1161(4)

Notes and Questions 1165(2)

2 Domestic Use of Military Intelligence Today 1167(1)

Notes and Questions 1168(1)

C The Military's Role in Responding To Domestic Terrorist Attacks 1169(5)

1 Leading or Supporting Role? 1169(1)

2 Controlling Authorities 1170(1)

3 Organizing for a Response 1171(1)

4 New Rules After 9/11? 1172(1)

Notes and Questions 1173(1)

D Martial Law: When Planning Fails 1174(3)

Ex parte Milligan 1175(1)

Notes and Questions 1175(2)

Part IX Obtaining and Protecting National Security Information 1177(136)

Chapter 39 Regulating Access to National Security Information 1179(18)

A Balancing Secrecy, Security, and Self-Determination 1180(5)

1 Elements of the Bargain 1180(1)

Arvin S. Quist, Security Classification of Information 1180(1)

2 Categories of Secrets 1181(1)

3 Greater Security with Fewer Secrets? 1182(2)

4 The Cost of Secrecy 1184(1)

Notes and Questions 1184(1)

B Classification of National Security Information 1185(12)

Executive Order No. 13,526, Classified National Security Information 1185(6)

Notes and Questions 1191(6)

Chapter 40 Statutory Access to National Security Information 1197(32)

A The Freedom of Information Act 1197(28)

A Citizen's Guide on Using the Freedom of Information Act and the Privacy Act of 1974 to Request Government Records 1197(1)

1 The Statutory Text 1198(1)

Freedom of Information Act, 5 U.S.C. §552 1198(4)

Notes and Questions 1202(4)

2 Statutory Exemptions and Judicial Review 1206(1)

Ray v. Turner 1206(7)

American Civil Liberties Union v. United States Department of Defense 1213(6)

Notes and Questions 1219(6)

B Other Open Government Laws 1225(4)

1 Presidential Records Act 1225(2)

2 Privacy Act 1227(1)

3 Open Meetings Laws 1228(1)

Chapter 41 Other Grounds for Access to National Security Information 1229(21)

A Common Law Right to Know 1229(3)

Schwartz v. United States Department of Justice 1229(1)

Notes and Questions 1230(2)

B Constitutional Right to Know 1232(10)

North Jersey Media Group, Inc. v, Ashcroft 1233(4)

Notes and Questions 1237(5)

C Congress's Right of Access to National Security Information 1242(8)

McGrain v. Daugherty 1242(3)

Notes and Questions 1245(5)

Chapter 42 Restraining Unauthorized Disclosures of National Security Information 1250(29)

A Restraining Leaks by Contract 1251(11)

1 The CIA Precedents 1251(1)

United States v. Marchetti 1251(2)

Snepp v. United States 1253(4)

Notes and Questions 1257(1)

2 Nondisclosure Agreements and Lifetime Prepublication Review 1258(1)

Classified Information Nondisclosure Agreement (SF189) 1259(1)

Sensitive Compartmented Information Nondisclosure Agreement (SF 4193) 1260(1)

Notes and Questions 1260(2)

B Restraining Leaks by Espionage Prosecutions 1262(17)

Espionage and Censorship, 18 U.S.C. §§793--798 1262(2)

Public Money, Property or Records, 18 U.S.C. §641 1264(1)

United States v. Rosen 1264(8)

Notes and Questions 1272(4)

Note on "Authorized" Leaks: The Valerie Plame Affair 1276(3)

Chapter 43 Restraints on Publication of National Security Information 1279(34)

A Fundamentals of Censorship: The Pentagon Papers Litigation 1280(20)

1 The Roles of Lawyers and Journalists 1280(2)

Notes and Questions 1282(4)

2 An Inherent Power of the Executive to Censor? 1286(3)

New York Times Co. v. United States 1289(7)

Notes and Questions 1296(2)

Case Study---Wikileaks: the New New York Times? 1298(1)

Notes and Questions 1299(1)

B The Extreme Case: The Progressive 1300(3)

Notes and Questions 1302(1)

C Publication as a Crime 1303(6)

Espionage and Censorship Act, 18 U.S.C. §§793--798 1303(2)

Notes and Questions 1305(4)

D Innovations in Censorship 1309(4)
Appendix --- Constitution of the United States 1313(8)
Table of Cases 1321(6)
Index 1327