Table Of Contents:
Preface xx

Introduction to Human Behavior in the Macro Social Environment 1(42)

What Is the Macro Social Environment? 6(2)

The Macro Social Environment and Generalist Social Work Practice 8(1)

Work Within an Organizational Structure 9(1)

Using a Seven-Step Planned Change Process 9(1)

Targeting Any Size System 10(7)

Ecosystems Theory and the Macro Social Environment 11(1)

Ecosystems Theory: Basic Terms Taken from Social Systems Theories 11(1)

System 12(1)

Boundaries 12(1)

Subsystem 12(1)

Homeostasis 12(1)

Roles 12(1)

Relationships 13(1)

Input 13(1)

Output 13(1)

Negative and Positive Feedback 14(1)

Interface 14(1)

Differentiation 15(1)

Entropy 15(1)

Negative Entropy 15(1)

Equifinality 15(1)

Ecosystems Theory: Basic Terms Taken from the Ecological Perspective 16(1)

The Social Environment 16(1)

Highlight 1.1: Summary of Some of the Major Concepts in Systems Theory and the Ecological Perspective 17(3)

Energy 17(1)

Adaptation 18(1)

Person-in-Environment Fit 18(1)

Stress, Stressors, and Coping 18(1)

Relatedness 19(1)

Interdependence 19(1)

Highlight 1.2: Personal Characteristics 20(4)

People's Involvement with Multiple Systems in the Social Environment 20(4)

A Wide Range of Professional Roles 24(1)

Highlight 1.3: The History of Generalist Practice with and Within Communities 25(1)

Application of Critical Thinking Skills 26(3)

Focus on Empowerment and the Strengths Perspective 29(3)

The Strengths Perspective 30(2)

Highlight 1.4: What are Your Strengths? 32(2)

Resiliency: Using Strengths to Combat Difficulty 32(2)

Other Important Principles Characterizing Social Work in the Macro Social Environment 34(1)

Human Diversity 34(1)

Highlight 1.5: Sexual Orientation and the Expression of Gender 35(6)

Culture 36(1)

Cultural Competence 37(1)

Competency One: Becoming Aware of One's Own Assumptions, Values, and Biases about Human Behavior 37(1)

Competency Two: Understanding the Worldview of Culturally Diverse Clients 37(1)

Competency Three: Developing Appropriate Intervention Strategies and Techniques 38(1)

Competency Four: Understanding Organizational and Institutional Forces That Enhance or Negate Cultural Competence 38(1)

Oppression 39(1)

Populations-at-Risk 40(1)

Promotion of Social and Economic Justice 40(1)

Chapter Summary 41(2)

Human Behavior in Groups: Theories and Dynamics 43(35)

Theoretical Perspectives on Groups 46(3)

Field Theory 46(2)

Social Exchange Theory 48(1)

Learning Theory 48(1)

Highlight 2.1: Analysis of a Conversation According to Social Exchange Theory 49(1)

Highlight 2.2: An Example of Negative Reinforcement in a Macro Setting 50(1)

Cognitive-Behavioral Theory 50(1)

Highlight 2.3: An Example of Punishment in a Macro Setting 51(2)

Psychoanalytic Theory 52(1)

Highlight 2.4: Case Example---ID, Ego, and Superego 53(10)

Systems Theory 53(1)

Objectives of Groups 54(1)

Balance Between Task and Socio-Emotional Functions 54(1)

Group Functioning 55(1)

Empowerment Theory 55(1)

Social Justice 56(1)

Consciousness Raising 56(1)

Mutual Aid 56(1)

Power 57(1)

Multicultural Socialization 57(1)

Feminist Theories 58(1)

Using a ``Gender Lens'' 59(1)

The End of Patriarchy 59(1)

Empowerment 60(1)

Consciousness Raising 60(1)

The Personal Is Political 61(1)

The Importance of Process 62(1)

Unity in Diversity: ``Diversity Is Strength'' 62(1)

Validation 62(1)

Understanding Groups in the Macro Social Environment: Group Dynamics 63(4)

Communication 63(1)

Positive Verbal Communication in Effective Task Groups 64(1)

Nonverbal Communication in Task Groups 64(1)

Cross-Cultural Differences in Communication 65(1)

Barriers to Communication 65(1)

Self-Disclosure 66(1)

Highlight 2.5: Case Example---Self-Disclosure 67(1)

Interpersonal Interaction 67(1)

Norms 67(1)

Highlight 2.6: Case Examples---Interpersonal Interaction 68(5)

Roles 69(1)

Group Cohesiveness 70(1)

Power and Status 70(1)

Possible Sources of Power in Groups 71(1)

Leadership 71(1)

Types of Leadership 72(1)

Leadership Skills 72(1)

Highlight 2.7: Empowerment by Group Leaders 73(1)

Stages of Task Group Development 73(5)

Stage 1: Task Group Composition 74(1)

Definition of the Group's Purpose 74(1)

The Group's ``Social Context'' 74(1)

Group Size 75(1)

Stage 2: Beginnings 75(1)

Stage 3: Assessment 76(1)

Stage 4: Stabilization and Working 76(1)

Stage 5: Endings and Evaluation 76(1)

Chapter Summary 77(1)

Types of Groups in the Macro Social Environment 78(21)

Task Groups 81(3)

Teams 82(1)

Treatment Conferences 83(1)

Highlight 3.1: Barriers to Successful Teamwork and Team Empowerment 84(3)

Case Example of a Treatment Conference 84(2)

Treatment Groups Versus Treatment Conferences 86(1)

Highlight 3.2: Treatment Groups 87(7)

Administrative Groups 90(1)

Clusters of Supervisors and Administrators 91(1)

Boards of Directors 92(1)

Advisory Boards 92(1)

Delegate Councils 92(1)

Committees 93(1)

Social Action Groups 93(1)

Highlight 3.3: Empowerment Through Good Leadership 94(1)

Social Action Groups and Empowerment 95(3)

Increasing Understanding 95(1)

Inspiring Others 96(1)

Consciousness Raising 96(1)

Providing Mutual Support 97(1)

Using Cooperation 97(1)

Chapter Summary 98(1)

Knowledge and Theories About Organizations 99(23)

Defining Organizations 102(1)

Organizations Providing Social Services 103(2)

Social Agencies 104(1)

Highlight 4.1: Common Terms 105(1)

Organizational Theories 105(12)

Classical Organizational Theories 107(1)

Scientific Management 107(1)

The Administrative Theory of Management 107(1)

Bureaucracy 108(1)

Neoclassical Organizational Theories 109(1)

Human Relations Theories 110(1)

Theory X and Theory Y 110(1)

Feminist Theories and Organizations 111(2)

Cultural Perspective 113(1)

Economics Theory 113(1)

Chaos Theory 114(1)

Contingency Theory 115(1)

Culture-Quality Theories 116(1)

Ecosystems Theories 116(1)

Highlight 4.2: Theory Z 117(2)

Viewing Organizations from a Systems Perspective 118(1)

Which Organizational Theory Is Best? 118(1)

Highlight 4.3: Applying Ecosystems Concepts to Organizations and Social Service Agencies 119(2)

Chapter Summary 121(1)

Social Service Organizational Settings, Goals, and Environmental Contexts 122(29)

The Importance of Organizations for Social Workers 125(1)

Agency Settings 126(1)

Primary Settings 126(1)

Secondary Settings 126(1)

Highlight 5.1: Case Example---Working in a Secondary Setting 127(1)

Mission Statements, Goals, and Objectives 128(3)

Organizational Goals 129(1)

Multiple Goals 130(1)

Highlight 5.2: Objectives Indicate How to Achieve Goals 131(2)

Goal Displacement 132(1)

Highlight 5.3: An Example of Goal Displacement---Process Supersedes Progress 133(2)

Ecosystems Theory, Organizations, and Goal Displacement 133(2)

Goal Displacement and Generalist Practice 135(1)

The Environmental Context of Social Service Organizations 135(1)

Resources 135(1)

Highlight 5.4: Case Example---Personnel Resources 136(2)

Legitimation 136(1)

Client Sources 137(1)

Relationships with Other Organizations 137(1)

Uninvolved Relationships Among Organizations 137(1)

``Complementary'' Relationships Among Organizations 138(1)

``Competitive'' Relationships Among Organizations 138(1)

The Impact of Social and Economic Forces on Social Service Organizations: The Shifting Macro Environment 138(1)

Highlight 5.5: Case Example---Competitive Relationships Among Organizations 139(10)

Federal Social Legislation Reflects Major Social and Economic Forces 140(1)

Adequacy of Funding 141(1)

Time Limits 142(1)

Work Requirements 143(1)

Child Care 143(1)

Education and Training for Better Jobs 144(1)

Job Quality and Availability 144(1)

Health Insurance After TANF 145(1)

Encouraging ``Healthy Marriages'' 145(1)

Equitability Among States 146(1)

What Is the Answer? 146(1)

Managed Care Reflects Social and Economic Forces 147(1)

Managed Care and Advocacy in Social Work Practice 148(1)

Highlight 5.6: Ethical Issues in Managed Care 149(1)

Chapter Summary 150(1)

Organizational Structure and Dynamics 151(28)

Organizational Culture 154(1)

Organizational Structure 155(1)

Highlight 6.1: Pros and Cons of Centralized Versus Decentralized Organizations 156(6)

Lines of Authority 156(3)

Channels of Communication 159(1)

Power in the Formal Structure 159(1)

Example of Informal Structure: The Idle Ness Center 159(3)

Interpersonal Communication in Social Service Organizations 162(6)

Interpersonal Barriers to Communication in Agencies 164(1)

Noise 164(1)

Personality Factors 164(2)

Individual Errors in Perception 166(2)

Highlight 6.2: Specific Types of Individual Perceptual Errors in Agency Settings 168(2)

Lying and Distortion 169(1)

Power and Politics in Social Service Organizations 170(1)

Highlight 6.3: Enhancing Ethical Communication in Agencies: Means to Empowerment 171(5)

Types of Power 171(2)

Politics in Social Service Organizations 173(1)

Dynamics Contributing to Political Behavior in Agencies 173(1)

Using Agency Politics for Positive Change 174(2)

Highlight 6.4: Tactics Not to Use in Agency Politics: Problematic Unethical Behavior 176(1)

Chapter Summary 176(3)

Human Behavior, Management, and Empowerment in Organizations 179(38)

The Importance of Management 182(1)

Working in a Traditional Bureaucracy 182(2)

Value Orientation Discrepancies Between Workers and ``The System'' 183(1)

Highlight 7.1: Value Orientation Conflicts Between Helping Professionals and Bureaucracies 184(3)

Behavior Patterns in Bureaucratic Systems 185(1)

The Warrior 185(1)

The Gossip 185(1)

The Complainer 185(1)

The Dancer 185(1)

The Machine 185(1)

The Executioner 186(1)

A Final Commentary on Bureaucracies 186(1)

Highlight 7.2: The U.S. Health Care System, and Asian and Pacific Islander Cultural Values 187(4)

Problems Frequently Encountered by Social Service Organizations 191(5)

Vagueness of Goals 191(1)

Vagueness of Process 191(1)

Impersonal Behavior 192(1)

Lack of Rewards and Recognition 193(1)

Agency Policy and Worker Discretion 194(1)

Traditions and Unwritten Rules 194(2)

Newer Approaches to Management and Worker Empowerment 196(3)

Constructing a Culture of Caring 196(1)

The Learning Organization 197(1)

Learning Disabilities Working Against Learning Organizations 198(1)

Highlight 7.3: Leadership Styles 199(4)

Teamwork and Team Empowerment 200(1)

Managing Diversity 201(1)

Client System Empowerment by Management 202(1)

Highlight 7.4: Women in Social Services Management 203(4)

Factors Working Against Client Empowerment 205(1)

Organizational Conditions Enhancing Client Empowerment 206(1)

Specific Management Approaches 207(2)

Total Quality Management 207(1)

Clients As Customers 208(1)

Customer Feedback 208(1)

Quality as the Primary Goal 208(1)

Highlight 7.5: ``The Seven Sins of Service'' 209(6)

Individualized Definitions of Quality 210(1)

Employee Empowerment 211(1)

Use of Teams and Teamwork 211(1)

A Total Quality Approach to Leadership 211(1)

Establishing a Culture of Quality 212(1)

A Long-Term Perspective 213(1)

Servant Leadership 213(1)

Qualities of a Servant Leader 214(1)

Chapter Summary 215(2)

Communities in the Macro Social Environment: Theories and Concepts 217(37)

Defining Communities 220(1)

Theoretical Perspectives on Communities 220(5)

Social Systems Theories 221(1)

Human Ecology Theories 222(1)

Competition, Segregation, and Integration 223(1)

Social-Psychological Theories 224(1)

Structural Theories 224(1)

Highlight 8.1: Structural Theories and Social Action 225(3)

Functionalist Theories 226(1)

Manifest and Latent Functions 226(1)

Positive and Negative Social Functions 227(1)

Conflict Theories 227(1)

Highlight 8.2: Social Dysfunctions, Social Problems, and Social Disorganization 228(6)

Class Conflict 229(2)

Interest Group Conflict 231(1)

Symbolic Interactionist Theories 231(1)

Deviant Behavior 232(1)

Labeling Theory 232(1)

Empowerment Theories 233(1)

The Strengths Perspective and Communities 233(1)

Highlight 8.3: Using Resiliency to Enhance Communities: Kwanzaa as an Example 234(1)

Which Theoretical Perspective Is Best? 235(1)

Community Context: Nongeographical Communities 235(1)

Highlight 8.4: Comparison of Community Theories 236(5)

Professional Communities: The National Association of Social Workers 237(1)

Spiritual Communities 238(2)

Ethnic Communities and Communities of People of Color 240(1)

Communities Based on Sexual Orientation 241(1)

Community Context: Geographical Communities 241(2)

Highlight 8.5: Variations in Communities 243(5)

Rural Communities 243(1)

Population Trends in Rural Areas 244(1)

Employment Issues in Rural Communities 245(1)

Other Problems and Issues Faced by Rural Communities 246(1)

Generalist Social Work Practice in Rural Communities 247(1)

Highlight 8.6: Ethical Issues Involved in Dual Relationships in Rural Communities 248(1)

Urban Communities 248(1)

Highlight 8.7: Advantages for Social Workers in Rural Environments 249(2)

Problems Inherent in Urban Communities 250(1)

Highlight 8.8: Generalist Social Work Practice in Urban Communities 251(1)

Membership in Multiple Communities 252(1)

Chapter Summary 252(2)

Assessment of Geographic Communities and Empowerment 254(29)

People and Power in Communities 257(4)

Who Has Power in Communities and Why? 258(3)

Citizen Participation 261(1)

Social Networks 261(1)

Highlight 9.1: The Power of Youth 262(3)

The Relationships Among Power, Citizen Participation, and Social Networks 263(1)

Natural Helping Networks 263(2)

Empowerment and Communities 265(2)

Personal Empowerment 265(1)

Social Empowerment 266(1)

The Interrelationship of Personal and Social Empowerment 267(1)

Assessment of Communities 267(2)

Understanding the Dimensions of a Community 269(3)

Community Building 272(1)

Highlight 9.2: How to Gather Data About a Community 273(3)

Working Together 273(1)

New Alliances and Cooperation 274(1)

The Importance of Targeting Neighborhoods 275(1)

Building on Neighborhood Strengths 275(1)

Mapping Community Assets and Empowerment 276(3)

Releasing Individual Capacities 276(1)

Health 276(1)

Administrative and Interpersonal Work Skills 277(1)

Construction and Repair 277(1)

Maintenance 277(1)

Food 277(1)

Recreation and Entertainment 277(1)

Assistance in Daily Activities 278(1)

Anything Else 278(1)

Mapping Assets of Associations, Organizations, and Institutions: Forming Community Linkages 278(1)

Highlight 9.3: Mapping Assets of Local Associations, Organizations, and Institutions: Gathering Information 279(2)

Highlight 9.4: A Case Example: Macro Systems Working Together 281(1)

Chapter Summary 281(2)

Neighborhood Empowerment 283(26)

Defining Neighborhoods 286(1)

Functions of Neighborhoods: Promoting Optimal Health and Well-Being 286(3)

Qualities of Strong Neighborhoods 289(1)

Describing Neighborhood Structure 289(1)

Approach One: Interpersonal Interaction, Identification, and Connections 289(1)

Highlight 10.1: Communities Based on Interpersonal Interaction, Identification, and Social Connections 290(2)

Integral Neighborhoods 290(1)

Parochial Neighborhoods 291(1)

Diffuse Neighborhoods 291(1)

Stepping-Stone Neighborhoods 291(1)

Transitory Neighborhoods 291(1)

Highlight 10.2: Brief Commentary on the Nature of Neighborhoods 292(2)

Anomic Neighborhoods 292(1)

Approach Two: Neighborhood Groups and Value Implementation 292(2)

Neighborhoods, Ethnicity, and Social Class 294(2)

Strengths of Ethnic and Cultural Solidarity 294(1)

Social Class 295(1)

Highlight 10.3: Projects to Enhance Neighborhood Strengths 296(3)

Segregation 299(1)

Processes of Change in Neighborhoods 299(2)

The Invasion-Succession Model 300(1)

The Life Cycle Model 300(1)

The Political Capacity Model 301(1)

Neighborhood Centers, Empowerment, and the Promotion of Health and Well-Being 301(5)

Settlement Houses: A Response to Changing Social and Economic Forces 302(1)

Settlement Houses and Generalist Social Work Practice 302(1)

Neighborhood Centers Today 303(1)

Community Neighborhood Residents Are Key Factors 303(1)

Emphasis on Community Neighborhood Assets 304(1)

Neighborhood Centers Can Help Neighborhoods Work Together 304(1)

Linkage Among Neighborhood Units 305(1)

Examples of Neighborhood and Community Projects: Resident Empowerment 305(1)

Highlight 10.4: What Effective Neighborhood Centers Can Do 306(2)

Chapter Summary 308(1)

Diversity, Populations-At-Risk, and Empowerment in the Macro Social Environment 309(53)

Empowerment in the Macro Environment for African Americans 312(3)

Empowerment of Grandparents Who Become Primary Caregivers of Grandchildren 313(2)

Empowerment in the Macro Environment for Hispanics 315(1)

Oppression in the Macro Environment 315(1)

Highlight 11.1: Identifying Terms 316(7)

Values Often Characterizing Hispanic Families 317(1)

Significance of a Common Language 317(1)

The Importance of Family 318(1)

Personalismo 318(1)

Machismo and Marianismo 319(1)

Spirituality 320(1)

Case Examples Involving Empowerment for Hispanics 320(1)

Hispanic Women Empower Communities 321(1)

Case Example: Latina-Owned Beauty Parlors and Empowerment 321(1)

Case Example: Latino Youth Conduct a Community Assets Assessment 322(1)

Empowerment for Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender People Through Political Action Organizations 323(6)

Important Issues for GLBT People 324(1)

Need for Nondiscrimination Laws 324(1)

Recognition of Same-Sex Relationships 325(1)

Family Policies for GLBT Parents 325(1)

Harassment and Violence Against GLBT People 325(1)

Housing 326(1)

Employment 326(1)

Political Action Organizations 326(1)

Providing Support to Political Candidates 326(1)

Educating the Public to Gain Support 327(1)

Legislative Advocacy 328(1)

Highlight 11.2: Empowerment of GLBT People Through Special Social Services 329(1)

Empowerment in the Macro Environment for Women 330(2)

Empowering At-Risk Pregnant Women 331(1)

Spiritual Communities and Empowerment 332(4)

A Spiritual Community as a Haven for African American Youth 332(2)

The Navajo Community, Spirituality, and Respect for Elderly Members 334(2)

Empowerment of People with Developmental Disabilities 336(2)

Defining Developmental Disabilities 337(1)

Highlight 11.3: Terms for People with Cognitive Disabilities 338(3)

Cognitive Disabilities 338(1)

Cerebral Palsy 338(1)

Seizure Disorder 339(1)

Orthopedic Problems 339(1)

Hearing Impairment 339(1)

Visual Impairment 339(1)

Autism 339(1)

Multiple Disabilities 340(1)

Treatment of People with Developmental Disabilities Yesterday and Today: Quests for Social and Economic Justice 341(4)

Prior to the Late 1960s 341(1)

The 1970s and 1980s 341(1)

Normalization 341(1)

Deinstitutionalization 341(1)

Individual Program Planning 342(1)

The Developmental Model 342(1)

The 1990s and Beyond: Consumer Empowerment 343(1)

Clients as Consumers 343(1)

Emphasis on Choice 344(1)

Highlight 11.4: Words of Caution About Choice 345(2)

Innovation 345(1)

Family Support 345(1)

Current Emphasis on the Empowerment Approach 346(1)

Highlight 11.5: Case Example: Discrimination Against People with Developmental Disabilities 347(5)

Generalist Social Work Practice with People Who Have Developmental Disabilities 348(1)

Examples of Positive Legislation: Empowerment Through Social and Economic Justice 349(1)

ADA Requirements 350(1)

Supreme Court Decisions and the ADA 351(1)

Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act of 1990 352(1)

Community Support and Empowerment 352(1)

Legislative Empowerment for People with Visual Impairment 352(2)

Community Empowerment for People with Visual Impairment 353(1)

Empowerment for People with Visual Impairment and Social Work Practice 354(1)

Community Empowerment for People with Cognitive Disabilities 354(4)

ARCs and Related Resources Can Empower People and Enhance Quality of Life 354(1)

Information and Referral Service and Help Lines 355(1)

Provision of Noninstitutional Living Opportunities 355(1)

Vocational and Employment Opportunities 356(1)

Other Support Services 356(1)

Advocacy 357(1)

Using Community Volunteers 357(1)

Providing Recreational Activities 357(1)

Highlight 11.6: A Case Example: A Community Helps and Hinders Hiroshi, A Person with Cognitive Disabilities 358(3)

More Examples of Community Integration for People with Cognitive Disabilities 358(3)

Chapter Summary 361(1)

Social Justice and the Global Community 362(25)

We Live in a Global Macro Environment 365(3)

Highlight 12.1: Six Core Ethical Values for Social Workers 368(1)

Global Issues Affect Us All 368(4)

Poverty and Economic Inequality 368(1)

The Complexity of Defining Poverty 368(1)

The Widening Gap in the United States 369(1)

Global Poverty 370(1)

Problems Related to Poverty 370(1)

Global Conflict 371(1)

Forced Migration of People in Need 371(1)

Community and Social Development 372(5)

Theoretical Functions of Communities 373(1)

Community Development Practice 374(1)

Examples of Community Development 375(1)

Social Development 376(1)

Distorted Development 377(1)

International Social Work 377(1)

Highlight 12.2: A Feminist Perspective on Global Development 378(3)

International Social Work Organizations 381(2)

International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW) 381(1)

International Association of Schools of Social Work (IASSW) 382(1)

Other Global Organizations Dedicated to Social Welfare and Social Justice 382(1)

Highlight 12.3: International Nongovernmental Organizations 383(1)

Social Work Values and Cross-Cultural Values in Global Perspective 383(1)

Highlight 12.4: Cultural Differences in an Organizational Context 384(1)

What You Can Do on the Behalf of Global Social Justice 385(1)

Chapter Summary 385(2)
References 387(14)
Name Index 401(5)
Index 406