Table Of Contents:
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xv
Introduction 1(1)

What Is Environmental Ethics? 1(1)

Environmental Ethics Under Attack 2(2)

Disturbing Trends in Human Health 4(5)

Future Generations 9(1)

World Trade 10(1)

Population Growth and Obligations to the World's Poor 11(1)

Obligations to Nonhumans 11(2)

Preview of Chapters 13(6)
PART I Anthropocentrism

Overpopulation, Markets, and Human Rights 19(20)

Overpopulation and Scarcity 19(2)

What Are Free Markets? 21(1)

Cornucopian Economics 22(1)

The Tragedy of the Commons 22(2)

Public Goods, Externalities, and Government Coercion 24(2)

Trading Pollution Permits 26(2)

A Market Approach to Overpopulation 28(1)

Lifeboat Ethics 29(3)

Psychological Egoism and the Possibility of Sharing 32(3)

Human Rights 35(2)

Judgment Calls 37(2)

Energy, Economics, and Future Generations 39(20)

Global Warming and Future Generations 39(2)

Human Rights and the Futurity Problem 41(4)

Fair Contracts and Future Generations 45(2)

Environmental Tradeoffs and Cost-Benefit Analysis 47(3)

CBA and Increasing Scarcity 50(2)

CBA and Political Equality 52(2)

CBA and Future Generations 54(3)

Judgment Calls 57(2)

Competing Human-Centered Values 59(22)

Environmental Hazards in the Third World 59(2)

How Much Money Is a Human Life Worth? 61(4)

Should Prostitution Be Legalized? 65(1)

Non-economic vs. Economic anthropocentrism 66(2)

Aesthetic Values 68(3)

National Heritage 71(1)

Transformative Values and Future Generations 72(2)

Moral Pluralism 74(3)

Moral Relativism 77(1)

Judgment Calls 78(3)
PART II Nonanthropocentrism

Animal Liberation and Utilitarianism 81(23)

Cruelty to Animals 81(3)

Utilitarianism 84(3)

Speciesism 87(2)

Animal Husbandry 89(4)

Vegetarianism 93(2)

Rodeos and Bullfights 95(1)

The Replacement Argument 96(2)

Against Hedonism 98(2)

Preference Utilitarianism 100(3)

Judgment Calls 103(1)

Animal Rights and Medical Research 104(21)

Introduction 104(1)

The Nature of Rights 105(1)

Immortal Souls and Rights 106(1)

Language, Abstract Thinking, and Rights 107(2)

Moral Personality and Rights 109(2)

Contracts and Rights 111(2)

An Animal's Right to Life 113(2)

The Benefits of Experiments on Animals 115(2)

Animal Rights vs. Animal Research 117(3)

Limited Animal Rights in Reflective Equilibrium 120(2)

Animal Research in Reflective Equilibrium 122(1)

Judgment Calls 123(2)

Species Diversity and Gaia 125(21)

Massive Extinction of Species 125(2)

Causes of Extinction 127(2)

Why Do We Protect Endangered Species? 129(2)

Animal Rights vs. Species Preservation 131(1)

Species as Individual Living Things 132(3)

The Gaia Hypothesis 135(5)

From Science to Metaphor 140(1)

Metaphors and Moral Implications 141(2)

Mechanical and Organic Metaphors for Nature 143(2)

Judgment Calls 145(1)

The Land Ethic 146(21)

Hunting Animals to Preserve Ecosystems 146(2)

The Nature of Ecosystems 148(3)

Does Hunting Help or Hurt Ecosystems? 151(4)

Why Value Ecosystems? 155(3)

Conflicting Moral Commitments 158(2)

Tigers and Elephants in the Third World 160(4)

Judgment Calls 164(3)
PART III Environmental Synergism

Human Rights, Agriculture, and Biodiversity 167(21)

Poverty, Efficiency, and Human Rights 167(2)

Environmental Synergism 169(3)

The Benefits of High-tech Agriculture 172(1)

Specialization Leads to Preoccupation with Money 173(2)

Fouling Our Own Nest 175(3)

Sustainability Problems 178(1)

The Green Revolution 179(3)

Biodiversity and Human Welfare 182(3)

Anthropocentrism or Synergism? 185(2)

Judgment Calls 187(1)

Ecofeminism and Environmental Justice 188(22)

From Feminism to Ecofeminism 188(3)

Women as Subordinate 191(3)

Indigenous People as Subordinate 194(3)

Nature as Subordinate 197(2)

Women and Nature 199(2)

Subordination of Minorities Encourages Pollution 201(2)

Subordination of Women, Environmental Degradation, and Overpopulation 203(3)

Subordination of Native Peoples Reduces Biodiversity 206(3)

Judgment Calls 209(1)

Religion and Nature 210(27)

Should People ``Play God''? 210(1)

The Master Interpretation of Christianity 211(3)

Hermeneutics and the Constitution 214(3)

Hermeneutics and the Bible 217(2)

Narratives, Grand Narratives, and Worldviews 219(3)

Naess' Deep Ecology 222(3)

Native American Religions 225(2)

The Stewardship Interpretation of Christianity 227(3)

The Citizenship Interpretation of Christianity 230(2)

Judgment Calls 232(5)
PART IV Applications

Personal Choices, Consumerism, and Human Nature 237(20)

Consumerism vs. Synergism 237(2)

Justifications of Economic Growth 239(2)

High Consumption and Human Welfare 241(3)

Marketing Discontent 244(3)

Extrinsic Motivations and Their Limits 247(2)

Some Intrinsic Motivations 249(2)

Looking for Love 251(2)

Your Money or Your Life 253(3)

Judgment Calls 256(1)

Public Policies, Efficiency, and Globalization 257(34)

The Need for Collective Action 257(1)

Subsidizing Inefficiency 258(3)

More Efficient Transportation 261(3)

Agricultural Policies 264(2)

Corporate Welfare and Campaign Finance Reform 266(3)

The Promise of Globalization 269(3)

Globalization and Human Misery 272(3)

The World Trade Organization, Environmental Protection, and Democracy 275(3)

Judgment Calls 278(2)

Final Reflections: Is Optimism Justified? 280(1)

Conflicting Trends 280(3)

Fragmenting Societies 283(2)

We Are the World 285(2)

Value Nature and Limit Human Power 287(4)
Glossary 291(8)
Notes 299(24)
Index 323